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In vocational education analysis is a device to help in discovering and recording functioning content. Learning is a product of experience. Experience consists in mental and physical reactions. Experience is often incidental and fragmentary, but for best results in teaching it should be organized into reasonably complete and coherent units. In any case, vocational experience is likely to be complex. Therefore in teaching it is necessary to distinguish the essential from the incidental elements.

It is usually difficult for a person proficient in a certain thing to readily identify the significant elements in the things which he does. Hence, from the standpoint of the most effective teaching, it is essential, first, that the teacher can do the things which he is attempting to teach others to do; second, that he has a complete analysis of the training content; and, third, that he can visualize such content in terms of doing the job.

One of the difficulties in the analysis of training content in farming occupations is that occupational standards are not so well established in agriculture as they are in most occupations in the industrial field. One reason for this is that agricultural occupations are conducted under such widely varying conditions; also there is a tendency to speak of things agricultural in generic terms. However, basic training of any sort must be specific even though it may also have transfer value or general utility value as well. It is therefore not a question of whether or not we can use analysis in vocational education in agriculture, but rather one of adopting the kinds of analysis which will fit the situations encountered.

The division of labor in farming occupations has not been carried so far as it has in most other industrial occupations. We have seen, however, that there are two very important functions which most farmers perform in varying degrees and combinations, namely, operation and management. Even though one individual performs both of these functions, he usually centers his attention on one of them at a time. Indeed, if this were not the case no great proficiency could be attained. Thus management has to do with making the plans before the work is started, whereas operation has to do with putting the plans into effect. When a man is on an operative job, he should not have to stop to plan; on the other hand, the essence of good management lies in preparedness, forecasting, and planning ahead of time so that when the actual work is done there may be no avoidable delays or mistakes in procedure. This does not imply that a farmer must become a mere nonthinking machine when he does operative jobs, but merely emphasizes the fact that the thinking which he does for an operative job is a different kind of thinking from that which he does for a management job, because in each case the thinking is governed by a different objective.

An analysis may be set up in general terms which merely give an outline or broad classification of parts or elements, or it may include part of or all of the details. In making and using an analysis these facts should be kept in mind so that the kind of analysis most suited to the particular needs can be chosen. The analysis form is purely an arbitrary thing which one adopts for convenience.

Probably the best procedure in connection with agricultural education is, first, to analyze each enterprise to be taught into its operative jobs. Then check such of these job units as are desired to be taught also from the managerial standpoint. Then analyze the enterprise into such other distinctly managerial jobs as may be found, proceeding likewise with farm jobs which are not identified with any one enterprise.

From the foregoing it is apparent that the term "job analysis" in this connection applies strictly to the analysis of the work units of an agricultural enterprise or of the work of a farm outside of particular enterprises. This kind of an analysis forms the basis for courses of study.

In order to secure and to visualize training content we must make analyses of such content for each job. It is this material which forms the basis for teaching units and lesson plans. The forms used for operative training content and managerial training content, respectively, together with the significance of the component elements of such training have already been discussed in this bulletin. Following are some additional examples:

An example of analysis of standard practice stated in relative terms. Analysis of operative training content of the farm job of feeding laying hens

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Analysis of operative training content of the farm job of feeding laying hens—Con.

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schedule.

Water container on 18-inch stand, protected from dirt and freezing, and holding day's supply.

4. Make feeding | Leave mash hopper open all day. Feed about one-third to one-half as much grain in morning as at night, approximately 4 to 11 pounds, respectively, per 100 Leghorns and about onethird more for heavy breeds. Vary amount of grain in morning, so as to maintain balance as determined; also feed so that hens are active during day and have full crops at night.

Feed green stuff at noon as much as will not unduly loosen bowels.

Give free access to oyster shell and grit.

Climate with respect to likelihood of freezing.

Total amounts of different types of feed consumed normally by hens of breed used.

An example showing how managerial training content differs from operative training content as compared with the preceding example.

Analysis of managerial training content of the farm job of feeding laying hens

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Kind of information needed to apply factors

Rations commonly fed by successful poultrymen.

Meaning of protein, carbohydrate, fat, mineral, vitamine, from experimental data.

Nutritive requirements of an egg-laying
ration, from experimental data.
Composition, physical characteristics, and
effects of available feeds from observa-
tion, analyses, and experimental data.
Cost of feeds available for purchase, from
survey of locally grown supply and
supply shipped in.

Comparison of cost of commercial mixtures
and feeds purchased separately.
Value of feeds available on farm, from
market price less cost of transportation.
Relation of variety in a ration to its
adaptability and
and the avoidence of
radical changes.

Possibility of securing a continuous supply
of respective ingredients.

Possibility and effects of substitution of ingredients.

Characteristics and requirements of hens to be fed.

Climatic conditions encountered.

Ways in which waste occurs as by spilling, moisture causing decay and molding, rats and mice, temperature changes causing freezing or decay.

Susceptibility of various ingredients to spoil.

Means of preventing waste.

Estimate on storage costs such as first cost of facilities, rental value, interest on value of feed in storage, price fluctuation.

Location of storage facilities which will save labor.

Feeding devices commonly used by successful poultrymen.

Ways in which waste occurs in connection with feeding as by loss or contamination of feed in litter, by rats and mice. Records showing comparative amount of labor required by schedules in common use locally.

Readiness with which hens can get at feed in different types of hoppers.

Suitability of hopper as to keeping feed clean and wholesome.

Suitability of various types of litter as to providing exercise, lasting quality, and absorptive quality.

Analysis of managerial training content of the farm job of feeding laying hensContinued

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An example of analysis of standard practice stated in specific terms and suitable for placing in the hands of pupils as a work sheet. Analysis of operative training content of the farm job of filing and setting a crosscut

handsaw

Operations

Standard practice

Related information

1. Jointing Place saw in clamp with point toward operator's left as he faces clamp. (For right-handed persons.) Place jointer on saw at heel and move toward point. Repeat until points of teeth all are touched and lie in the line of the curve of the breast of the saw.

2. Shaping teeth.

This operation should be omitted if only
a very light jointing has been done and
if the teeth have not been battered or
the original angles changed. But if, as
a result of jointing, some of the teeth
have conspicuous, flat tops, the teeth
should be shaped to the extent of estab-
lishing correct angles, removing flat
tops and making equal spaces from
tip to tip.

Place saw in clamp with point toward the
right (for right-handed persons) and
teeth projecting only slightly above
clamp.

Use round handled, regular three-cornered
taper file of a size to fit the saw teeth.
Place the file at an angle of 60° to the
side of the saw and just in front of the
first tooth from the heel on the oppo-
site side. For ordinary work the angle
of the front of the tooth should be 12°
from the vertical. If the tooth does
not already have this angle, the file

Recognition of clamp, jointer, point, heel, teeth, breast of saw and jointed teeth.

Recognition of set, three-cornered taper file of proper size; angles on saw teeth.

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