land, covered with outcrops of shale, which in many instances is covered with impressions of the fucoid Planolites virgatus, but not a single fragment of Olenellus has ever been found in it.

A short distance north of these two limestone masses I found in 1906 two small outcrops of the same rock, one of which I called the Iphidea labradorica outcrop, on account of the extremely large number of perfect fossils of that species which it contains.

This and the other outcrop furnished many fine Kutorgina cingulata, Nisusia festinata, and a large number of glabellas of Ptychoparia adamsii, and a single specimen of Hyolithes.

Passing northward to the land of H. Donolson, the beds of sandstone and a few scattered outcrops of shale end the beds of this horizon in Swanton, for between this point and the Highgate line the surface is covered by sand.

THE WINOOSKI MARBLE.

Volume II of the Vermont Geological Survey, 1861, page 774, gives the following:

"The first quarries opened were in Colchester, near Malletts Bay, by Hon. David Reed of Winooski Falls. He selected the name for the new marble and called it after the beautiful river that flowed near his dwelling."

The composition of this marble as determined by Prof. C. H. Hitchcock is as follows:

The first appearance of the Winooski marble in Swanton is in a cut of the Vermont Railway, near the limekilns of W. B. Fonda at Swanton Junction, at which place the outcrop barely reaches the surface. From this place to the depot at the Junction the marble remains beneath the surface. It next appears a few rods south of the depot on the east side of the road leading from St. Albans to Swanton, on the land of C. E. M. Bullard. This exposure is only

a few rods in extent, but the rock rises above the surface to a height sufficient to permit large blocks to be taken from a test quarry that has been opened at this point. Some years ago excavations were made here in search of silver ore. No lead or silver was found, but specimens of mountain cork were obtained, also hematite and a fine yellow clay.

The clay was the only find of any value and a limited amount of it was dug and sold, but the work was soon abandoned, and the shaft is now filled up. The next outcrop of the marble is located on the west side of the railroad, a short distance north of the station and near the junction of the two tracks.

Here there is a break and the marble is out of sight for a few rods and reappears on the land of Louis Laflam on the west side of the highway. Here it forms a low ridge and extends north to the land of Amos Skeels, where it disappears and is next seen on the land of Mrs. Jane Woods, a mile north. Here the Cambrian sandstone rises above the road in a vertical cliff sixty feet high, at the base of which the marble can be seen. The next outcrop is at the surface on the land of Miss Mary Dorman, and it crosses this to that of Charles Bullard. On the Bullard property the marble lies on top of a high ridge and covers a large area, by far the largest in Swanton, and I believe it to be the largest anywhere. It is here that the Barney Marble Company quarries were located many years ago and since then a large quantity of stone has been removed. To obtain this quarries have been worked into the hill in several places, as stone of different colors has been wanted. Although the demand for the marble has been large there remains a large supply.

This is the last exposure of the "Winooski marble" in Swanton, as it goes beneath the surface just before reaching the Mississquoi River and is covered by sand up to the Highgate line.

But very few fossils have been found in the marble. On the polished surface of the stone occasionally specimens of Salterella pulchella have been seen, sometimes in patches containing a large number of individuals. There are also more or less distinct fragments of other, but indefinable fossils. In the red sandrock, of which the marble is a member, fossils are not usually seen until the surface is well weathered. Then some of the layers are seen to be filled with Ptychoparias, etc. In the marble proper, besides the Salterella, Ptychoparia adamsii, Planolites congregatus, and fragments closely resembling Nidusia festinata have been found.

The following fossils have been found in the Cambrian beds in Swanton :

Nidusia festinata, Billings.; Kutorgina cingulata, Bill.; Iphidea labradorica, Bill.; Lingulepis acuminata, Con.; Protorthis wingi, Walcott; Salterella pulchella, Bill.; Hyolithes, sp.; Microdioscus parkeri, Walc.; Olenellus thompsoni, Hall; Olenoides marcoui, Whitf.; Agnostuous, sp.; Ptychoparia adamsii, Bill.; Dactyloides asteroides, Walc.; Rustella edsoni, Walc.; Planolites congregatus, Walc.; P. virgatus, Walc.

CHAZY LIMESTONE.

The Chazy limestone is represented in Swanton by a compact, finegrained, light blue or, as it is often called, "Dove"-colored stone. This limestone is well known for the production of an excellent quality of lime, which has been manufactured from it for many years, as numerous new and old kilns prove. The analysis of this stone is as follows:

The only evidence throughout the entire extent of this limestone, other than its stratigraphic position, that it is Chazy, is an occasional weathered Maclurea magna, which can be seen on a surface where the water has worn the rock smooth, thus bringing out the fossils, since they being harder than the rock in which they are imbedded, are left in relief.

The first outcrop of this rock in Swanton is just north of the boundary line between Swanton and St. Albans, on land owned by J. P. Rich, where a low outcrop appears, and here formerly there were limekilns, but they were long ago abandoned for better localities farther north in Swanton.

Passing over the Rich land, the next outcrop is on land owned by W. B. Fonda. Here the limestone forms a high ridge, which drops off sharply on the western side. The kilns operated by Mr. Fonda

are located here. Although a large amount of material has been removed, the bottom of the mass has not been reached, and many years will pass before the ledge will be exhausted. Just north of the Fonda kilns the outcrop becomes broken, and the next appearance is on the farm of Amos Skeels, where it again goes beneath the surface and reappears in a high ridge on the land of Andrew Beebe. In a few rods it disappears to be seen next on the opposite side of the Mississquoi, on land belonging to the Ferris estate. A short distance north of the appearance of the rock here there is a cut on the Central Vermont, and the formation runs into the river and forms the bank for a short distance.

After crossing the Ferris property, it passes to the land of J. P. Rich, Jr., and here Mr. Rich has located his limekilns, at the extreme end of the Chazy in Swanton. Between this point and Highgate all is covered by sand. The great size of the excavation caused by the removal of the stone, bears witness to the large amount which has been burned in the kilns. As this quarry is, as noticed, at the northern end of the limestone ridge, it can be carried no further in that direction, but there is abundance of stone south of the quarry.

Preliminary Report on the Geology of Chittenden County.

G. H. PERKINS.

INTRODUCTION.

Immediately south of Franklin County lies Chittenden.

Franklin, this county has Lake Champlain along its entire western border, which has been greatly modified in its outline by wave

erosion.

-as

The eastern side of the county is quite unlike the westernmuch so as the mountains which extend through it naturally make it. The main portion of the Green Mountain range stretches down from the north and passes through Underhill, Bolton and Huntington. Mansfield and Camel's Hump are both partly in this county, and from them numerous foothills spread out over the adjacent country, making it very broken and rugged. The rocks are as different in the eastern part of the county from those in the west as is the topography. In the west, along the lake, all rocks are stratified, limestones, sandstones and shales, while to the eastward crystalline contain the usual Trenton fossils and in the usual profusion and at Thompson's Point a few Beekmantown fossils have been found, but fossiliferous layers are the exception everywhere along the lake shore in this county.

Igneous rock is found abundantly in numerous dikes and there are some intrusive masses, like the hill south of the railroad station at Charlotte. While outcrops of various rocks are everywhere common, very large areas are completely covered by drift, clays, sands, gravel. These deposits vary from a few inches to nearly a hundred feet in depth and, rarely, they may be even deeper.

The whole area of Chittenden County is 520 square miles. While the surface of drift covered areas is often sandy or gravelly, there is usually below this a blue or drab clay, much of it a very good brick clay.