and Valesius', most of whom were surpassed in erudition, on the catholic side, by the great lexicographer, Du Cange, and the learned palaeographer, Mabillon. The age of Louis XIV, the founder of the Academy of Inscriptions (1663), was glorified in 1687-92 by Perrault, who, after a superficial survey of ancient and modern learning, assigned the palm to the latter, and thus gave the signal for a controversy which broke out once more in the days of Bentley. Meanwhile, in the Netherlands, classical learning was ably represented by men like G. J. Vossius and Grotius, by Daniel Heinsius and his distinguished son, by J. F. Gronovius, Graevius and Perizonius. In England the century was adorned by the names of Savile and Bacon, Gataker and Selden, More and Cudworth, Milton and Dryden, while, towards its close, the errors in historical or literary criticism which had marred the meritorious labours of Dodwell and of Barnes were destined to be triumphantly refuted in the Dissertations on the Epistles of Phalaris and of Euripides. Lastly, in Germany, the age of the Thirty Years War (like that of the Civil War in England) was unfavourable to the peaceful pursuits of learning. But, happily, the beginning and the end of the century were marked by the notable names of the cosmopolitan scholars, Gruter and Spanheim, both of whom had points of contact with England, while, in its latter half, the name that perhaps lingers longest in the memory is that of Morhof, the profoundly learned author of the Polyhistor. On the whole, it was a century of multifarious erudition rather than minute and accurate scholarship, a century largely concerned with the exploration of Latin rather than Greek literature; but a new age of historical and literary criticism, founded on a more intelligent study of Greek, was close at hand with Bentley for its hero. We cannot, however, forget that it was in this century that the principles independently applied by Niebuhr to the critical study of early Roman History were in part anticipated by the acumen of Perizonius". Artemidorus; the Scriptores Oneirocritici...Agrarii etc. (1614); Juvenal and Sulpicia (1616); Tertullian (1635), Minucius Felix and Cyprian (1643). 1 Samuel Petit (1594—1643), author of the Leges Atticae (1635), belongs BOOK IV. THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. (a) Nobis et ratio et res ipsa centum codicibus potiores sunt. (b) Noli Librarios solos venerari; sed per te sapere aude, ut singula ad orationis ductum sermonisque genium exigens ita demum pronunties sententiamque feras. BENTLEY, On Horace, Carm. iii 27, 15, and Praef., 1711. Conjecturas ingeniosas laudabat magis quam probabat; et nihil magis quam dulces illas ingenii illecebras in judicando cavendum monebat. ERNESTI, De Gesnero ad Ruhnkenium, 1762. Movebat ipsa Graecae linguae dignitas, ut pro viribus ad eam illustrandam aliquid conferrem; disciplinarum nempe et artium omnium matrem, qua stante steterunt omnia vitae civilis ornamenta; qua deficiente illa quoque dilapsa sunt. MONTFAUCON, Palaeographia Graeca, Ep. p. 5, 1708. Recte vir magnus statuebat, Latinam linguam Graecae sic aplam et nexam esse, ut, qui alteram ab altera distrahat ac divellat, animi et corporis discidium inducere videatur. RUHNKEN, Elogium Hemsterhusii, p. 43, 17892. CHAPTER XXII. ITALY IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. In the eighteenth century some of the greatest achievements of Italian scholarship were connected with Latin lexicography and the study of Cicero. Before the publication of Forcellini's great lexicon in 1771, all the Latin dictionaries in general use in Italy and elsewhere were founded more or less on 'Calepinus'. The author, Ambrogio da Calepio, or Ambrosius Calepinus (c. 1440-1511), was born at Calepio between Bergamo and Brescia, entered the Augustinian Order at Bergamo, and published his dictionary at Reggio in 1502, dedicating his work to the Senate and People of Bergamo. He prepared a new edition in 1509, which he inscribed with the name of the Superior of his Order, Egidio of Viterbo. In 1511 he died, and his corrections were incorporated in an edition published in 1521. In his preface he tells the Senate and People of Bergamo that 'for many years he had extracted from authors, both catholic and profane, interpretations of words rather for his own use than for publication, preferring the learning of Ambrose, Jerome, Augustine, to the cavils of Valla. He professes to excel all former writers in copiousness, in exactness of citation, in the explanation of prepositions; but is notwithstanding conscious of innumerable defects'. His dictionary marked a great advance on the mediaeval glossaries, and on the various vocabularies of the last quarter of the fifteenth century. It was widely used in Europe, and it 1 Ed. 1502, quoted by Prof. J. E. B. Mayor, Journal of Cl. and S. Philology, ii 278. 2 Tortellius (1471), Junianus Maius (1475), Reuchlin (1475), Dionysius Novariensis (1488). even added to the French language a new word Calepin, 'a notebook, or common-place-book'. Edited again and again, and overlaid with many additions, it was denounced as follows by the learned Dane, Olaus Borrichius (1626-1690):-Bonus ille Calepinus toties coctus et recoctus parum sapit'. In France, Robert Estienne had been urged to reprint it in its original form, but the proposal ended in his producing a Thesaurus of his own, with the aid of Budaeus and others (1543). This was followed by Faber's Thesaurus (1571), in which all the derivatives were arranged under the words from which they were derived3. A series of revisions of Calepinus, Estienne, and Faber, appeared in Germany, culminating in J. M. Gesner's Novus Thesaurus (1749). Meanwhile, the students of Latin in Italy were in general content to rely on the successive editions of the work of their countryman, Calepinus. In 1680 a library and a well-equipped printing press were established at Padua by Cardinal Gregorius Barbadicus, who in 1663 had been promoted from the bishopric of Bergamo, the former home of Calepinus, to that of Padua, the future home of Forcellini, whose fame was long unjustly obscured by that of Facciolati. Facciolati Jacopo Facciolati (1682—1769) was born at Torregia in the Euganean hills, and Aegidio Forcellini (16881768) at Campo Sampiero, near Treviso. Both were of humble birth and of excellent abilities. From their village-homes in the S.W. and the N.E. of Padua, they came to the seminary of that place, Facciolati at the age of twelve, in 1694, and Forcellini at that of sixteen, in 1704, the year in which Facciolati took his first degree in theology. Facciolati was in due time invited to superintend the studies of the seminary, and the preparation of Greek, Latin and Italian lexicons for the use of the students. In the preparation of the Greek lexicon, which was a new edition of that of Schrevelius (1670), he had the aid of Forcellini and others, but the name of Facciolati alone appears on the title-page (1715). Again, the Italian lexicon was similarly prepared by Forcellini (1718), but it was not until after a protest on the part of Forcellini's brother, Forcellini 1 Dissert. de Lexicis Latinis. P. 173 supra. 3 p. 269 supra. |