who describes him as 'perfectus literis Latinis, Graecarum mediocriter peritus'.

The Jesuit Andreas Schott of Antwerp (1552—1629) was, like Lipsius, a pupil of Cornelius Valerius, professor of Latin at Louvain Schott (1557-78). After visiting Douai and Paris, he spent several

years in Spain, as a professor at Toledo and Saragossa. Thereupon he entered the Society of Jesus, and was a teacher in Rome at the Collegio Romano. In 1597, at the age of 45, he returned to Antwerp, which remained his home for the rest of his life. To the Ciceronian controversy he contributed a pamphlet entitled Cicero a calumniis vindicatus (1613). His name is connected with the discovery of the Monumentum Ancyranum, first copied by Busbequius (1555), Legationis Turcicae Epp. iv (1595), 65; and first published by Schott with Aurelius Victor (Antwerp, 1579) 65 f. He edited Aurelius Victor, Pomponius Mela, and Seneca the rhetorician; while his study of Greek is attested by his edition of the Bibliotheca of Photius (1606), and the Chrestomathy of Proclus (1615). He was the first to edit the Proverbs of Diogenianus (1612); all his notes on those Proverbs were reprinted by Gaisford, and a small selection only by Leutsch and Schneidewin. Although he was a Jesuit, he was on friendly terms with Casaubon, their correspondence beginning in 1602. But in writing to Protestants he exercised a certain degree of caution; at the end of a letter to G. J. Vossius he simply subscribes himself as 'the darkling (tenebrio) who translated Photius'.

At Louvain, Lipsius was succeeded in 1607 by his pupil, Erycius Puteanus of Venloo (1574—1646), who at an early age was appointed professor of Eloquence at Milan, where he was honoured with

Puteanus

the friendship of Cardinal Frederic Borromeo, the founder of the Ambrosian Library. He was the correspondent of many scholars throughout Europe, but the topics treated in his Latin works were unimportant, and he succeeded in his blameless ambition of being bonus potius quam conspicuus3.

Scaliger

At Leyden, the place of distinction filled by Lipsius until 1590 was offered by Janus Dousa to Scaliger, who there produced his great work, the Thesaurus Temporum (1606). His life and works have been already noticed in connexion with the land of his birth. In the land of his

591-4; Reiffenberg (1823); C. Nisard, Triumvirat, 1–148; Nève, Mém. 166–172, 322 f; G. H. M. Delprat, Lettres Inédites (1580-97), Amst. 1858; Van der Haeghen, Bibliographie; L. Müller, 24-29, 33-35; Urlichs, 622 f. 1 Colomiés, Mélange Curieux, 833. Cp., in general, Baguet in Mém. Acad. Belg. xxiii 1-49; van Hulst in Revue de Liège (1846); de Backer, Bibliographie i 710-727; Nève, Mém. 342 f; Pattison's Casaubon, 396—4002 n.

2 Nève, Mém. 172-180; portrait in Boissard, vII 3; Blount, Censura, 689; Max Rooses, Musée Plantin (1883), 32.

3 p. 199 supra.

S. II.

20

adoption he continued to be famous as the greatest scholar of his age. Among those who came under his immediate influence at Leyden was Daniel Heinsius, to whom we shall shortly return.

Wowerius' (1574—1612), a native of Hamburg, was Scaliger's pupil at Leyden, and, after living at Antwerp, travelled for some years in France and Italy. He was aided by Scaliger in his edition of Petronius; he also edited Apuleius. A greater interest attaches to his Tractatio de Polymathia, a fragment of a vast work on the learned studies of the ancients, the first attempt at a general survey of the whole domain of classical learning (1604). He was an intimate friend of Philip Rubens (1574-1611), the elder brother of the artist. Both of the friends were pupils of Lipsius, and their friendship has been immortalised by the artist in a picture now in the Pitti Palace. The two friends are seated at a table covered with books, and between them is Lipsius. In a niche of the wall to the right, we see a copy of the bronze bust of 'Seneca' (whose works had been edited by Lipsius in 1605), with four Dutch tulips in a glass beside it; in the middle distance, we have a glimpse of a beautiful Italian landscape; while the artist himself is standing on the left3.

The teaching of History at Leyden was taken up in 1597 by Paulus Merula of Dordrecht (1558—1607), who had travelled extensively in P. Merula France, Italy, Germany, and England, and was then practising as a barrister. Several of his antiquarian and geographical works were pub lished after his death. Two years before his appointment, he published an edition of the Fragments of Ennius (1595). He professed to have found some of these in a Ms of L. Calpurnius Piso at the monastery of Saint-Victor in Paris, but this is now regarded as a fraudulent statement. Merula's successor Baudius

was Dominicus Baudius (1561—1613), an excellent composer in verse and prose, as is proved by his Amores and his Orationes. One of these was addressed to queen Elizabeth, another to James I, while a

2 Bursian, i 303, Urlichs, 742.

Jan van der Wouwer. 3 Cp. Émile Michel, Rubens, i 155. It is clear, from chronological considerations, that it is not Grotius who is here represented as the friend of Philip Rubens; and this opinion is confirmed, on other grounds, by Max Rooses as well as Émile Michel. A portrait of Lipsius, engraved for

Wowerius, p. 302 supra.

p. 424 of Hessel's ed. of Ennius, 1707.

Lawicki, De fraude P. Merulae, Bonn, 1852.-Cp. Meursius, Ath. Bat. 158 f; portrait ib., and in Boissard, vI 16.

Scriverius

third is the funeral oration in honour of Scaliger (1609). Of his numerous letters many are addressed to Grotius1. Petrus Scriverius of Haarlem (1576—1660), who lived at Leyden as an independent scholar, is best known as an editor of Martial (1619). He also edited the tragedies of Seneca and the works of Apuleius, but he was probably much more interested in writing his own poems and in printing repeated editions of the Basia of Joannes Secundus.

G. J. Vossius

A far wider field of learning was covered by Gerard John Vossius (1577-1649), the greatest 'Polyhistor' of his age. Born of Dutch parentage in the neighbourhood of Heidelberg, he was educated at Dordrecht and Leyden, ultimately becoming Rector of the former in 1600 and of the latter in 1615. In 1622 he was appointed professor of Eloquence at Leyden, and, after holding that office for ten years, accepted the professorship of History at Amsterdam in 1631. Seventeen years later, at the age of 72, when he was climbing a ladder in his library, he had a fall that proved fatal, thus dying (as Reisig has phrased it) in the arms of the Muses'. The subjects of his most important works were Grammar, Rhetoric, and the History of Literature. His earliest literary distinction was won at Leyden in 1606, when he published prehensive treatise on Rhetoric, which, in the edition printed thirty years later, fills 1000 quarto pages. On its first appearance, Scaliger declared that he had learnt an infinite amount from its perusal, while Casaubon lauded its critical power and its wide erudition'. His text-book of Latin Grammar (1607) was repeatedly reprinted in Holland and Germany, while his learned and scholarly work on the same general subject, published in four volumes in 1635, under the title of Aristarchus, sive de Arte Grammatica, was warmly welcomed by Salmasius, and went through several editions, the latest of which appeared at Halle after the lapse of two centuries. He also wrote a treatise De Vitiis Sermonis et Glossematis Latino-barbaris in nine books.

a com

1 Epp. et Orationes, ed. nova, 1642, portrait ib., and in Meursius, 154, and Boissard, VI 15.

Portrait of Scriverius in Meursius, 220, and Boissard, VI 27. 'Meanwhile, he was offered a professorship of History at Cambridge in 1624, and was made Canon of Canterbury in 1629.

Cp. Hallam, ii 2884.

Four of these, published during his life-time (1645), may be briefly described as an Anti-barbarus; of the remaining five (1685), printed after his death, the most interesting part is on the verba falso suspecta, giving lists of many good Latin words that do not happen to be found in Cicero'. In the interval between these two works on Grammar, he published two important treatises on the History of Literature, entitled De Historicis Graecis (1623-4) and Latinis (1627), and a new edition of the former appeared at Leipzig as late as 1833. His treatise on Poetry (1647) was a work of wide influence. It resembles the corresponding treatise of the elder Scaliger. His interest in Art is attested by his brief treatise De Graphice, while he is also the author of one of the earliest works on Mythology. The brother of his second wife was Franciscus Junius (1589-1677), author of the De pictura veterum (1637 and 1694), and for thirty years librarian to the earl of Arundel'.

Junius

Salmasius

The Chair of History at Leyden, left vacant from the death of Scaliger in 1609 to the year 1631, might well have been offered to Gerard John Vossius, who had produced both of his important works on the Greek and Latin historians before the end of 1627. But in 1631 a native of another land, Claude Saumaise, was invited to fill the vacant Chair, and it cannot be regarded as an entirely accidental coincidence that in that very year Vossius resigned the professorship of Eloquence at Leyden for that of History at Amsterdam. Saumaise, or Salmasius, whose earlier career we have already noticed in connexion with the land of his birth, had produced in 1629 his great work on Solinus, but, after his appointment at Leyden, he edited authors of minor importance only, such as Scylax, Cebes, Simplicius, and Achilles Tatius, while he added 1 Cp. Hallam, ii 287*.

2 See Saintsbury, ii 359.

3 De Origine et Progressu Idololatriae, siue de Theologia Gentili. On G. J. Vossius, cp. Meursius, Ath. Bat. 267–275 (portrait ib. and in Boissard, IX #1; also on p. 308 supra); Blount, 680; C. Tollius (1649); H. Tollius (1778); De Crane (1820); Hallam, ii 287a f; L. Müller, 40.

Michaelis, Ancient Marbles in Great Britain, 25; Stark, 126. Cp. Lessing's Laokoon, c. 2 and c. 29.

5 p. 285 supra.