inspired by those of the Italian poet, Guarini, and his poetry reveals many traces of the influence of the Latin poets of Italy. His interest in Chess led to his being specially attracted by Vida's poem on that theme: 'If Hieronymus Vida can be found, with Baptista Marini his Adone, we shall not spare some houres of the night and day at their Chesse, for I affect that above the other '1. Owen Turning from Scotland to Wales, we have a clever contemporary of Andrew Melville in the Latin epigrammatist John Owen, or Audoënus (c. 1560-1622). Born at Armon in the county of Caernarvon, he was educated at Winchester, was a Fellow of New College, Oxford, in 1584-91, became head-master of Warwick School about 15952, and was buried in St Paul's cathedral. The three books of his Epigrams (1606) were followed by a complete edition in 1624; they were thrice translated into English, and often reprinted at home and abroad. They are described by Hallam as 'sometimes neat, and more often witty'. They were placed in the Index in 1654, doubtless mainly owing to the unfortunate epigram, which, in his lifetime, had led to his being disinherited by his uncle: 'An Petrus fuerit Romae, sub judice lis est; Simonem Romae nemo fuisse negat '3. Among happier examples of his style we may quote his epigram on Martial: Dicere de rebus, personis parcere nosti; Sunt sine felle tui, non sine melle, sales '4, and the central couplet of his lines on Drake: 'Si taceant homines, facient te sidera notum ; History of Scotland (1655), p. 263. 2 A. F. Leach, History of Warwick School, 124-134 (with Owen's portrait). 3 Ad Henricum, i 8. Ad Dominam Mariam Neville, ii 160. 5 ib. ii 39. CHAPTER XVI. GERMANY FROM 1350 TO 1616. THE German Emperor, Charles IV, who ascended the throne in 1346, was regarded by Petrarch, not only as the head of the Holy Roman Empire, but also as a beneficent patron of literature, a new Augustus. Petrarch's correspondence with Charles IV began in 13501; at Mantua, in the autumn of 1354, he presented the emperor with gold and silver coins of ancient Rome bearing the effigy of the emperor's great precursors. In 1356 he was sent as the envoy of Milan to the emperor's capital of Prague, 'the extreme confines of the land of the barbarians"; but this visit led to no permanent result. The second son of Charles IV, the emperor Sigismund, was enabled to study Arrian's account of the exploits of Alexander in the easy Latin version provided for him by Vergerio, the first of Italian humanists to enter the service of a foreign prince. But this version would have been forgotten, had it not fallen into the hands of Aeneas Sylvius, who represented Italian humanism in Vienna (1442-55), and wrote in 1450 an interesting treatise on Education for the benefit of a royal ward of his master, Frederic III. As Pope, in 1459, he was assured by his former pupil, the German historian, Hinderbach, of the gratitude of Germany for the teaching and the example which had led that land to admire the studies of humanism, and to emulate the olden splendour of Roman eloquence'. The German jurist, 3 Sen. xvi 2. 1 Epp. Fam. x 1. 2 ib. xix 3. + On Petrarch's relations to Charles IV, cp. Voigt, ii 263-83; and Cancellaria Caroli IV, ed. Tadra, Prag, 1895. 7 Geiger, Renaissance und Humanismus in Italien und Deutschland (1882), 342. Gregor Heimburg, who, in his earlier years, had acquired for himself a certain degree of proficiency in the Classics, was a political opponent of Aeneas Sylvius and of the humanistic influence of Italy'. The influence of Aeneas was, however, continued at Prague by Johann von Rabstein and in Moravia by bishop Prostasius of Czernahora3. Regiomon tanus The first to expound the Latin poets in Vienna was Georg Peuerbach (1423–1469), who had visited many universities in France, Italy and Germany, and in 1454-60 lectured in Vienna, not only on mathematics and astronomy, but also on the Aeneid, and on Horace and Juvenal'. Lectures on the Eclogues and on Terence, and on Cicero, De Senectute, were given by his pupil, the astronomer Johann Müller of Königsberg, near Coburg, who is best known as Regiomontanus (1436-1476). In 1461 he accompanied Bessarion to Italy, where he made a complete copy of the tragedies of Seneca, learnt Greek, and produced Latin translations of the works of Ptolemy, and the Conic Sections of Apollonius of Perga. Returning to Vienna in 1467, he entered the service of Matthias Corvinus, king of Hungary, and finally settled at Nuremberg, where he published the first edition of the astronomical poem of Manilius (1472). He ultimately became archbishop of Ratisbon, and a proposal to reform the calendar led to his being summoned to Rome, where he died in 1476o. Luder The influence of Italy on German humanism was early exemplified by Peter Luder (c. 1415-c. 1474), who, after matriculating at Heidelberg, visited Rome as a priest, became a pupil of Guarino at Ferrara, sailed from Venice along the coast of Greece as far as Macedonia, and, on his return, settled at Padua with a view to studying medicine. The presence 1 Scripta, ed. Goldast, 1608: Joachimsohn, Gregor Heimburg (Bamberg, 1891); Voigt, ii 284-2903. 2 Dialogus, ed. Bachmann (Vienna, 1876). 3 Voigt, ii 2933. 4 Voigt, ii 2913; cp. Aschbach, Gesch. der Wiener Univ. 486 f. Bursian, i 107f; cp. Hallam, i 1864; and Aschbach, Z.c., 537 f; also Janssen's History of the German People at the Close of the Middle Ages (E. T. 1896 f), i 139–146. of some German students at Padua led to his fame reaching the Palatinate. He was accordingly invited to Heidelberg, and appointed to lecture on Latin poets (1456). His older colleagues immediately insisted on his submitting his inaugural discourse to their own approval, and prevented his having easy access to the university library. Driven from Heidelberg by the plague in 1460, he was welcomed at Ulm and Erfurt and Leipzig. He even returned to Padua, and afterwards lectured on medicine as well as Latin at Basel'. Among his most eager pupils at Leipzig was Hartman Schedel (1440-1514), who became an unwearied collector Schedel of humanistic literature. He has thus preserved an important part of the great journal of Ciriaco d' Ancona, including his copies of the monuments and inscriptions of the Cyclades. His sketches of certain works of ancient art afterwards inspired some of the drawings of Dürer, now in Vienna'. His large collection of inscriptions is now in the library at Munich, and his work on the history of the world from the creation to the year 1492 is widely known under the name of the 'Nuremberg Chronicle' (1493)3. A place of honour among the early humanists of Germany is justly assigned to the famous Frisian, Roelof Agricola Huysman, or Rodolphus Agricola (1444-1485), who was born near Groningen, and was educated at Deventer, Erfurt, Louvain and Cologne, and perhaps also in Paris. In 1468 he left for Italy, where he studied law and rhetoric at Pavia between 1469 and 1474, paying two visits to the North during that interval. In 1475 he went to Ferrara, and studied Greek under Theodorus Gaza. In 1479 he finally returned to Groningen, where he was town-clerk in 1480-84, often acting as an envoy and paying repeated visits to Deventer, on one of which (possibly in 1484) he saw Erasmus. In 1484 he went to teach at Heidelberg 1 Voigt, ii 295–3013; Bursian, i 95 f; Geiger, 327. Cp. Wattenbach, Peter Luder, in Zeitschr. f. Gesch. des Oberrheins, xxii (1869) 33 f; Bauch's Erfurt, 43-50. 2 p. 40 supra. Voigt, ii 3063; Bursian, i 108 f; Geiger, 374; Wattenbach in Forsch. zur deutschen Geschichte, xi 351 f. 4 P. S. Allen's Erasmi Epp. i 581. on the invitation of Dalberg, bishop of Worms, whom he accompanied to Rome in the following year to deliver an oration in honour of the newly elected Pope, Innocent VIII. Shortly after his return he died at Heidelberg. At Heidelberg he lectured occasionally on Aristotle, but was apparently more effective in his private and personal influence than in his professorial teaching. The highest praise must be bestowed on his renderings from Lucian'. He was long regarded as the standard-bearer of humanism in Germany'. His slight treatise on education (1484)3 was welcomed as a libellus vere aureus when it appeared in the same volume as the corresponding works of Erasmus and Melanchthon, but the only important points on which he there insists are cultivation of the memory, carefulness in reading, and constant practice. A cheerful alacrity in saying and doing the right thing is the lesson of life expressed in his own epigram:— 'Optima sit vitae quae formula quaeritis: haec est: He is remembered as an earnest opponent of mediaeval scholasticism, and he certainly did much towards making the study of the Classics a vital force in Germany. In a letter to a fellowlabourer in this cause, Rudolf von Langen (1438—1519), who promoted the revival of education in the cathedral-school of Münster, we find Agricola saying:-'I entertain the highest hope that, by your aid, we shall one day wrest from proud Italy her vaunted glory of pre-eminent eloquence"; and the closing couplet of a tribute to his memory written by the Italian humanist, Hermolaus Barbarus, implies that, during the life-time of Agricola, Germany was the rival of Greece and Rome: 'Scilicet hoc vivo meruit Germania laudis, Quicquid habet Latium, Graecia quicquid habet'". 1 Gallus, and the libellus de non facile credendis delationibus (ed. 1530). 2 Pref. to Opuscula (1518), ‘antesignanus'. De formando studio. Cp. Woodward, Renaissance Education, 99. • Bursian, i 98 f. Opera (Col. 1539) ii 178 (Heeren, ii 173; Hallam, i 2061). • Boissard, 1 175. For Agricola, cp. Opera (Col. 1539); Tresling, Vita et Merita Rudolphi Agricolae (Groningen, 1830); Bursian, i 101 f; von Bezold (1884); Ihm (1893); P. S. Allen, in English Hist. Rev., April, 1906, and in |