he attempted a new expedition on account of Muley Hamet, king of Fez, who had been expelled from his dominions by his uncle Muley Moloch, Hamet having restored the fort of Araila, which his father had taken from the Portuguese; though earnestly and anxiously dissuaded from the measure by the queen dowager, by Philip of Spain, and all his most zealous friends. On the 24th of June 1577, therefore, he sailed from Lisbon with a fleet of fifty ships and five galleys; twelve cannon; and transports and tenders, making in all 1000 sail. His troops were 9000 Portuguese foot, 3000 Germans, 700 Italians under Sir Thomas Stukely, a brave English exile; 2000 Castilians, and 300 volunteers, under Don Christopher de Turara. He touched at Lagos Bay, in Algarve, where he spent four days; and was magnificently entertained by the duke of Medina Sidonia. The king ordered Don Diego de Souza to follow him with the rest of the army. They accordingly landed at Arzila on the African coast, where the king was met by Muley Hamet, who delivered his son as a hostage, and brought a reinforcement of 300 Moors. Here it was resolved to reduce the town of Larache; but the king and Muley Hamet differing on the question whether the troops should proceed by land or sea, Muley left him, and the king proceeded on the 29th July by land. Mean time Muley Moloch, though ill of a fever, came forward at the head of 60,000 horse and 40,000 foot, and advanced with such celerity that he came in sight of the Portuguese army on the 3d of August. On the measures now to be adopted Sebastian and his ally again differed; but the king's opinion, to engage immediately, was resolved on. The Portuguese advanced with the greatest resolution; broke the first line of the Moorish infantry, and disordered the second. Muley Moloch, upon this, exerting himself beyond his strength, fell from his horse, and, though one of his guards carried him to his litter, expired on reaching it. By this time the Moorish cavalry had wheeled round and attacked the Christians in the rear, broke the Portuguese on the right, and in this interim Muley Hamet, in passing a rivulet, was drowned. The Germans, Italians, and Castilians, fought well, but the Portuguese acted indifferently; and the whole army, except about fifty men, were either killed or taken prisoners. The fate of Sebastian is variously related. He is said to have had two horses killed under him and mounted a third. His bravest officers fell in his defence, and at last he was overpowered and killed by the Moors. But his death was long doubted.

By this disaster, the kingdom of Portugal, from ranking with the most eminent, sunk at once into the lowest rank of the European states. All the young nobility were cut off, or carried into slavery, and the kingdom was exhausted of men and treasure, so that cardinal Henry, who assumed the government after the death of his nephew Sebastian, found himself in a very disagreeable situation. The transactions of his reign were not important; but after his death, in 1580, a great revolution took place. The crown of Portugal was claimed by three different competitors; viz. the prince of Parma, the

duchess of Braganza, and Philip II. of Spain. Whatever might have been the merits of their respective claims, the power of Philip quickly decided the contest. His schemes were facilitated by the treachery of the regents, who took the most scandalous methods of putting the kingdom into his hands, so that, finding every thing in his favor, he commanded the duke of Alva to invade Portugal at the head of 20,000 men. In vain did the people, perceiving that they were betrayed, exclaim against their governors, and place on the throne Antonio, prior of Crato. His forces being inexperienced, and he himself but a weak leader, he was quickly defeated by the duke of Alva, and forced to fly from the kingdom. On his flight the whole kingdom submitted, together with the garrisons in Barbary, the settlements on the west coast of Africa, of Brasil, and in the East Indies. The Madeiras, however, except the isle of St. Michael, held out for Antonio. Philip made his entry into Lisbon as soon as the kingdom was reduced, and endeavoured to conciliate the affections of the people by tendering a solemn oath to maintain the privileges and liberties of the people; and engaging that the viceroy or chief governor should be a native, unless the king should give that charge to one of the royal family.

These concessions, however, did not answer the purpose; nay, though Philip was to the last degree lavish of honors and employments, the Portuguese were dissatisfied. The exiled prince, in the mean time, still styled himself king of Portugal. At first he retired to France, where he found so much countenance that with a fleet of nearly sixty sail, and a body of troops, he made an attempt upon the Terceras; but his fleet was beaten by the Spaniards; and, a great number of prisoners being taken, all the officers and gentlemen were beheaded, and a number of the inferior ranks hanged. Antonio, notwithstanding, kept possession of some places, coined money, and performed other acts of regal power; but was at length constrained to return into France. He passed thence into England, where he was well received; and, after king Philip had ruined the naval power of Portugal, as well as Spain, by equipping the armada, our queen Elizabeth made no difficulty of owning and assisting Antonio, and even of sending Sir John Norris and Sir Francis Drake with a strong flee and a great army to restore him. Upon this occasion Antonio sent his son Don Christopher, a hostage to Muley Hamet, king of Fez and Morocco, who was to lend him 200,000 ducats. But king Philip prevented this by surrendering Arzilla: and this disappointment, the unseasor able enterprise upon Corunna, and the dispute that arose between Norris and Drake, rendered that expedition abortive. Antonio remained some time in England; but withdrew ònce more into France, where he fell into great distress; and at length died, in the sixty-fourth year of his age. He left several children, who, on account of his being a knight of Malta, and having made a vow of virginity at his entrance into the order, were looked upon as illegitimate. He preserved to the last a great interest in Portugal; and drew thence, in the course of his life, im

mense sums of money. In the interior the Portuguese, partly through their love of their prince, and partly from their hatred to the Castilians, were continually in the hopes that king Sebastian would re-appear and deliver them; and in this respect such a spirit of credulity reigned, that it was said proverbially, they would have taken a negro for Sebastian. This humor led the son of a tiler at Alcobaza, who had led a profligate life, to give himself out for that prince; and having associated himself with two companions, one of whom styled himself Don Christopher de Tavora, and the other the bishop of Guarda, they began to collect money, and were in a fair way of creating much disturbance, when the cardinal archduke caused them to be apprehended. The false Sebastian was led ignominiously through the streets of Lisbon, and sent to the galleys for life, and the pretended bishop was hanged. Not long after, Gonsalo Alvarez, the son of a mason, gave himself out for this same prince, and having promised marriage to the daughter of Pedro Alonsa, a rich yeoman, whom he created earl of Torres Novas, he assembled a body of about 800 men, and some blood was spilt before he was apprehended: at length, being proved to be an impostor, himself, and his intended father-in-law, were hanged and quartered at Lisbon. There was another person who appeared about twenty years after the fatal defeat of Sebastian, at Venice, who created still more trouble. He assumed the name of Sebastian, and gave so very distinct an account of the manner in which he had passed his time from the defeat of that prince, that, after twenty-eight examinations before a committee of noble and impartial persons, they showed no disposition to declare him an impostor. The noise of this was diffused throughout Europe, and the enemies of Spain endeavoured every where to give it credit. The Venetian senate, owever, refused to discuss the great point, whether he was or was not an impostor, unless they were requested so to do by some state in alliance with them. Upon this the prince of Orange sent Don Christopher, the son of the late Don Antonio, to make that demand; and at his request an investigation was entered with great solemnity but no decision followed; only the senate set him at liberty, and ordered him to depart their dominions in three days. He was, fer various adventures, shipped on board a galley as a slave; then carried to St. Lucar, where he was some time confined; thence he was transferred to a castle in the heart of Castile, and never heard of more. Some persons were executed at Lisbon for their endeavours to raise

an insurrection in his behalf: but it was thought strange policy in the court of Spain, to make this affair so public without proofs; and the attempt to silence this claim by affirming the party to be a magician was thought ridiculous enough. The administration of affairs in Portugal during the reign of Philip was every way detrimental to the nation. His preparations for the invasion of England impoverished all his European dominions; but it absolutely exhausted Portugal. To pacify the Portuguese, the king borrowed money from the nobility upon the customs, and

the branches, thus mortgaged, became fixed and hereditary; so that the merchant was oppressed, and the king received nothing. This expedient failing, others were fallen upon, which made way for diverting other branches; for instance, that for the repair of fortifications, the money being strictly levied, and the works suffered to decay; while, upon the whole, in the space of eighteen years, the nation was visibly impover ished; yet the government of Philip was incomparably better than that of his successors; so that his death was regretted; and the Portuguese at last confessed, that of bad masters he was the best.

His son Philip, the II. of Portugal and the III. of Spain, sat twenty years upon the throne before he made a visit to Portugal, where the people incurred an enormous expense to receive him, and thus gave him a false idea of them wealth. He held an assembly of the states, in which his son was sworn successor. The reign of Philip III. and IV. was a series of bad mea sures, and worse fortune; all their dominions suffered greatly; Portugal most of all. The loss of Ormus in the East, and of Brasil in the West Indies, together with the shipwreck of a fleet sent to escort that from Goa, brought the nation incredibly low. These are the heads only of the transactions for forty years; to enter inte the particulars would require to point out the breaches made by the Spanish ministers on the conditions granted by king Philip; which, with respect to them, was the unalterable constitution of Portugal while subject to the monarchs of Castile; and which, notwithstanding, they so often and so flagrantly violated. The general assembly of estates was to be held frequently, yet they were held only thrice in sixty years; and of these twice within the first three. The king was to reside in this realm as often and as long as possible; yet Philip I. was there bet once, Philip II. only four months, and Philip III. never at all. The council of Portugal, which was to be composed entirely of natives. was filled with Castilians, as the garrisons also were, though the contrary had been promised, and the council finally reduced from five to three, then two, and at last to a single person. By these, and many other grievances, too tedious to mention, the detestation of the Spanish go vernment became universal; and in 1640 a revolution took place, in which John duke of Braganza was declared king, by the title of John IV.

This revolution, being effected in accordance with the almost unanimous feelings of the nation, was attended with very little effusion of blood; neither were all the efforts of the king of Spain able to reinstate his authority. Several attempts indeed were made for this purpose. The firs battle was fought in 1644, between a Portuguese army of 6000 foot and 1100 horse, and a Spanish army of nearly the same number, when the latter were entirely defeated. King John carried on defensive war during the remainder of his life but after his death, in 1655, the war was renewed with great vigor. This was what the Spanis did not expect. It is not indeed easy to con ceive a kingdom left in more perilous circum

stances than Portugal was at this time. The young king Alonzo Henry was a child not above thirteen years of age, and reputed of no very sound constitution in body or mind; the regency was vested in the queen dowager, a Castilian; the nation was involved in a war, and this respecting the title to the crown; the nobility, some of them secretly disaffected to the reigning family, and almost all of them embarked in feuds and contentions with each other, so that the queen scarce knew whom to trust. She acted, however, with great vigor and prudence. By marrying her only daughter, the princess Catharine, to Charles II. king of Great Britain, the queen procured to Portugal the protection of the English fleet, with reinforcements of some thousands of horse and foot; and at last, in 1665, terminated the war by the glorious victory of Montesclaros. This decisive action broke the power of the Spaniards, and fixed the fate of the kingdom, though not of the king, of Portugal. Alonzo was a prince whose education had been neglected, and who was devoted to vulgar amusements, and whom the queen, for these reasons, wished to deprive of the crown, that she might place it on the head of his younger brother Peter. To accomplish this purpose she attempted every method of stern authority and secret artifice. But the Portuguese would not consent to set aside the rights of primogeniture, and involve the kingdom in all the miseries attending a disputed succession. After the death, however, of the queen mother, the infant entered into cabals against the king of a much more dangerous nature. Alonzo had married the princess of Nemours; but that lady had transferred her affection to Peter, to whom she lent her unnatural assistance. Alonzo was compelled therefore to sign a resignation of the kingdom; and his brother, after governing a few months without legal authority, was in a meeting of the states unanimously proclaimed regent. Soon after this iniquitous revolution, the marriage of the king and queen was declared null by the chapter of Lisbon; and the regent, by a papal dispensation, and with the consent of the states, espoused the worthless woman who had been his brother's wife. He governed under the appellation of regent fifteen years; when, upon the death of the king, he mounted the throne by the name of Peter II.; and, after a long reign of great prudence and vigor, he died on the 9th December, 1706. John V. succeeded his father; and, though he was then little more than seventeen years of age, acted with such wisdom and resolution, and adhered so steadily to the grand alliance formed against France and Spain, that, though he suffered severe losses during the war, he obtained such terms of peace at Utrecht that Portugal was in all respects a gainer by the treaty. The two crowns of Spain and Portugal were not, however, thoroughly reconciled till 1737; but from this period they became every day more united. In this situation of things a treaty was made in 1750 with the court of Madrid, by which Nova Colonia, on the Plata, was yielded to his catholic majesty, to the great regret of the Portuguese, as well on account of the value of that settlement as because they apprehended their possession of

the Brasils would by this action be rendered precarious. On the 31st of July, the same year, John V. worn out by infirmities, died in his sixtyfirst year and forty-fourth of his reign.

;

Joseph, prince of the Brasils, succeeded him, to the universal satisfaction of his subjects. Amongst other new regulations, the power of the inquisition suffered considerable restriction; the king directing that none of their sentences should be put in execution till reviewed and approved by the privy council. But, as in the reign of his father he had consented to the treaty with Spain, he ratified it after his accession. However, within the space of a few years, the calamities of Portugal, and those of Lisbon in particular, could scarcely be paralleled in history. An earthquake, a fire, a famine, a plot to assassinate their prince, executions upon executions, the scaffolds and wheels of torture reeking with the noblest blood imprisonment after imprisonment of the greatest and most distinguished personages; the expulsion of a chief order of ecclesiastics; the invasion of the kingdom by a powerful, strong, and exasperated nation; the numerous troops of the enemy laying waste their territory, bringing fire and sword almost to the gates of their capital; the king ready almost to fly. The Spanish ministry had already decreed the doom of Portugal, and nothing was to be heard at the Escurial but Delenda est Carthago. Carthaginian or Jewish story may afford a scene like this, but for the shortness of the period not one marked by more important events. From the result anticipated by Spain, under the hand of Providence, the generosity of Great Britain alone preserved the Portuguese. See GREAT BRITAIN, vol. x. p. 457. Joseph died in 1777.

Joseph dying without male issue, the succession devolved to Mary his daughter, the late queen of Portugal. She was married before he died, by the pope's dispensation, to his brother prince Peter. Joseph, prince of Brasil, the son of this connexion, was married to his youngest aunt! On the 3d of March, 1801, Spain declared war against Portugal. On the 26th April a counter proclamation of war was made by Portugal. By the 6th June the Spaniards had reduced Elvas, Campo Major, Arroches, Fior de Rosa Estrencoz, Olivenza, and all the magazines of Alentejo. On the 6th June peace was made by the cession of the town and province of Olivenza to Spain. See OLIVENZA.

In the beginning of 1808, the French, by an arrangement made with the Spanish government, took possession of Portugal; previous to which the court, by the aid of the British fleet, sailed for the Brasils. Soon after Buonaparte entrapped the Spanish court and royal family, and made them prisoners at Bayonne. He seized Spain, and conferred the crown on his brother Joseph. This detestable trick excited a spirit in Spain which all the tyrant's power was not able to subdue. During 1808, 1809, and 1810, Portugal was the chief scene of the military contest between Great Britain and France. It seems, like Spain, to have survived the tyranny of Buonaparte, to be delivered over to a worse.

The steps of the late revolutionary and usurping movements of Don Miguel and his associates