each individual, by the side of his name, on the large tablet where all those of the cardinals are inscribed. Whoever obtains two-thirds of the votes present is canonically elected. His name is immediately proclaimed aloud, and the cardinals sitting on his right and left rise and quit their places. His consent is asked; and, when it is given, the cardinals, beginning by the oldest, perform the first adoration; that is to say, kiss his foot, and then his hand. The first cardinal deacon now announces the election to the people, and the artillery of the castle of St. Angelo and the bells of the city spread the news afar. The people are then allowed to break into the conclave and to carry off all they can.

No person is eligible to the papacy under fiftyfive years of age, or that is not an Italian by birth, having already obtained a place in the college of cardinals; or who is a prince by birth, or allied to a reigning house, lest such a pope should dismember the patrimony of St. Peter, or 'abandon that neutrality which a common father should observe towards all Christian princes;' or, finally, should treat the cardinals with too much hauteur: thirdly, no one promoted to the degree of cardinal at the nomination of some crown, especially that of France and Spain, or being a natural-born subject of either of these powers, lest gratitude or national attachment should render him too devoted to the interests of the one or the other, is eligible. Even youth, and a good complexion and figure, are considered as obstacles. But all these maxims and rules vary and change according to the inconstant and precarious impulse of policy and faction. Hence it often happens that, in the numerous college of cardinals, a very small number are permitted, upon a vacancy, to aspire at the papacy, the greatest part being generally prevented by their birth, their character, their circumstances, and by the force of political intrigues, from flattering themselves with the pleasing hope of ascending that towering summit of ecclesiastical power and dominion. It is not my intention,' says Mr. Eustace, to specify all the forms of etiquette observed, or the ceremonies practised during the process, or at the conclusion of the election; two or three things, however, I must notice, for reasons which will appear sufficiently obvious: one is the custom of putting the tickets containing the votes of the cardinals on the patina, or communion plate, and then into the chalice: now however important these votes may be, and however intimate their connexion with the welfare of the church, yet to apply to them the vases devoted in a peculiar manner to the most awful institutions of religion seems to pass beyond disrespect, and almost to border on profanation. The next ceremony to which I have alluded is that called the adoration of the pope; it takes place almost immediately after his election, when he is placed in a chair on the altar of the Sixtine chapel, and there receives the homage of the cardinals: this ceremony is again repeated on the high altar of St. Peter's. Now, in this piece of pageantry, I object not to the word adoration; no one who knows Latin, or reflects upon the sense which it bears on this and on a thousand other occasions, will cavil at it, though he may wish it

otherwise applied. Nor do I find fault with the throne; he who is at the same time both pontiff and prince has from time and custom, perhaps, a double title to such a distinction. But why should the altar be made his footstool? the altar, the beauty of holiness, the throne of the victim lamb, the mercy-seat of the temple of Christianity: why should the altar be converted into the footstool of a mortal?'

The income of the Roman court is not only reduced in its amount, but is very irregular and uncertain. Several years ago, when in full possession of its territory, both in Italy and in France, it was not calculated at more than £600,000. Contrary to a very general opinion, I must here observe,' says Mr. Eustace, that this income arose principally from internal taxation, and that a very small part of it was derived from Catholic countries. The sums remitted by Catholic countries may be comprised under the two heads of annats and of dispensations: now these two heads, when united, did not produce in France, the richest and most extensive of Catholic countries previous to the revolution, more than £15,000 per annum. In Spain the annats had been abolished, or rather bought off; and in Germany, if I mistake not, suppressed. Dispensations, that is, licenses to take orders, to hold livings, to contract marriages, and do various acts, in cases and circumstances contrary to the prescriptions of the common canon law, produced merely sufficient to pay the expenses of the courts through which they necessarily passed, and added little to the papal revenue. As for the concourse of pilgrims, which was supposed to be so very productive a source of income, it brought nothing to Rome but the filth and the beggary of Catholic Europe. The far greater part of these pilgrims were not only too poor to bring an accession of wealth to the city, but even to support themselves, and were generally fed and lodged in hospitals expressly endowed for their reception. Into these hospitals 700 or more have frequently been admitted at a time, and supplied, not only with the necessaries, but even with the comforts of life.' The revolutionary invasion of Italy, and the consequent dismemberment of part of the Roman territory, lessened the papal income, not only by diminishing the number of persons who contributed to it, but by impoverishing all the inhabitants of the Roman state.

The propagation of Christianity being their first and most indispensable duty, the popes have applied themselves to it with zeal and success, not only in the early ages, when their spiritual functions were their chief occupation, but even at a later period, when politics and ambition had engrossed no small portion of their attention. To support this grand and extensive plan of Christian conquest, there are several establishments at Rome, and one in particular which from its object is called the Collegium de Propaganda Fide. This seminary is vast and noble, supplied with a magnificent library, and with a press, in which books are printed in every known language. The same treasury has to keep all the public edifices in repair, especially those immense palaces which, though of little use as re

sidences, are the receptacles of all the wonders of ancient and modern art; to protect the remains of Roman magnificence from further dilapidation; and, in fine, to continue the embellishment and amelioration of the capital, and of its territory generally. When, to these burdens, we add the pensions which the pope is accustomed to settle on bishops when unusually poor and distressed, and the numberless claims upon his charity from every part of the world, we shall not be surprised either at the expenditure of an income not very considerable, or at the difficulties under which the papal treasury has frequently

POPE, in ichthyology. See PERCA. POPE (Alexander), a celebrated English poet, descended from a respectable family, and born the 8th of June, 1688, in London. His father being of the Romish religion, he was placed, at eight years of age, under the tutorship of Taverner, a priest, who taught him the rudiments of Latin and Greek; and soon after he was sent to a Popish seminary at Winchester, whence he was removed to a school at Hyde Park corner. He discovered early an inclination to poetry; and Ogilby's Virgil and Sandys's Ovid were his favorite books. At twelve he retired with his parents to Binfield, in Windsor Forest; where he studied Spenser, Waller, and Dryden. At fifteen, to a proficiency in Latin and Greek, he added a knowledge of the French and Italian languages. His pastorals, begun in 1704, first introduced him to the wits of the time; among whom were Wycherly and Walsh. The same year he wrote the first part of his Windsor Forest, though the whole was not published till 1710. In 1708 he wrote the Essay on Criticism, justly esteemed a masterpiece, though he was not then twenty years old. The Rape of the Lock was first published in 1712; in which, above all his works, his strength of imagination seems most conspicuous. In 1713 he circulated proposals for publishing a translation of Homer's Iliad, by subscription: by which he acquired a considerable sum of money. The subscription amounted to £6000, besides £1200, which Lintot the bookseller gave him for the copy. Our poet's finances being now in good condition, he purchased a house at Twickenham, whither he removed with his father and mother in 1715: the former died here about two years after. In 1717 Pope published a collection of all he had printed separately; and proceeded to give a new edition of Shakspeare; which being announced, in 1721, discovered that he had consulted his fortune more than his fame in that undertaking. The Iliad being finished, he engaged, upon the like footing, to undertake the Odyssey. Broome and Fenton contributed parts of it, and received 2500 from him for their labors. It was published in the same manner, and on the same conditions as the Iliad, excepting that Lintot, instead of £1200, gave but £600 for the copy. This work being finished in 1725, he was afterwards em

A

In

ployed with Swift and Arbuthnot in printing some volumes of Miscellanies. About this time he narrowly escaped losing his life, as he was returning home in a friend's chariot; which, on passing a bridge, happened to be overturned, and thrown with him and the horses into the river. fragment of the glass cut him so desperately that he ever after lost the use of two of his fingers. 1727 his Dunciad appeared in Ireland; and in 1728 in England, with notes by Swift, under the name of Scriblerus. It is a piece of the most perfect satire that ever was written. The work was presented to the king and queen by Sir Robert Walpole; who, about this time, offered Pope a pension, which however he refused, as he had formerly done a proposal of the same kind made him by lord Halifax. He greatly cultivated the spirit of independence; and—

'Unplac'd, unpension'd, no man's heir or slave,' was frequently his boast. In 1729, by the advice of lord Bolingbroke, he wrote his Essay on Man. This was followed by his Ethic Epistles; the fourth of which, upon Taste, giving great offence, he next commenced his Satires, which he continued till 1739; and in which he attacked persons of the highest rank. His Essay on Man being translated into French in 1738, his system of Ethics was censured by professor Crousaz, but defended by Warburton, afterwards bishop of Gloucester. In 1742 he added a fourth book to the Dunciad. A genuine collection of his letters was published in 1737. He had all his life been subject to the head-ach, which he derived from his mother; and it was now greatly increased by a dropsy in his breast, under which he expired the 30th of May, 1744, in the fifty-sixth year of his age. He left Miss Blount his heir, a lady to whom he was long devoted; and to Warburton the property of his works; who accordingly gave a complete edition of them in 1751, in 9 vols. 8vo. Readers who wish to know more of this eminent poet may consult Warton's Essays on the Writings and Genius of Pope. Lord Orrery says of him, with no small degree of flattery, His chief aim was to be esteemed a man of virtue. His manners were delicate, easy, and engaging; and he treated his friends with a politeness that charmed, and a generosity that was much to his honor." Dr. Johnson accuses him of parsimony. By natural deformity, or accidental misfortune, his life was a long disease, from which arose many of his peculiarities. See Johnson's Lives of the Poets.

POPE (Sir Thomas), an eminent English statesman of the sixteenth century, born in 1508. He was a man of letters, and the founder of Trinity College, Oxford. He died in 1588.

POPERY. See ROMAN CATHOLICISM. POPHAM (Sir John), lord chief justice of the common pleas in the reign of queen Elizabeth, was the eldest son of Edward Popham, Esq., of Huntworth in Somersetshire, and born in 1531. He was some time a student of Baliol College in Oxford. After quitting the univerversity he fixed in the Middle Temple; and in 1563 became summer or autumn reader. He was soon after made serjeant at law, and in 1579 solicitor-general. In 1531 he was appointed

attorney-general, and treasurer of the Middle Temple. In 1592 he was made lord chief justice of the king's bench, and was knighted. In 1601 his lordship was one of the council detained by the unfortunate earl of Essex, when he formed the ridiculous project of defending himself in his house; and, on the earl's trial, he gave evidence against him. He died in 1607, aged seventy-six; and was buried at Wellington in Somersetshire, where he generally resided. He was thought somewhat severe in the execution of the law against capital offenders; but his severity had the happy effect of reducing the number of highway robberies. He wrote, 1. Reports and cases adjudged in the time of queen Elizabeth. 2. Resolutions and judgments upon cases and matters agitated in all the courts at Westminster in the end of queen Elizabeth's reign.

POPHAM (Sir Home Riggs), a naval officer, and knight commander of the Bath, born in Ireland in 1762, was a lieutenant in the American

war.

At the peace he employed himself in commercial pursuits in the East Indies, and, while commanding a country ship, discovered a passage for navigation at Pulo Penang. In 1794 he returned to the king's service, and, being useful to the duke of York in Holland, was ap. pointed master, commander, and soon after postcaptain. He was then employed in the Baltic, and in 1800 in the East Indies. In 1803 he entered the Red Sea, and settled advantageous terms of commerce for the English merchants: but, on his return home, his conduct was attacked in the house of commons. He was afterwards engaged in the expedition against Buenos Ayres, brought for it to a court martial, and sentenced to be reprimanded. He finally obtained the situation of commander-in-chief on the Jamaica station; but died in England at Cheltenham, September 13th 1820. He published A State

ment of his Treatment since his return from the Red Sea; and A Description of the Prince of Wales's Island.

POPINJAY, n. s. Belg. papegay; Ital. papagallo; Span. papagayo. A parrot; a wood

pecker; a fop.

ceous flowers, which have many little leaves and apices, but are barren: the female trees produce membraneous pods, which open into two parts, containing many seeds, which have a large quantity of down adhering to them, and are collected into spikes.

POPLAR, in botany. See POPULUS.

Miller.

POPLAR, a populous and important parish in Ossulton hundred, Middlesex, formerly a hamlet and chapelry in the parish of Stepney, two miles and a half east from London. This parish has, within a few years, been most extensively improved, and is lighted with gas. Its name is derived from the great number of poplars which formerly grew here. That part next the river called Poplar, or Stepney-Marsh, on the Isle of Dogs, is the richest piece of marsh land in England; it is neither an island nor a peninsula, but a head of land formed by the serpentine course of the river Thames. The East India Company have here a hospital for the reception of the widows of inferior officers and seamen; the same company having given the ground for erecting the church, and been at the greater part of the expense in rebuilding it.

POPLITÆUS, in anatomy, a small muscle obliquely pyramidal, situated under the ham.

See ANATOMY.

POPO, an island or cluster of isles in the Eastern Seas, the largest of which is about fifty miles in circumference. They are distant five leagues from the Bo Islands. They are inhabited, and afford nuts and dried fish. Long. 130° 0′ 15′′ E., lat. 19° 14' S. This is also the name of a small district on the Slave Coast of Africa.

POPPY, n. s. Sax. popig; Latin, papaver. A flower.

His temples last with poppies were o'erspread, That nodding seemed to consecrate his head.

Dryden.

Dr. Lister has been guilty of mistake, in the reflections he makes on what he calls the sleeping CuAddison. pid with poppy in his hands.

Of these are eighteen species; some sorts are cultivated for medicinal use; and some suppose it to be the plant whence opium is produced. Miller. And pale Nymphæa with her clay-cold breath; And poppies, which suborn the sleep of death.

Harte.

POPPY, SPATTLING, a species of cucubalus. POPULACE, or Fr. populace; Lat. POP'ULACY, n. s. populus. The multiPOPULAR, adj. tude; the common peoPOP'ULARLY, adv. ple; the vulgar: poPOPULAR'ITY, N. s. pular is pleasing to, or POP'ULATE, v. n. espoused by, the peoPOPULATION, n. s. ple at large; familiar; POPULOS'ITY, vulgar; plebeian; stuPOP'ULOUS, adj. dious of the people's POP'ULOUSLY, adv. favor: popularity, state POP'ULOUSNESS, n. s. J of enjoying the people's favor; graciousness of behaviour; whatever moves or conciliates the people: to populate is to produce people: population, the state of a nation or people with regard to numbers: populosity and populousness, the state of abounding with people: populous, full of people; thickly inhabited; the adverb corresponding.

A wilderness is populous enough, So Suffolk had thy heavenly company. Shakspeare. The best temper of minds desireth good name and true honour; the lighter, popularity and applause; the more depraved, subjection and tyranny. Bacon.

The persuader's labour is to make things appear good or evil, which as it may be performed by solid reasons, so it may be represented also by colours, popularities, and circumstances, which sway the ordinary judgment. Id.

When there be great shoals of people, which go on to populate, without foreseeing nieans of life and sustentation, it is of necessity, that once in an age, they discharge a portion of their people upon other nations. Bacon's Essays.

The population of a kingdom does not exceed the stock of the kingdom, which should maintain them; neither is the population to be reckoned only by numbers; for a smaller number, that spend more and earn less, do wear out an estate sooner than a greater number, that live lower and gather more. Bacon.

When he thinks one monarch's lust too mild a re

gimen, he can let in the whole populacy of sin upon

the soul.

Decay of Piety. Under colours of piety ambitious policies march, not only with security, but applause, as to the populucy. King Charles.

I was sorry to hear with what partiality and popular heat elections were carried in many places. Id. Such as were popular, And well-deserving, were advanced by grace.

Daniel.

Milton.

How populous, how vital is the grave!
This is creation's melancholy vault,
The vale funereal, the sad cypress gloom,

The land of apparitions, empty shades! Young. POPULATION. Few of our readers will be unacquainted with the modern investigation of this interesting subject, and the alleged discoveries of Mr. Malthus and his school.

:

Dr. Adam Smith had previously observed :Every species of animals naturally multiplies in proportion to the means of their subsistence, and no species can ever multiply beyond it. Bu in civilised society it is only among the inferior ranks of people that the scantiness of subsistence can set limits to the further multiplication of the human species; and it can do so in no other way than by destroying a great part of the children which their fruitful marriages produce. The liberal reward of labor, by enabling them to provide better for their children, and consequently to bring up a greater number, naturally tends to widen and extend those limits. It deserves to be remarked, too, that it necessarily does this as nearly as possible in the proportion which the demand for labor requires. If this demand is continually increasing, the reward of labor must necessarily encourage in such a manner the marriage and multiplication of laborers, as may enable them to supply that continually increasing demand by a continually increasing population. If the reward should at any time be less than what was requisite for this purpose, the deficiency of hands would soon raise it; and, if it should at any time be more, their excessive multiplication would soon lower it to this necessary rate. market would be so much under-stocked with labor in the one case, and so much over-stocked in the other, as would soon force back its price to that proper rate which the circumstances of the society required. It is in this manner that the demand for men, like that for any other commodity, necessarily regulates the production of men; quickens it when it goes on too slow, and stops it when it advances too fast. It is this demand which regulates and determines the state of propagation in all the different countries of the world, in North America, in Europe, and in China; which renders it rapidly progressive in the first, slow and gradual in the second, and altogether stationary in the last.'—Wealth_of Nations, vol. i.

The

In another part of his great work he expresses the same idea in fewer words :- Countries are populous, not in proportion to the number of petple whom their produce can clothe and lodge, but in proportion to that of those who:n it can

feed.'

The first of these passages is said to have given rise to the celebrated Essay of Mr. Malths. In this work not only are the different rates of population in various countries adverted to ai considerable length, and that of the newer contrasted with the older nations of the world, but the assumptions of almost all former writers on conducive to national wealth and security, is conthe subject, that a high degree of population is tradicted, and such a situation broadly represented as one pregnant with great existing evils, and imminent dangers for the future. Mr Malthus is

by no means to be restrained within the limits of the ground that is taken by the author of the Wealth of Nations. Far from thinking that the human species cannot, as Dr. Smith says, ' ever multiply' beyond the means of subsistence, he considers that it has a constant and fearful tendency to do so; and that, in point of fact, this tendency has generated a large portion of the vice and misery with which the older countries of the world abound. That this is an evil, therefore, which requires to be arrested in its progress; that early marriages among the poor should, upon this principle, be discouraged, and in some cases punished; and that all the charity of superior classes, which encourages the poor to multiply (which every increase of their comforts he is compelled to admit will), is wrong. He, therefore, proposes the enactment of a law whereby it should be declared, that no legitimate child born one year from the date of its promulgation; and no illegitimate child, born within two years, should thereafter be afforded parish assistance. This statutory exhibition of the tender mercies of his system, our author would have read by the clergyman to the poor, as they come to the altar.

The principles of Mr. Malthus's theory are contained in the first two chapters of his Essay, 2 vols. 4. edit. They may be thus condensed :Population in very favorable circumstances, as in the newly settled countries of America, has been found, it is said, to double itself every twentyfive years. This rate is therefore assumed to be (at the least) its natural rate of increase, which might go on ad infinitum, if interrupted by no checks. But it is evident that the increase of food (land being an absolute quantity) could by no methods be augmented to such an indefinite extent. It might possibly double itself for once in twenty-five years, while the best lands remained uncultivated; but, so far from following up this ratio of increase in subsequent periods, it cannot even be supposed possible that its produce could be augmented even in the simple ratio of its original quantity. The necessary effects of these two different rates of increase,' says Mr. Malthus (and he begs his readers to bear the passage in mind), when brought together will be very striking. Let us call the population of this island 11,000,000, and suppose the present produce equal to the easy support of such a number. In the first twenty-five years the population would be 22,000,000, and, the food being also doubled, the means of subsistence would be equal to this increase. In the next twenty-five years the population would be 44,000,000; and the means of subsistence only equal to the support of 33,000,000. In the next period the population would be 88,000,000, and the means of subsistence just equal to the support of half that number. And at the conclusion of the first century the population would be 176,000,000, and the means of subsistence only equal to the support of 55,000,000, leaving a population of 121,000,000 totally unprovided for.'

Extending this reasoning to the whole earth, it will be found that the population of the world would increase in a geometrical ratio as 1.2.4.8. 16.32.64.128.256. and subsistence only in an

arithmetical ratio as 1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9. In two centuries the population would be, therefore, according to this mode of reckoning, to the possible means of subsistence, as 256 to 9; in three centuries, as 4096 to 13; and as of course there are ultimate limits to the produce of the earth, an end must come to any increase in the supply of food, while the principle of population still retains its full force. Such is the account rendered by Mr. Malthus of the dispensation of Providence with respect to the natural power of increase in mankind, and their subsistence respectively.

But as it is evident that in point of fact, mankind, unable to exist without food, do not increase in the abovementioned geometrical ratio, but precisely in that in which food is produced for their support, Mr. Malthus, in his second chapter, enumerates, what he is pleased to call the checks to this exuberant power of production. They consist of all those customs, and all those diseases, which seem to be generated by a scarcity of the means of subsistence; and all those causes, independent of this scarcity, whether of a moral or physical nature, which tend prematurely to weaken or destroy the human frame.' These checks may be classed under two general heads, the preventive and the positive; the former consisting of prudential abstinence from marriage, which when accompanied by irregular intercourse between the sexes, produces aggravated vice and misery; when accompanied by moral restraint produces comparative comfort. The latter, consisting of every cause, whether arising from vice or misery, which in any degree tends to shorten the duration or repress the productive power of human life; such as extreme poverty, wars, diseases, famine, pestilence, and the like. The obstacles to the increase of population, therefore, whether classed under the positive or preventive checks, are all resolvable, into moral restraint, vice, or misery. And as the former (explained to mean any abstinence from marriage, unaccompanied by irregular gratification), is the only mode of escaping the encounter of the two latter in some form or other, it is evident that upon this theory the whole onus of counteracting, consistently with human happiness and virtue, the immense disproportion of the relative powers of increase above enumerated, rests entirely upon this single conservative principle. It follows of course also, that the more it can be made to operate, the greater portion of virtue and happiness will be found in society. And, as it is upon the lower ranks that the vice and misery alleged to arise from a redundant population particularly press, it evidently becomes the duty of governments so to model their political arrangements as to lend encouragement to such protracted abstinence from marriage, from the moment that the produce of the land after its first period of doubling sinks into the regular arithmetical progress; or, in plainer terms, from the moment that a country emerges from the purely agricultural state of society into one compounded of agriculture and commerce. Such is the theory of Mr. Malthus, and such are its consequences.

Granting the premises, it is indeed perfectly obvious that this conclusion is undeniable.