sent it to the king; who was so offended, that he withdrew his pension and all his preferments, and procured an act of attainder to be passed against him. In the mean time Pole was created a cardinal, and sent nuncio to different parts of Europe. At length the pope fixed him at Viterbo, where he continued till 1543, when he was appointed legate to the council of Trent, and was afterwards employed by the pope as his chief counsellor. Paul III. dying, in 1549, Pole was twice, it is said, elected his successor, and twice refused. On the accession of queen Mary, in 1553, cardinal Pole was sent legate to England, where he was received with great veneration, and conducted to the archbishop's palace at Lambeth, Cranmer being then prisoner in the Tower. The day after the execution of Cranmer, he was consecrated archbishop of Canterbury. In the same year, 1556, he was elected chancellor of the University of Oxford, and soon after of Cambridge; both which he visited by his commissioners. He died of a double quartan ague, in 1558, about sixteen hours after the death of the queen, and was buried in the cathedral of Canterbury. He seems to have been a man of mild manners, and of real worth. He wrote De Ecclesiæ Potestate, A Treatise on Justification, and various other tracts. POLECAT, n. s. i. e. Pole or Polish cat, because they abound in Poland. The fitchew; a stinking animal; a name of reproach. cat. Polecats? there are fairer things than polecats. He signalised himself in the schools, as a philosopher and polemick of extensive knowledge and deep penetration; and went through all the courses with a wise regard to the dignity and importance of each science. Johnson. POLEMO, or POLEMON, an Athenian of distinguished birth, who succeeded Xenocrates in the direction of the academy, but in the earlier part of his life was a man of loose morals. Returning home one morning in a state of intoxication he broke into the school of Xenocrates, while he was lecturing in the midst of his disciples. Xenocrates, immediately turning his discourse to the subjects of temperance and modesty, recommended these virtues with such energy of language, and strength of argument, that, instead of ridiculing the philosopher, as he intended, Polemo became quite ashamed of his own folly, and resolved to devote his life from that moment to the study of wisdom. Accord ingly, from his thirtieth year, he constantly practised the most rigid virtue and hardy fortitude; POʼLEDAVY, n. s. A sort of coarse cloth. though the austerity of his manners was tempered Shakspeare. Out of my door, you witch! you hag! you pole Id. She, at a pin in the wall, hung like a polecat in a warren, to amuse them. L'Estrange. How should he, harmless youth, POLECAT. See MUSTELA. Ainsworth. Gay. Your poledavy wares will not do for me. Howel. POLEIN, in English antiquity, a sort of shoe, sharp or peaked at the point. This fashion took its rise in the time of king William Rufus; and the picks were so long that they were tied up to the knees with silver or golden chains. They were forbidden by stat. an. 4 Edw. IV. cap. 7. Tunc fluxus crinium, tunc luxus vestium, tunc usus calceorum cum arcuatis aculeis, inventus est. Malmesb. in Will. II. POLEMARCHUS, in ancient history, a magistrate at Athens, who had under his care all the strangers and sojourners in the city. It was his duty to offer a solemn sacrifice to Enyalus (said to be the same with Mars, though others will have it that he was only one of his attendants), and another to Diana, surnamed Ayporepa, in honor of the famous patriot Harmodius. It was also his business to take care that the children of those that had lost their lives in the service of their country should be provided for out of the public treasury. POLEMBERG (Cornelius), a celebrated Dutch painter, born at Utrecht in 1586. His best pieces are of the cabinet size. He was brought over to England by king Charles I.; with urbanity and generosity. He died at an advanced age of a consumption, about A.A. C. 270. Of his tenets little is said by the ancients, because he strictly adhered to the doctrine of Plato. POLEMON, a son of Zeno the rhetorician, and a renowned sophist. He was made king of Pontus by Marc Antony, and was succeeded by his son Polemon II. See PONTUS. POLEMONIUM, in ancient geography, a town of Pontus, on the east bank of the mouth of the Thermodoon; now called Vatija. POLEMONIUM, in botany, Greek valerian, or Jacob's ladder, a genus of the monogynia order, and pentandria class of plants; in the natural method ranking under the twenty-ninth order, campanacea. The corolla is quinquepartite; the stamina inserted into scales, which close the bottom of the corolla; the stigma is trifid: the capsule bilocular superior. There are two species: the most remarkable is P. cœruleum, with an empalement longer than the flower. It grows naturally in some places of England: however, its beauty has obtained it a place in the gardens. There are three varieties; one with a white, another with a blue, and another with a variegated flower; also a kind with varie gated leaves. They are easily propagated by seeds; but that kind with variegated leaves is preserved by parting its roots, because the plants raised from seeds would be apt to degenerate and become plain. A POLEMOSCOPE, in optics, is the same with an opera glass. See OPTICS. POLENBURG (Cornelius), an excellent painter of little landscapes and figures. See POLEMBERG. He was educated under Blomaert, whom he soon quitted to travel into Italy; and studied long in Rome and Florence, where he formed a style entirely new, which, though preferable to the Flemish, is unlike any Italian, except in his having adorned his landscapes with ruins. There is a varnished smoothness and finishing in his pictures that render them always pleasing, though simple, and too nearly resembling one another. At London he painted the figures in Steenwyck's perspectives, for king Charles I., but staid only four years. His works are very scarce and valuable. POLERON, one of the Banda or Nutmeg Islands in the East Indies. It was one of those spice islands which put themselves under the protection of the English, and voluntarily acknowledged James I., king of England, for their sovereign; for which reason the natives of this and the rest of the islands were murdered or driven thence by the Dutch, together with the English. POLES, in castrametation, long round pieces of wood, by which a marquée or tent is supported. There are three sorts, viz. ridge-pole, a long round piece of wood, which runs along the top of an officer's tent or marquée, and is supported by two other poles, viz. front-pole, a strong pole which is fixed in the front part of an officer's tent or marquée, and is kept in a perpendicular position by means of two strong cords, called weather cords, that run obliquely from each other across two other cords from the rear-pole, and are kept fast to the earth by wooden pegs. Rear-pole, a strong pole which is fixed in the back-part of an officer's marquée or tent, and is kept in the same relative position as has been described above. Fire-POLES, or RODS, are also artificial fireworks. They are generally of the length of ten or twelve feet, and of the thickness of two inches at most. One of the ends of the fire-pole is hollowed out with three or four flutes to the length of two or three feet. Into one of these flutes are fixed rockets or squibs. Paper crackers are fixed in the others. After holes have been bored through the body of the pole, in order that the rockets may have communication with the crackers, they must be neatly wrapped in paper, the more effectually to deceive the spectators. POLES, PICKET, in military affairs, round pieces of wood shod with iron, and driven firmly into the earth, to fasten cavalry by when at picket. The poles for the heavy horse should be longer than those which are commonly used. See PICKETS. POLETE, were ten magistrates of Athens, who, with three that had the management of money allowed for public shows, were empowered to let out the tribute money and other public revenues, and to sell confiscated estates; all which bargains were ratified by their president, or in his name. They were by their office also bound to convict such as had not paid the tribute called μεTOIKIOV, and sell them in the market by auction. The market where these wretches were sold was called wλŋrημov T μετοικία. POLEY MOUNTAIN, or POLEY GRASS, is a species of lythrum. POLHEM (Christopher), a Swedish engineer, was born in Gothland in 1661. Charles XI. sent him to travel, when he remained some time at Paris. Our George I. afterwards invited him to Hanover, to superintend the working of the Hartz mines; but he preferred returning to his native country. Sweden owes to Polhem a great number of ingenious and useful inventions in mining, draining, docks, and canals; and he particularly displayed his genius in his plans for the construction of the canal of Trollhaetta, and the basin of Carlscrona. He was rewarded by a patent of nobility, and the title of counsellor of commerce. He was also a member of the Academy of Sciences at Stockholm, to whose Transactions he furnished many contributions. His death took place August 31st, 1751. POLIAS, a surname of Minerva, as the protectress of cities. POLICE', n. s. Fr. police. The government of a city or country, so far as regards the inhabitants. Where there is a kingdom altogether unable or indign to govern, it is a just cause of war for another nation, that is civil or policed, to subdue them. POLICE, Gr. Toλig, a city. This term, or 'Public Police and Economy,' is applied by Blackstone to signify the due regulation and domestic order of the kingdom: it is more generally applied to the internal regulations of large cities and towns, particularly of the metropolis. See 4 Comm. c. 13. p. 162. The police of the metropolis, says Colquhoun, is a system highly interesting to be understood: but a vast proportion of those who reside in the capital, as well as the multitude of strangers who resort to it, have no accurate idea of the principles of organisation which move so complicated a machine: establishing those conveniences and accommodations, and preserving that regularity which prevails, in the particular branches of police which may be denominated municipal regulations. These relate to paving, watching, lighting, cleansing, and removing nuisances; furnishing water; the mode of building houses; the system established for extinguishing fires; and for regulating coaches, carts, and carriages; with a variety of other useful improvements tending to the comfort and convenience of the inhabitants. See Colquhoun's Treatise. To administer that branch of the police which is connected with the prevention and suppression of crimes, twenty-six magistrates, viz. the lord mayor and aldermen, sit in rotation every forenoon, and take cognizance of all complaints within the ancient jurisdiction of the city of London. See LONDON. For every other part of the metropolis twentyfour stipendiary magistrates are appointed; three at Bow Street, under a jurisdiction long established; and twenty-one, first established by stat. 32 Geo. III., c. 53 (generally called the Police Act). This act was repealed, and other provisions of a similar nature were enacted by various acts, as 54 Geo. III. c. 37, &c. These twenty-one magistrates have seven different offices of courts of justice assigned them, at convenient distances, in Westminster, Middlesex, and Surrey; where they sit every day, Sundays excepted, one justice from ten in the morning till eight in the evening, and two from twelve till three; for the purpose of executing those multifarious duties connected with the office of a justice of peace which occur in large societies. This institution was suggested to the legislature in consequence of the pressure felt by the public from the want of some regular tribunals, where the system should be uniform, and where the purity of magistrates, and their regular attendance, might insure to the lower orders of the people the adjustment of their differences at the least possible expense; and the assistance of gratuitous advice in every difficulty, as well as official aid in all cases within the sphere of the magistrate. Similar provisions are made to prevent depredation on the Thames, by the acts 39 and 40 Geo. III. c. 87; 42 Geo. III. c. 76; 47 Geo. III. stat. 1, c. 37; and 54 Geo. III. c. 187, usually called the Thames Police Acts. The duty of these stipendiary magistrates, in conjunction with the county magistrates, extends also to several judicial proceedings, where, in various instances, they are empowered and required to hear and determine offences in a summary way; particularly in cases relating to the customs and excise; game-laws; pawnbrokers; laborers; and apprentices, &c. They act ministerially in licensing and regulating public-houses; punishing vagrants; removing the poor, &c., &c. And examine into complaints in criminal cases, capital and others, for the purpose of sending them to superior tribunals for trial. The following is an abstract of the Civil Municipal Regulations of the police of the metropolis: The metropolis having by degrees been extended so far beyond its ancient limits, every parish, hamlet, liberty, or precinct, now contiguous to the cities of London and Westminster, may be considered as a separate municipality; where the inhabitants regulate the police of their respective districts, raise money for paving the streets, and assess the householders for the interest thereof, as well as for the annual expense of watching, cleansing, and removing nuisances and annoyances. These funds, as well as the execution of the powers of the different statutes creating them (excepting where the interference of magistrates is necessary), are placed in the hands of trustees; of whom, in many instances, the churchwardens or parish officers, for the time being, are members ex officio; and, by these different bodies, all matters relating to the immediate safety, comfort, and convenience of the inhabitants, are managed and regulated; under the provisions of statutes made in the last and present reign, as well public as private, applicable to the metropolis in general, and to the various parishes, hamlets, and liberties in particular; former statutes for these purposes having been found inadequate. The stat. 10, Geo. II. c. 22, established a system for paving, lighting, cleansing, and watching the city of London; but the statute which removed signs and sign-posts, balconies, spouts, gutters, and those other encroachments and annoyances which were felt as grievances by the inhabitants, did not pass till the year 1771. The stat. 11 Geo. III., c. 29, contains a complete and masterly system of that branch of the police which is connected with municipal regulations; and may be considered as a model for every large city in the empire. This statute extends to every obstruction by carts and carriages, and provides a remedy for all nuisances which can prove, in any respect, offensive to the inhabitants; and special commissioners, called commissioners of sewers, are appointed to ensure a regular execution. This statute is improved by stat. 33 Geo. III. c. 75; by which the power of the commissioners is increased, and some nuisances, arising from butchers, dustmen, &c., further provided against. Various acts are from time to time passed for local improvements in streets, squares, docks, &c. In the city and liberty of Westminster also many new and useful municipal regulations have been made within the present century. The stats. 27 Eliz. and 16 Car. 1 (private acts) divided the city and liberties into twelve wards, and appointed twelve burgesses to regulate the police of each ward, who, with the dean or high steward of Westminster, were authorised to govern this district of the metropolis. The stat. 29 Geo. II., c. 25, enabled the dean or his high steward to choose eighty constables in a courtleet; and the same act authorised the appointment of an annoyance-jury of forty-eight inhabitants, to examine weights and measures, and to make presentments of every public nuisance either in the city or liberty. The stat. 31 Geo. II. c. 17, 25, improved the former statute, and allowed a free market to be held in Westminster. The stat. 2 Geo. III. c. 21, amended by stat. 3, Geo. III. c. 23, extended and improved the system for paving, cleansing, lighting, and watching the city and liberty, by including six other adjoining parishes and liberties in Middlesex. The stats. 5 Geo. III. cc. 13, 50; 11 Geo. III c. 22; and particularly 14 Geo. III. c. 90, for regulating the nightly watch and constables, made further improvements in the general system; by which those branches of police in Westminster are at present regulated. See also 44 Geo. III. c. 61; 45 Geo. III. c. 113; 46 Geo. III. c. 89; and 48 Geo. III. c. 137, under which many improvements have been made in Westminster, with a view to the convenience and dignity of the courts of justice and houses of parliament. In the borough of Southwark also the same system has been pursued: the stats. 28 Geo. II. c. 9, 6 Geo. III. c. 24, having established a system of regulation applicable to this district of the metropolis; relative to markets, hackneycoach stands, paving, cleansing, lighting, watching, marking streets, and numbering houses; and placing the whole under the management of commissioners. The stat. 9 Ann. c. 23 first established the regulations with regard to hackney-coaches and chairs, which have been improved and extended by several subsequent statutes; see LONDON; and stat. 33 Geo. III. c. 75, § 15-19, which enlarges the power of the magistrates of the city of London, to compel the appearance of hackney-coachmen residing out of their immediate jurisdiction. Carts and other carriages have also been regulated by different statutes, viz. stats. 1 Geo. I., stat. 2. c. 57; 18 Geo. II. c. 33; 24 Geo. II. c. 43; 30 Geo. II. c. 22; 7 Geo. III. c. 44; 24 Geo. III. stat. 2, c. 27; which contain a very complete system relative to this branch of police: by virtue of which all complaints arising from offences under these acts are cognizable by the magistrates in a summary way. The stat. 34 Geo. III. c. 65 established an improved system with regard to watermen plying on the river Thames. The lord mayor and aldermen are empowered to make rules and orders for their government; and with the recorder of the city, and justices of the peace of the respective counties and places next adjoining to the Thames, between Gravesend and Windsor, have power, within those districts, to put in execution not only the laws, but also the rules and orders to be from time to time made by them relative to such watermen: such rules and orders to be from time to time sent to the public office in the metropolis, and to the clerks of the peace of the counties joining the Thames, within thirty days after they are made or altered. The magistrates have power given them to fine watermen for extortion and misbehaviour: and persons refusing to pay the legal fares may be compelled so to do with all charges, or be imprisoned for a month; and persons giving watermen a fictitious name or place of abode shall forfeit £5. See WATERMEN. A new declaration of the just fares of the watermen was published as we were preparing for press. Offences relative to the driving of cattle improperly, usually termed bullock-hunting, are also determinable by the magistrates in the same summary way, under the authority of stat. 21 Geo. III. c. 67; by which every person is authorised to seize delinquents guilty of this very dangerous offence. The last great feature of useful police to be here mentioned consists in the excellent regulations relative to buildings, projections, and fires; first adopted after the fire of London in 1666, and extended and improved by several statutes from that time down to the stat. 14 Geo. III. c. 78. This statute repeals all former acts, and, besides regulating the mode of building houses in future, so as to render them ornamental, commodious, and secure against the accidents of fire, established other useful rules for the prevention of this dreadful calamity; by rendering it incumbent on the churchwardens to provide engines and ladders; to fix fire-plugs at convenient distances on all the main pipes in the parish; to fix a mark in the street where they are to be found, and where there is a key ready to open the plugs: rewards are also payable to persons bringing the engines to a fire. These outlines will explain, in some measure, by what means the system of the police, in most of its great features, is conducted in the metropolis; to which it may be necessary to add, that the beadles of each parish are the proper persons to convey informations, in case of any inconvenience or nuisance, by which a stranger may have it removed. The city and police magistrates, in their respective courts, if not immediately authorised to remedy the wrong complained of, will point out how it may be effected. It is however to be wished that one general act, comprehending the whole of the regulations made for the city of London, so far as they will apply, could be extended to every part of the metropolis and its suburbs; that a perfect uniformity might prevail in the penalties and punishments for the several offences against the comfort and convenience of the inhabitants. Mr. Peel, we believe, has an improvement of this kind in contemplation. POLICHNA, 1. An ancient town of Troas, on Ida. Herodot. vi. c. 28; 2. Another in Crete. Thucyd. ii. c. 85. POLICY, n. s. Gr. Toмrua; Lat. politia. The art of government, particularly with respect to foreign powers; art; prudence; management; stratagem. If it be honour in your wars to seem The same you are not, which for your best ends You call your policy, how is't less or worse, But it shall hold companionship in peace With honour as in war? Shakspeare, Coriolanus. If she be curst it is for policy, For she's not froward, but modest. Shakspeare. The best rule of policy is to prefer the doing of justice before all enjoyments. King Charles. The wisdom of this world is sometimes taken in scripture for policy, and consists in a certain dexterity of managing business for a man's secular advantage. South. POLICY OF INSURANCE, or assurance of ships, is a contract, whereby a person takes upon himself the risks of a sea voyage; obliging himself to make good the losses and damages that may befal the vessel, in part or in whole; in consideration of a certain sum per cent. paid, according to he risk run. See MARINE INSURANCE. POLIDORO DA CARAVAGGIO, an eminent painter, born at Caravaggio, in the Milanese, in 1492. He went young to Rome, where he worked as a laborer in preparing stucco for the painters; and, seeing them at work in the Vatican, he solicited some of them to teach him the rules of designing. He attached himself particularly to Maturino, a young Florentine; and, a similarity in talents and taste producing a disinterested affection, they associated like brothers, labored together, and lived on one common purse, until the death of Maturino. He practised the chiaroscuro in a degree superior to any in the Roman school; and finished an incredible number of pictures in fresco and in oil, for the public buildings. Being obliged to fly from Rome when it was pillaged, he retired to Messina, where he obtained a large sum of money, by painting the triumphal arches for the reception of Charles V. after his victory at Tunis; but, when he was preparing to return to Rome, he was murdered for the sake of his riches, by a Sicilian valet and other assassins, in 1543. POLIEA, a festival at Thebes in honor of Apollo, who was there represented with gray hairs, motos, contrary to the practice of all other places. An ox was also sacrificed, and formerly a bull, till once that one could not be got. POLIGNAC (Melchior De), a celebrated French cardinal, born of an ancient and noble family at Puy, in 1662. He was sent by Louis XIV. ambassador extraordinary to Poland, where, on the death of Sobieski, he formed a project of procuring the election of the prince of Conti. But failing, he returned home under some disgrace; when restored to favor, he was sent to Rome as auditor of the Rota. He was plenipotentiary during the congress at Utrecht, when Clement I. created him a cardinal; and upon the accession of Louis XV. was appointed to reside at Rome as minister of France. He remained there till 1732, and died in 1741. He left a MS. poem entitled Anti-Lucretius, seu De Deo et Naturâ; the plan of which is said to have been formed in Holland in a conversation with Mr. Bayle. This celebrated poem was first published in 1749, and has since been several times printed in other countries. He had been received into the French Academy in 1702, into the Academy of Sciences in 1715, into that of the Belles Lettres in 1717. POLIGNY, an agreeable and well built posttown of the department of the Jura, France, the chief place of a subprefecture, or arrondissement of the same name, with a population of 4500 inhabitants; having an agricultural society, a communal college, and an inferior court of judicature at Arbois. It is pleasantly situated at the foot of a mountain, that forms part of the Jura chain, standing in a fertile country near the source of the Glantine. It is adorned with several public fountains. The shambles, which POLISHER, or burnisher, among mechanics, is an instrument for polishing and burnishing things proper to take a polish. The gilders use an iron Polisher to prepare their metals before gilding, and the blood-stone to give them the bright polish after gilding. wooden wheels made of walnut tree, about an POLISHERS, among cutlers, are a kind of inch thick, and of a diameter at pleasure, which are turned round by a great wheel; upon these they smooth and polish their work with emery and putty. POLISHERS for glass consist of two pieces of wood; the one flat, covered with old hat; the other long and half round, fastened on the former, whose edge it exceeds on both sides by some inches, which serves the workmen to take hold of, and to work backwards and forwards by. POLISHERS used by spectacle-makers are pieces of wood a foot long, seven or eight inches broad, and an inch and a half thick, covered with old beaver hat, whereon they polish the shell and horn frames their spectacle glasses are to be set in. POLITE', adj. POLITENESS, n. s. S this last sense. Lat. politus. Glossy; smooth; refined or elegant in behaviour: the ad are erected under an arch, crossed by a canal of running water, are kept remarkably clean. Near the same spot also is a grotto, curious on account of its congelations. The manufactures consist of casks, common delfware, saltpetre, and oils, and verb and noun substantive corresponding with there are some dye-houses, tan-yards, and sawmills. In the neighbourhood are some quarries of marble and alabaster. The inhabitants carry on a trade in grain, flour, excellent red wine, brandy, turnery goods, delf, leather, rape seed, &c. This town is twenty-one miles, N. N. E. of Lous-le-Saulnier, forty-two south of Besançon, and 289 south-east of Paris. POLISH, v. a., v. n. & n. s. ? Fr. polir; POL'ISHER, n. s. Lat. polio. To smooth; brighten by attrition; gloss: to receive a gloss: the gloss effected; elegance of manner; polite breeding. He setteth to finish his work, and polisheth it perfectly. Ecclus. If any sort of rays, falling on the polite surface of any pellucid medium, be reflected back, the fits of easy reflection, which they have at the point of reNewton. flexion, shall still continue to return. Some of them are diaphanous, shining, and polite; other not polite, but as if powdered over with fine iron dust. Woodward. |