Each family gathered together some poultry, hogs, goats, plantains, and every thing the island produced, and next morning, Davy being milder, we went on board, accompanied by the whole population of the island. As most of them had never seen a ship, they were much pleased, but soon grew sea sick. I now gave them a whale boat in return for their refreshments, some books, razors, combs, and in short every thing they stood in need of; but nothing pleased them so well as the books, as they wished much to read and write. I offered Auther Quintral two claw-hammers, which he refused; and Adams, who was present, told him that it was very improper to refuse any thing their countrymen offered: Auther replied, it was much more improper to take things that they do not want. While Adams was on board the ship, he gave me a brief account of the different occurrences that had taken place upon the island; and, among others, he mentioned his divorcing Christian and his wife, in consequence of having read in the Old Testament that marriages should not be allowed among those who were at all related to each other, and that they had lived separate a long time. After a great deal of conversation upon the subject, I persuaded him to allow Diana, his daughter, to be married to Edward Quintral, and Christian to live with his wife, both of which he promised to do; and, calling Edward to him, he took him by the hand, saying, Come here, my son, you shall have my daughter Diana, and tomorrow we shall keep the wedding.' I now gave him some porter, wine, and spirits, to regale themselves with at the wedding. Every person in the ship was so struck with their simplicity of manners, the mildness of their language, and their modest deportment, that they were loaded with presents. They got nearly 200 books, of various descriptions, from the officers and crew;-even the sailors belonging to the ship behaved with a degree of modesty in the presence of these naked females that would have surprised a Joseph Andrews. John Adams now assembled his family in order to take leave, which they did in the most affectionate manner; and so grateful were they for the few things they had received from the ship that they all kneeled down to kiss my hand, which I could by no means permit. I promised, should I come again to the island, that I would bring them some black cattle, and particularly some asses, of which they said they were greatly in want. They now went into their boat with some reluctance, particularly one young man who wished to see his friends in England, but his mother, with tears in her eyes, requested that I would not take away her son; nor were we ourselves free from regret, at leaving a people whom we considered in a moral point of view as far superior to any of the human species we ever beheld.

'I did not hear whether they had found any metals; but I recollected, after leaving the island, that the stones with which they sharpened their tools, appeared to have a yellowish metallic appearance; and also some veins of yellow metal in them. I much regret not having examined them more closely, or bringing a piece with me. One of the sailors gave a shilling to be

tied round the neck of one of their children; but before I left the island it was brought to me, to be restored to the donor, observing at the same time that they had no use for it, and it would buy him something when he got to England. Old Adams informed me, when they first settled on the island, that there were plenty of fish; but, for some time before my touching at this place, they could not catch any, and they thought the copper of the Bounty had poisoned them all. The island produces yams, and other esculent roots, for which we could not find names. I presented them on my departure with some pease, barley, flour, orange, melon, pumpkin, celery, and many other seeds, which I had saved during my voyage (intending to give them should I ever touch at the island). Salt is procured among the rocks, the sea being hove into the cavities during the blowing weather is left there, and by the rays of the sun produces salt, a circumstance very common in warm climates. The only birds which I saw were pigeons and sea gulls. George Young carried the Bounty's anvil and swivel from the Ship Landing-place, up the steep foot-path where the doctor was carried up; the anvil was as much as I could well lift, and he says he could have carried the anchor also.' PITCH, n. s., v. a., & v. n. PITCH'ER,

PITCH FORK.

Pret. pight. Fr.ficher. Skinner. Lat. pan

gere.-Minsheu, more probably. Position. elevation; length or degree of descent or ascent: hence highest rise; size; stature: to fix; plant; cast; throw as a neuter verb, to order; fix choice (taking upon); fall; light; drop; fall headlong; fix a hut or any temporary abode: a pitcher is a bar or instrument used for pitching stakes. A pitchfork is a fork to throw corn or hay with.

They pitched by Emmaus in the plain.

1 Mac.

Then brought she me into this desart vast, And by my wretched lover's side me pight. Id. That infernal monster, having cast His weary foe into the living well,

'Gan high advance his broad discoloured breast Id. Above his wonted pitch.

In setting down the form of common prayer, there was no need to mention the learning of a fit, or the unfitness of an ignorant minister, more than that he, which describeth the manner how to pitch a field, should speak of moderation and sobriety in diet.

Hooker. Mahometes pitched his tents in a little meadow. Knolles.

Stay yet, you vile, abominable tents, Thus proudly pight upon our Phrygian plains. Shakspeare.

When I dissuaded him from his intent, I found him pight to do it.

Id.

mixed with tallow or oil, in the proportion of about 4 lbs. to every 100 lbs. of pitch, that admiral Apodaca, in the year 1797, when the island fell into our possession, received orders to form an establishment for the preparation of this pitch for the use of the navy. It is said to possess the valuable qualities of resisting the worm which abounds in the Gulf of Paria, and of preserving iron. But there appears to be a prejudice against it, of which we know not the foundation. PITCH'ER, n. s. Fr. picher; Span. pichel. An earthen vessel; a water-pot.

With suddain fear her pitcher down she threw, And fled away. Spenser. Pitchers have ears, and I have many servants; Besides old Gremio is hearkening. Shakspeare.

We read of kings, and gods, that kindly took A pitcher fill'd with water from the brook. Carew. Pyreicus was only famous for counterfeiting all base things; as earthen pitchers and a scullery. Peacham on Drawing. Hylas may drop his pitcher, none will cry, Not if he drown himself. Dryden. PITCHING, in sea affairs, may be defined the vertical vibration which the length of a ship makes about her centre of gravity; or the movement by which she plunges her head and afterpart alternately into the hollow of the sea. This motion may proceed from two causes: the waves which agitate the vessel; and the wind upon the sails, which makes her stoop to every blast thereof. The first absolutely depends upon the agitation of the sea, and is not susceptible of enquiry; and the second is occasioned by the inclination of the masts, and may be submitted to certain established maxims. When the wind acts upon the sails, the mast yields to its effort, with an inclination which increases in proportion to the length of the mast, to the augmentation of the wind, and to the comparative weight and distribution of the ship's lading. The repulsion of the water to the effort of gravity, opposes itself to this inclination, or at least sustains it, by as much as the repulsion exceeds the momentum, or absolute effort of the mast, upon which the wind operates. At the end of each blast, when the wind suspends its action, this repulsion lifts the vessel; and these successive inclinations and repulsions produce the movement of pitching, which, when it is considerable, will greatly retard the course, as well as endanger the mast, and

strain the vessel.

PIT COAL, n. s. Pit and coal. Fossile

coal.

The best fuel is peat, the next charcoal made of pitcoal or cinders. Mortimer's Husbandry.

PITFALL, n. s. Pit and fall. A pit dug and covered, into which a passenger may fall unexpectedly.

Thieves dig concealed pitfalls in his way. Sandys. Poor bird thoud'st never fear the net nor lime, The pitfall nor the gin. Shakspeare. Macbeth. These hidden pitfalls were thick at the entrance of the bridge, so that throngs of people fell into them. Addison.

PITH, n. s. Saxon pi; Belg. pette; PITH'INESS, Qu. Gr. πηκτος. The mePITH'LESS, adj. (dulla or marrow of plants; PITH'Y. hence strength; fire; energy; weight; important or principal part of a

Dryden.

This pithy speech prevailed, and all agreed. Id. The vertebræ are all perforated in the middle, with a large hole for the spinal marrow or pith to pass along. Ray.

The Herefordian plant that likes T' approach the quince, and the' elder's pithy stem. Philips. The pithy fibres brace and stitch together the ligneous in a plant. Grew's Cosmologia. In all these, Goodman Fact was very short, but pithy; for he was a plain home-spun man. Addison.

PITHEA LAPPMARK, a division of Swedish Lapland, extending from Norway to West Bothnia, along the River Pithea, and now forming part of the government of Umea. It is about 140 miles in length, and sixty-five in breadth. The eastern part has a good soil and climate, but on the last enumeration there were only 1045 inhabitants, of whom 932 were Laplanders; at the The present day they cannot exceed 2000. mountain Nasa Fjæl has mines of lead and silver.

PITHECUSA, an island of Italy, on the coast of Etruria, anciently called Ænaria, with a town so named on the top of a mountain. It was subject to earthquakes, and had a volcano; which led mythologists to say that the giant Typhon was buried alive under the mountain, and struggled at such times to throw off his burden. Ovid, Plin., &c.

PITHO, in mythology, the goddess of persuasion among the Romans, the daughter of Mercury and Venus. She was represented with a

diadem on her head, to intimate her influence over the heart of man. One of her arms appeared raised as in the attitude of an orator haranguing a public assembly; and with the other she holds a thunderbolt and fetters, made with flowers, to signify the powers of reasoning and the attractions of eloquence. A caduceus, as a symbol of persuasion, appears at her feet, with the writings of Demosthenes and Cicero, the two most celebrated orators among the ancients. PITHOLAUS AND LYCOPHRON, two nobles of Pheræ, who killed the tyrant Alexander, and seized the kingdom; but were expelled by Philip II. of Macedon.

PITHOM, one of the cities which the Israelites built for Pharaoh in Egypt (Exod. i. 11) during their servitude. This is probably the same city with Pathumos, mentioned by Herodotus, which he places upon the canal made by the kings Necho and Darius to join the Red Sea with the Nile, and consequently with the Mediterranean. There was an arm of the Nile called Pathmeticus, Phutmicus, Phatnicus, or Phatniti

cus.

Bochart says that Pithom and Raamses are about five leagues above the division of the Nile, and beyond this river: but this assertion has no proof from antiquity. Marsham will have Pithom to be the same as Pelusium or Damietta.

PITHOU, or PITHOEUS (Peter), a Frenchman of great literary eminence, descended of an ancient and noble family in Normandy, and born at Troyes in 1539. He first studied at Troyes, and afterwards at Paris, where he became the scholar and friend of Turnebus. Having acquired the languages, he was placed under Cujacius at Bourges to study civil law, and accompanied him to Valence. In 1560 he returned to Paris. In 1563 he published Adversaria Subsèciva, which laid the foundation of that great and extensive fame he afterwards acquired. Soon after this Henry III. advanced him to some considerable posts; in which, as well as at the bar, he acquitted himself most honorably. He abjured the Protestant religion, and embraced the Catholic; and afterwards attended the duke of Montmorency into England. Pithoeus died upon his birth-day in 1596, leaving behind him a wife whom he had married in 1579, and some children. He collected a very valuable library, containing a variety of rare MSS., as well as printed books. He published a great number of works upon law, history, and classical literature; and he gave several new and correct editions of ancient writers. He was the first who made the world acquainted with the Fables of Phædrus; which, together with the name of their author, were utterly unknown and unheard of till published from a MS. of his.

PITHYUSE ISLES, a group of islands in the Mediterranean, belonging to the crown of Spain, of which the principal is Iviça. They have the coast of Spain to the north-west, Africa to the south, Sardinia to the east, and the Balearic Islands to the north-east. All these islands produce corn, oil, and wine, and good pasturage. Their exports consist in salt, and, in a smaller degree, in wool. The inhabitants are said to be extremely indolent. Their language is a strange

jargon, and very few understand Spanish. The island next in size to Ivica is Formentera; the others are the Conejeras, Bosqua, Esparta (three small islands near the harbour of the town of Iviça), Grossa, St. Eulalia y de Arabi, Tacomago, &c.

PITIGLIANO, an inland town of the grand duchy of Tuscany, province of Sienna, with 2000 inhabitants. Fifty-four miles S. S. E. of Sienna. PITISCUS (Samuel), a learned antiquary, born at Zutphen, was rector of the college of that city, and afterwards of St. Jerome at Utrecht, where he died February 1st, 1717, aged ninety. He wrote, 1. Lexicon Antiquitatum Romanorum, in 2 vols. folio, a work which is esteemed; 2. Editions of many Latin authors, with notes, and other works. He that in

PIT MAN, n. s. Pit and man. sawing timber works below in the pit.

With the pitsaw they enter the one end of the stuff, the topman at the top, and the pitman under him; the topman observing to guide the saw exactly, and the pitman drawing it with all his strength perpendicularly down.

Moxon.

PITOT (Henry), F. R. S., a learned writer, of a noble family in Languedoc, born at Aramont on the 29th of May, 1695. He acquired mathematics without a master, and went to Paris in 1718, where he formed a close friendship with the illustrious Reaumur. In 1724 he was admitted a member of the Royal Academy of Sciences at Paris, and in a few years rose to the degree of a pensioner. Besides a vast number of Memoirs, printed in the collection of that society, he published in 1731 The Theory of the Working of Ships, in 1 vol. 4to., a work of considerable merit, which was translated into English, and procured the author to be admitted into the Royal Society of London. In 1740 the states-general of Languedoc appointed him their chief engineer, and inspector-general of the canal. That country is indebted to him for several monuments of his genius, and he supplied Montpelier with water, by a noble aqueduct. The illustrious marshal de Saxe was the great patron and friend of Pitot, who had instructed this hero in the mathematics. In 1735 he married MariaLeonina Pharambier de Sabbalona, descended of a very ancient noble family of Navarre, by whom he had one son, who was advocate-general of the court of accounts, aids, and finances of Montpelier. Pitot was also a member of the Royal Society of Sciences of Montpelier. He died at Aramont, 27th December, 1771, aged seventy-six.

PITS (John), a celebrated biographer, born in 1560 at Alton in Hampshire, and educated at Wykeham's school, near Winchester, till he was eighteen years of age, when he was sent to New College, Oxford, and admitted probationer fellow. Having continued in that university nearly two years, he left the kingdom as a voluntary Romish exile, and retired to Douay; from thence he went to the English college at Rheims, where he remained about a year, and then proceeded to Rome, where he continued a member of the English college nearly seven years, and was made a priest. In 1589 he returned to Rheims; and there, during two years, taught rhetoric and Greek. He now quitted Rheims on account of

the civil war in France, and retired to Pont a Mousson in Lorraine, where he took the degrees of M. A. and B. D. Hence he travelled into Germany, and resided a year and a half at Triers, where he commenced licentiate. From Triers he visited several of the principal cities inGermany; and, continuing three years at Ingolstadt in Bavaria, took the degree of D. D. Thence, having made the tour of Italy, he returned once more to Lorraine, where he was patronised by the cardinal of that duchy, who preferred him to a canonry of Verdun; and about two years after he became confessor to the duchess of Cleves, daughter to the duke of Lorraine. While in this employment, he wrote in Latin the Lives of the Kings, Bishops, Apostolical Men, and Writers of England. The last of these, commonly known and quoted by this title, De illustribus Angliæ Scriptoribus, was published after his death. The three first still remain in MS. among the archives of the collegiate church of Liverdun. The duke of Cleves dying after Pits had been about twelve years confessor to the duchess, she returned to Lorraine, attended by our author, who was promoted to the deanery of Liverdun, which, with a canonry and officialship, he enjoyed to the end of his life. He died in 1616, and was buried in the collegiate church. He is accused of partiality to the Romish writers.

PITSAW, n. s. Pit and saw. The large saw used by two men, of whom one is in the pit. The pitsaw is not only used by those workmen that saw timber and boards, but is also for small matters used by joiners. Moxon.

PITT (Christopher), an eminent English poet, celebrated for his translation of Virgil's Eneid, was born in 1699. Having studied four years at New College, Oxford, he was presented to the living of Pimperne in Dorsetshire, which he held during life. Next to his translation of Virgil, he gained the greatest reputation by his excellent English translation of Vida's Art of Poetry. He died in 1648.

PITT (Thomas), the founder of the Chatham family, was born at St. Mary, Blanford, Dorsetshire, in 1653, and towards the close of the century became governor of Madras, where he realised a large fortune. He was at this period the purchaser of a large diamond, afterwards called the Pitt diamond, for £20,400, which he sold to the king of France for more than five times that sum. A rumor prevailed for some time in England that he acquired it unfairly; and Pope is supposed to have alluded to this in the following couplet

:

Asleep and naked as an Indian lay,

An honest factor stole a gem away. Mr. Pitt was therefore induced to compose a narrative of the manner in which he really became possessed of the diamond. He was made in 1716 governor of Jamaica, but did not hold that situation more than a year. IIe sat in four parliaments, for Old Sarum and Thirsk, and died in 1726. This gentleman was grandfather of the celebrated earl of Chatham.

PITT (William), earl of Chatham, a'celebrated British statesman, was born in November 1708. He was the youngest son of Robert Pitt, esq., of

Boconnock in Cornwall. His intellectual faculties and powers of elocution soon became apparent; but at the early age of sixteen he felt the attacks of an hereditary gout, by which he was tormented at times during the rest of his life. His lordship entered early into the army, and served in a regiment of dragoons. Through the interest of the duchess of Marlborough, he obtained a seat in parliament before he was twenty-one years of age. His first appearance in the house was as representative of the borough of Old Sarum, in the ninth parliament of Great Britain. In the tenth he represented Seaford, Alaborough in the eleventh, and the city of Bath in the twelfth; where he continued till he was called up to the house of peers in 1766. The intention of the duchess in bringing him thus early into parliament was to oppose Sir Robert Walpole, whom he kept in awe by the force of his eloquence. At her death the duchess left him £10,000, on condition, as was then reported, that he never should receive a place in administration. In 1746 he was appointed vice-treasurer of Ireland, and soon after paymaster-general of the forces, and a privy counsellor. He discharged the office of paymaster with such honor and inflexible integrity, refusing even many of the perquisites of his office, that his bitterest enemies could lay nothing to his charge, and he soon became the darling of the people. In 1755 he resigned office, on seeing Mr. Fox, afterwards lord Holland, preferred to him. The people were alarmed at this resignation; and, being disgusted with the unsuccessful beginning of the war, complained so loudly that, on the 4th of December 1756, Mr. Pitt was appointed secretary of state in the room of Mr. Fox, and other promotions were made to second his plans. He then took such measures as were necessary for the honor and interest of the nation; but in February 1757, having refused to assent to the carrying on a war in Germany for the sake of his majesty's dominions on the continent, he was deprived of the seals. Upon this the complaints of the people again became so violent that on the 29th of June he was once more appointed secretary, and his friends filled other important offices. The war was now conducted with uncommon success; until on the 5th of October, 1761, Mr. Pitt, to the astonishment of the public, again resigned. The immediate reason is now known to have been that having received intelligence of the family compact being signed between France and Spain, and that the latter was about to join France against us, he thought it necessary to prevent her by immediately commencing hostilities. Having communicated this opinion in the privy council, the other ministers urged that they would think twice before they declared war 'I will not give them leave to think,' replied Mr. Pitt, this is the time to crush the whole couse of Bourbon. But, if the members of this board are of a different opinion, this is the last time I shall ever mix in its councils.' He also felt himself generally thwarted under the new reign by the influence of the earl of Bute. After his resignation, in 1761, Mr. Pitt never had any share in administration. He received a pension of