cognominal river, which falls into the Cephissus. Strabo. PINE, v. a. & v. n. Sax pinian; Goth. pina; Belg. pijnen. To languish; wear away with any kind of misery; wear out; make to languish; grieve for. Ye shall not mourn, but pine away for your iniquities. Fzekiel. The wicked with anxiety of mind Shall pine away; in sighs consume their breath. Spenser. I burn, I pine, I perish, We may again Carew. All things are here of him; from the black pines, PINEA, or PIGNE, in commerce, a term used PIN'EAL, adj. Fr. pineale. Resembling a pine-apple. An epithet given by Des Cartes, from the form, to the gland which he imagined the seat of the soul. Courtiers and spaniels exactly resemble one ano- Job, in 2 vols. folio. 2. Two upon Ecclesiastes. ther in the pineal gland. Arbuthnot and Pope. 3. Á General History of the Church, in Spanish, 4 vols. folio. 4. A History of Ferdinand III. in Spanish, folio. He died in 1637, much regretted. PINEAL CONCRETIONS. This matter of a stony consistence, sometimes deposited in the substance of the pineal gland, was formerly reckoned, from its position in the centre of the brain, to be the seat of the soul, the intellectual sanctuary. The concretions have been proved by Dr. Wollaston to be phosphate of lime. PINEAL GLAND, a gland in the third ventricle of the brain, so called from its resembling a pine-apple. See ANATOMY, Index. PINEAPPLE, n. s. The anana, named for its resemblance to the cone of pines. Try if any words can give the taste of a pine-apple, and make one have the true idea of its relish. PINE-APPLE. See BROMELIA. PINE-APPLE, WILD. See RENEALMIA. PINEAU (Gabriel Du), an eminent French lawyer born at Angers in 1573. After practising some time at Angers, he went to Paris, and practised with eclat before the parliament. Upon his return to Angers he became a counsellor in the presidial court, and was consulted by all the neighbouring provinces. Mary de Medicis made him master of requests, and, in her disgrace, wished to support herself by his credit and counsels; but Du Pineau, equally dutiful to the monarch and his mother, never failed to inculcate sentiments of peace. In 1632 Louis XIII., by way of reward, appointed him mayor and captain-general of the city of Angers: a situation in which he merited the flattering title of Father of the people. This worthy citizen died the 15th of October, 1644, aged seventy-one. His house was a kind of academy, where regular conferences were held, and attended by young officers, advocates, and other literary characters. His writings are, 1. Latin Notes, in addition to those of Du Moulin, upon the Canon Law, printed along with the works of that eminent lawyer by the care of Francis Pinson. 2. Commentaries, observations, and consultations upon several important questions respecting the laws both of Anjou and of France, with some dissertations upon different subjects, &c., reprinted in 1725 in 2 vols. folio, by Livoniere, with Remarks. PINEAU, or PINEUS (Severin Du), a native of Chartres, and first surgeon to the king of France. He was very skilful in lithotomy; and has left behind him, 1. A Discourse concerning the Extraction of the Stone in the Bladder, published in 1610, in 8vo. 2. A Treatise De Virginitatis Notis, printed at Leyden 1641, in 12mo. He died at Paris in 1619. PINEDA (John), a learned Jesuit, born at Seville of a noble family. He entered into that society in 1572. He taught philosophy and divinity in several colleges; devoted his time to the study of the Scriptures; and for that purpose made himself master of the Oriental languages. His works are, 1. Commentaries upon PINELLI (John Vincent), a learned Italian, born at Naples, son of count Pinelli, a noble Genoese, who had settled in that city, and had acquired a handsome fortune in trade. After receiving a liberal education he repaired to Padua, at the age of twenty-four. He had an excellent library, consisting of a choice collection of books and MSS., which he continued to enrich till the hour of his death. His literary correspondence, not only in Italy, but throughout Europe, procured him all the new works worthy of a place in his collection. In many cities of Italy he had persons employed to search, at least once a month, the stalls of those artificers who make use of old parchments, such as lutemakers, sieve-wrights, and others; and thus often saved from destruction valuable fragments. His passion for knowledge embraced all the sciences; but history, medals, antiquities, natural history, and botany, were his favorite studies. He was consulted from all quarters by the learned world, and corresponded with Justus Lipsius, Joseph Scaliger, Sigonius, Possevin, Peter Pithou, and many others. He had a great dislike to plays, entertainments, shows, &c., we are told, and every thing which most excites the curiosity of other men. During forty-three years that he lived at Padua he was never known to be out of the city but twice; once on occasion of a plague which infested it; and once on a voyage to Naples, at the earnest solicitation of his friends. He died in 1601, aged sixty-eight. Paul Gualdo, who has written Pinelli's life, says, that when his rich library was transported by sea to Naples, it was packed up in 130 chests, of which fourteen contained MSS.; but it did not go wholly to his heirs. The senate of Venice caused their seal to be set upon the MSS. and took away what concerned the affairs of the republic, to the number of 200 pieces. I compare,' says De Thou, Pinelli to Titus Pomponius; for, as that illustrious Roman was called Attic, Pinelli also bore the title of Venetian, on account of the great affection which the republic of Venice had for him.' PINEROLO, or PIGNEROL, a town and bishop's see in Piedmont, delightfully situated at the foot of a fertile hill, behind which rise some elevated summits of the Alps. It stands. on the river Clusone, and is neither regular nor well built, but contains a handsome hospital and cavalry barracks. The population, including the adjacent district, amounts to 10,000, who manufacture woollens, silk, paper, and leather. Their trade in these articles, corn, wine, spirits, and fire-wood, is considerable. The air is thought salubrious. Pinerolo was formerly a place of strength; but, on its cession to Savoy in 1713, its fortifications were blown up. It is surrounded at present only by a slight wall. Twenty-two miles S. S. W. of Turin. PINES, ISLAND OF, in the South Pacific Ocean, is situated near the southern point of New Caledonia. It is about eighteen leagues in circum ference, and fourteen or fifteen miles over in a south-east and north-west direction, and high in the middle. Long. 167° 38′ E., lat. 22° 38′ S. PINET (Antony Du), lord of Noroy, a native of Besançon, who lived in the sixteenth century. He was strongly attached to the Protestant religion. His books, entitled La Conformité des Eglises Reformés de France, de l'Eglise primitive, Lyons, 1564, in 8vo.; and the notes he added to the French translation of the Fees of the Pope's Chancery, printed at Lyons, in 8vo., 1564, and reprinted at Amsterdam in 1700, in 12mo., plainly discover his sentiments. He published the last-mentioned performance under this title: Taxe des Parties casuelles de la Boutique du Pape, in Latin and French, with some notes taken from decrees, councils, and canons, to ascertain the discipline anciently observed in the church. His translation of Pliny's Natural History, with notes, printed at Lyons, in 2 vols. folio, 1566, and at Paris, 1608, was much read. Pinet also published Plans of the principal Fortresses in the World, at Lyons, 1564, in folio. PIN'FEATHERED, adj. Pin and feather. Not fledged; having the feathers yet only beginning to shoot. We see some raw pinfeathered thing Dryden. PINGRE (Alexander Guy), a celebrated French astronomer, born in 1709. He was a zealous advocate for the freedom of the French church, against the bishops: for which he was five times taken up by lettres de cachet. Having made great proficiency in astronomy, he published A Calculation of an Eclipse of the Moon, on the 23d of December, 1749. In 1760 the Academy of Sciences appointed him to observe the transit of Venus. He calculated the eclipses for 1000 years before our Saviour's birth. On the death of M. De Lisle, he was elected geographical astronomer. He translated Manilius's poetical treatise on Astronomy. He afterwards studied botany with success. He died in 1796. PINGUICULA, butterwort, a genus of the monogynia order and diandria class of plants; natural order twenty-fourth, corydales. There are four species, of which the most remarkable is P. vulgaris, common butterwort, or Yorkshire sanicle, grows commonly on bogs or low moist grounds in England and Scotland. Its leaves are covered with soft, upright, pellucid prickles, secreting a glutinous liquor. The flowers are pale red, purple, or deep violet color, and hairy within. If the fresh gathered leaves of this plant are put into the strainer through which warm milk from the cow is poured, and the milk set by for a day or two to become acescent, it acquires a consistency and tenacity, and neither whey nor cream separate from it. In this state it is an extremely grateful food, and, as such, is used by the inhabitants of the north of Sweden. There is no further occasion to have recourse to the leaves; for half a spoonful of this prepared milk, mixed with fresh warm milk, will convert it to its own nature, and this again will change another quantity of fresh milk, and so on without end. The juice of the leaves kills lice; and the common people use it to cure the cracks or chops in cows' udders. The plant is generally supposed injurious to sheep, by occasioning in But from exthem that disease called the rot. periments made on purpose, and conducted with accuracy, it appears that neither sheep, cows, goats, horses, or swine, will feed upon this plant. Wherever this plant is found it is a certain indication of a boggy soil. The Laplanders make an agreeable food with the milk of the rein-deer by the fresh leaves of this plant, like that of the Swedes with the milk of cows, and with the same consequences. PINGUID, adj. Lat. pinguis. Fat; unctuLittle used. ous. Some clays are more pinguid, and others more slippery; yet all are very tenacious of water on the surMortimer. face. PINGUIN, or PENGUIN, in ornithology, a genus of birds of the order of palmipedes; distinguished by Latham by the following characters: the bill is strong, straight, more or less bending towards the point, and furrowed on the sides; the nostrils are linear, and placed in the furrows; the tongue is covered with strong spines, pointing backwards; the wings are small, very like fins, and covered with no longer feathers than the rest of the body, and therefore useless in flight; the body is clothed with thick short feathers, having broad shafts, and placed as compactly as the scales of fishes; the legs are short, thick, and placed very near the vent; the toes are four, all placed forwards, the interior are loose, and the rest are webbed; the tail is very stiff, consisting of broad shafts scarcely webbed. Pinguins are inhabitants of south latitudes only; being, as far as is yet known, found only on the coasts of South America, from Port Desire to the Straits of Magellan; and Frezier says they are found on the west coast as high as Conception. In Africa they seem to be unknown, except on a small isle near the Cape of Good Hope, which takes its name from them. They are found in vast numbers on land during the breeding season; for they seldom come on shore but at that time: they form burrows under ground like rabbits; and the isles they frequent are perfectly undermined by them. Their attitude on land is quite erect, and on that account they have been compared by some to pygmies, by others to children with white bibs. They are very tame, and may be driven like a flock of sheep. In water they are remarkably active, and swim with vast strength, assisted by their wings, which serve instead of fins. Their food in general is fish; not but that they will eat grass like geese. Mr. Latham remarks that this genus appears to hold the same place in the southern division of the earth that the awks do in the northern; and that, however authors may differ in opinion on this head, they ought not to be confounded with one another. The pinguin is never seen but in the temperate and frigid zones south of the equator, while the awk only appears in the parallel latitudes north of the equator; for neither of these genera have yet been observed within the tropics. Forster, in his voyage (vol. I. page 92), says he saw one for the first time in lat. 48° S., nor are they ever met with nearer than 40° S. (Id. Introd. Disc. on Pinguins, Comment. Got. vol. III.). The wings of the pinguin are scarcely any thing else than mere fins, while the awk has real wings and gills, though they be but small. The former has four toes on each foot, the latter only three. While swimming, the pinguin sinks wholly above the breast, the head and neck only appearing out of the water, while the awk, like most other birds, swims on the surface. There are several other peculiarities which serve to distinguish the two genera, but what we have mentioned are doubt less sufficient. The bodies of the pinguin tribe,' says our author, are commonly so well and closely covered with feathers that no wet can penetrate; and, as they are in general excessively fat, these circumstances united secure them from cold. They have often been found 700 leagues from land; and frequently on the mountains of ice, on which they seem to ascend without difficulty, as the soles of their feet are very rough and suited to the purpose.' Mr. Latham enumerates nine different species of this genus, besides two varieties of the black-footed pinguin or diomedea. 1. P. antarctic is about twenty-five inches long, and weighs about eleven pounds and a half. The bill is upwards of two inches and three-quarters long; the upper parts of the body are black, the under are glossy white; beneath the chin there is a narrow streak of a blackish color, passing backward towards the hind head, a little bent about the region of the ears; the wings are much the same as in the other species; the tail is cuneiform: the feathers, or rather bristles, of which it is composed, are black, and in number thirty-two; the legs are of a flesh color, and the soles of the feet are black. This species, says Latham, inhabits the South Sea, from 48° to the antarctic circle; and is frequently found on the ice on mountains and islands, which it ascends; it is a pretty numerous species. Our last voyagers found them in plenty in the Isle of Desolation. In an island they touched at not greatly distant, the rocks were almost covered with the pinguins and shags; the first probably of this sort. 2. P. black-footed, or diomedea demersa. See DIOMEDEA. 3. P. collared is a very little less than the Papuan, being eighteen inches long. The bill which is black is similar to that of the Patagonian pinguin; the irides are black; the eye is surrounded with a bare skin of a biood color, of an oval shape, and three times as large as the eye itself; the head, throat, hind part of the neck and sides, back, wings, and tail, are all black; the fore part of the neck, breast, belly, and thighs, are white, extending round the neck, where the white begins like a collar, except that it does not quite meet at the back part; the legs are black. This species inhabits New Guinea. It was also seen by Dr. Forster near Kerguelen's Land; and again on two isles adjoining to the island of South Georgia. 4. P. crested. It is a very beautiful species, twenty-three inches long; the bill is three inches long, and of a red color, with a dark furrow running along on each side to the tip; the upper mandible is curved at the end, the under is obtuse; the irides are of a dull red; the head, neck, back, and sides are black. Over each eye there is a stripe of pale yellow feathers, which lengthens into a crest behind, nearly four inches long; the feathers on each side of the head, above this stripe, are longer than the rest, and stand upward, while those of the crest are decumbent, but can be erected on each side at pleasure; the wings, or rather fins, are black on the outside, edged with white; on the inside they are white; the breasts and all the under parts are also white; the legs are orange, and the claws are dusky. The female has a streak of pale yellow over the eye, but it is not prolonged into a crest behind as in the male. This species inhabits Falkland Islands, and was likewise met with in Kerguelen's Land, or Isle of Desolation, as well as at Van Diemen's Land, and New Holland, particularly in Adventure Bay. They are called hopping pinguins and jumping jacks, from their action of leaping quite out of the water, on meeting with the least obstacle, for three or four feet at least: and indeed they often do this, without any seeming cause unless to advance. This species seems to have a greater air of liveliness in its countenance than others, yet it is in fact a very stupid bird, so much so as to suffer itself to be knocked on the head with a stick when on land. Forster says he found them difficult to kill; and, when provoked, he adds, they ran at the sailors in flocks, and pecked their legs and spoiled their clothes. When angered, too, they erect their crests in a beautiful manner. These birds make their nests among those of the pelican tribes, living in tolerable harmony with them; and lay seldom more than one egg, which is white, and larger than that of a duck. They are mostly seen by themselves, seldom mixing with other pinguins. They are often met with in great numbers on the outer shores, where they have been bred. They frequently suffer themselves to be taken by the hand. The females lay their eggs in burrows, which they easily form with their bills, throwing out the dirt with their feet. In these holes the eggs are deposited on the bare earth. The time of sitting is in October; but some of the species, especially in the colder parts, do not sit till December, or even January. How long they sit is not known. 5. P. Magellanic is about the size of the antarctic pinguin. They are about two feet and sometimes two feet and a half long, and weigh eleven pounds. The bill is black, having a transverse band across near its tip; the head and neck are black, except a few markings here and there; the upper parts of the body and wings are of the same color; the under parts of both are white from the breast, except a narrow band of black passing at a little distance within the white on the breast, and downwards on each side, beneath the wings quite to the thighs; the legs are of a reddish color, irregularly spotted on the thighs; and the claws are black. This species, which is very numerous, inhabits the Straits of Magellan, Staten Land, Terra del Fuego, and Falkland Islands. Far from being timid, these birds will often attack a man and peck his legs. As food they are not at all unpalatable. They often mix with sea-wolves among the rushes, burrowing in holes like a fox. They swim with prodigious swiftness. They lay their eggs in collective bodies, resorting in incredible numbers to certain spots, which their long residence has freed from grass, and to which were given the name of towns. Penrose observes, that they composed their nests of mud, a foot in height, and placed as near one another as may be. The eggs,' says he, are rather larger than those of a goose, and laid in pairs. When we took them once, and sometimes twice in a season, they were as often replaced by the birds; but prudence would not permit us to plunder too far, lest a supply in the next year's brood might be prevented.' They lay some time in November, driving away the albatrosses, which have hatched their young in turn before them. The eggs were palatable food, and were preserved good for three or four months. 6. P. Papuan is about two feet and a half long, being a little bigger than the Cape pinguin. This species inhabits the Isle of Papos, or New Guinea, and has been met with at Falkland Isles and Kerguelen's Land. It is often found among the Patagonian pinguins. 7. P. Patagonian is so named, not only be cause it is found on that coast, but also because it exceeds in bulk the common pinguins as much as the people are said to do the common race of men. It was first discovered by captain Macbride who brought one of them from Falkland Islands, off the Straits of Magellan. The length of the stuffed skin of this bird measured four feet three inches, and the bulk of the body seemed to exceed that of a swan. The bill was four inches and a half long, slender, straight, bending on the end of the upper mandible, with no nostrils. The tongue half the length of the bill, and singularly armed with strong sharp spikes pointing backwards. The plumage is most remarkable, the feathers lying over one another with the compactness of the scales of a fish, their texture equally extraordinary, the shafts broad and very thin, the veins unwebbed; the head, throat, and hind part of the neck are of a deep brown color; from each side of the head to the neck are two lines of bright yellow, broad above, narrow beneath, and uniting half way down; from thence the same color widens towards the breast, fading away until it is lost in pure white, of which color is the whole underside of the body, a dusky line dividing it from the color of the upper part. The whole back is of a very deep ash color, almost dusky, but the end of each feather is marked with a blue spot, those about the junction of the wings larger and paler than the other. The wings are in this species, as in all the others, extremely short in respect to the size of the bird; hang down, and have the appearance of fins, whose office they perform; their length is only fourteen inches; on the outside they are dusky, and covered with scale-like feathers, or at best with such whose shafts are so broad and flat as scarce to be distinguished from scales; those on the ridge of the wings consisting entirely of shaft; the larger, or quill feathers, have some very short webs. The tail consists of thirty brown feathers, or rather thin shafts, resembling split whalebone, flat on the upper side, concave on the under, and the webs short, unconnected, and bristly. From the knees to the end of the claws six inches, covered with strong pentangular black scales; the fore toe scarce an inch long, and the others so remarkably short as to evince the necessity of that strength of the tail, which seems intended as a support to the bird in its erect attitude, in the same manner as that of the woodpecker is when it clings to the sides of trees. Between the toes is a strong semilunar membrane, continued up even part of the claws, the middle claw is near an inch long, and the inner edge very sharp and thin, the interior toe is small, and placed very high. The skin is extremely tough and thick; which, with the closeness of the feathers, guards it effectually in the water. This species, which was first met with in Falkland Islands, has since been seen in Kerguelen's Land, New Georgia, and New Guinea. M. Bougainville caught one, which soon became so tame as to follow and know the person who had care of it. It fed on flesh, fish, and bread, but after a time grew lean, pined away, and died. The chief food when at large is thought to be fish; the remains of which, as well as crabs, shell-fish, and molluscæ, were found in the stomach. This species is the fattest of the tribe; and therefore most so in January when they moult. They are supposed to lay and sit in October. They are met with in the most deserted places. Their flesh is black, though not very unpalatable. This has been considered as a solitary species, but has now and then been met with in considerable flocks. They are found in the same places as the Papuan pinguins, and not unfrequently mixed with them; but in general show a disposition of associating with their own species. 8. P. red-footed, or phaeton demersus. PHAETON. See 9. P. small, or, as Latham calls it, the little pinguin, is about the size of a teal, being fifteen inches long. The bill, which is of a dusky color, is about one inch and a half long, and shaped like that of the phaeton demersus. The upper parts of the bird from the head to the tail appear to be of a cinereous blue color, of which color are the ends of the feathers; the base of them, however, is brown black, and the shafts of each of the same color, the under parts from chin to vent are white, the wings are dusky above and white beneath; the tail, which is exceedingly short, consists of sixteen stiff feathers, which are scarcely perceptible, the legs are of a dull-red color, the webs are dusty, and the claws are black. This species is pretty common among the rocks on the south parts of New Zealand, but they are most frequent at Dusky Bay. They make deep burrows on the sides of the hills, in which they lay their eggs. These holes are so thick in some parts, that a person is scarcely able to walk three or four steps without falling into one of them up to the knees. The inhabitants of Queen Charlotte's Sound kill them with sticks, and, after skinning them, esteem the flesh as good food. At New Zealand they are named korora. 'These birds,' says Latham, I have found to vary hoth in size and color. Some are much smaller than others, quite black above, and measure only thir < |