the lever, there will be a collar formed by that pressure on the shaft under the head sufficient to prevent the liability of the head being by any ordinary means forced down the shaft.' Having described the working parts, and explained the process by the drawings, Mr. Bundy adds, that placing the whole in a fly press, one stroke therewith on the top-piece will be found sufficient to complete the whole number of heads in the dies.' Hitherto it has been the practice to strike the head several times, but my method,' says Mr. B., of effectually and securely fastening the heads on the shafts, and leaving the heads of a superior form, is by placing the shafts in a perpendicular direction, and striking the heads and shafts on their tops, which I call superior heads, and which method I claim as my invention. To succeed in the completest manner in forming these superior heads, it will be necessary that the dimensions of the heads before they are fixed to the shafts, should be particularly attended to. If they are to be of nearly a spherical figure, they should be prepared of a greater depth of axis than the diameter; that the diameter may be small enough to go freely into the hemispheres in the dies and top-piece which are to receive them; for this purpose head wire may be made flat, either by drawing or rolling to a size, so that when spun one or more rounds will be sufficient for a head. I recommend head wire of a smaller, size than ordinary without flatting, so that when spun and cut three rounds, it shall contain the quantity of metal required for the size of the intended head.' When the heads have been fixed on the shafts by the fly press, the screw is then to be turned back by a lever; and taking hold of the milled head, which is on the head of the small shaft, and which goes through the screw and is fixed to the top dies by being screwed hard in the die, it may be drawn back to separate the dies sufficiently wide for the superior headed pins which they contain, to fall through into some place prepared to receive them. The pin is now finished as to its form, but still it is brass; it is therefore thrown into a copper containing a solution of tin and lees of wine, where it remains some time, but when taken out it assumes a white but very dull appearance: to give it a polish, it is put into a tub containing a quantity of bran, which is set in motion by turning a shaft that runs through its centre; and thus by means of friction it becomes perfectly bright. The pin being complete, it only remains to separate it from the bran, which is performed by a sort of winnowing, the bran flying off and leaving the pin behind. On the continent the mode of tinning brass pins is rather different. A vessel is filled by layers with plates of tin and brass pins, a tin plate being at the bottom and another at the top. The vessel is then filled with water, adding some cream of tartar, by the acid of which the tin is dissolved. After about five hours' boiling the pins are found to be uniformly tinned. The pins of this country are those most in repute, as well in the pointing as the whitening, because our pin-makers in pointing use two steel mills, the first of which forms the point, and the latter takes off the irregularities, and renders it smooth, and as it were polished. In whitening they make use of the best block-tin granulated; whereas in some places they are said to have recourse to a mixture of tin, lead, and quicksilver; which not only whitens worse than tin, but is also dangerous on account of the ill quality of the mixture, which renders a puncture with a pin thus whitened somewhat difficult to be cured. Pins are sometimes made of iron wire, rendered black by a varnish of linseed oil with lampblack; these are designed for the dress of persons in mourning. We understand that the well-known manufacturers, Messrs. Durnford, Francis, and Co., of Gracechurch Street London, have also an invention for putting on the heads of this useful little article, with expedition and uniformity, which they find too profitable for disclosure. We have only therefore to notice further— Wright's patent pin-making machinery.—This ingenious machine comprehends a diversity of mechanical movements and contrivances, by which a coil of wire is rapidly converted into pins, without the instrumentality of manual assistance, or any extraneous aid whatever. The wire being placed on a reel, and the machine set in operation by steam, or other motive power, the main shaft, upon which the several cams are fixed, begins to revolve, and the various mechanical apparatus thus put in motion, simultaneously draws the wire, straightens it, cuts it of the required length, points it, forms the head, and drops the pin thus perfected into a receptacle prepared for it. A piece of mechanism embracing so many movements, and performing such a variety of functions essentially differing from each other, may be considered so complicated as to prove very troublesome while in action, and liable to be easily disarranged; but this machine is comparatively simple in its construction, performs its various motions with little noise, and less apparent effort, and cannot readily be put out of order. Its susceptibility of adjustment, too, greatly recommends it, as the pins may be made of different lengths, the heads of various forms, and the points lengthened or shortened at pleasure, without arresting the progress of any of the movements. The wire for four pins, is operated upon at the same time, and the machine completes with facility forty perfect pins per minute, of a quality superior in every respect to the best of those in ordinary use. In plates I. & II. PIN-MAKING (to which we indiscriminately refer in this article, as the figures are in both plates), fig. 1 is a geometrical representation of the machine taken on the side; fig. 2 is a similar view, exhibiting the end; and fig. 3 is the plan or horizontal appearance of the top: similar letters refer to the same parts in each of these three figures. A coil of brass wire of the size suited to the intended pin is placed upon the reel a, which turns loosely upon its vertical axle at the side of the machine. The end of the wire is brought forward and passed between the pins of the plate b (fig. 3), called a straightening plate, which is intended to guide the wire in a direct line as it advances; it is thence passed between the chaps of the pincers c, where it is held fast and conducted into the cutting dies d. Having thus disposed the wire, the machinery is to be put in motion, either by turning a winch, or by gear connected to the shaft e. At one end of this shaft a fly-wheel is attached to regulate the motion, and at the reverse a beveled toothedwheel, which takes into another beveled toothedwheel on the end of the main shaft, f,f,f. Upon this main shaft a series of cams are fixed, which, as the shaft revolves, respectively press against certain bars and levers, and thereby give motion to all the operative parts of the engine. The movements of the machine first bring forward the end of the wire, which is held between the pincers; this is done by the cam 1, as the shaft revolves, working against the friction roller at the end of the slider g, by which that slider is pushed forward. The effect of projecting the slider is, in the first place, to move the small cross lever h, when a tappet under that lever presses out against an inclined plane on one of the legs of the pincers, which therefore closes the chaps, and causes the wire to be held securely; the further progress of the slider brings the projecting piece 2 against the end of a screw on the side of the pincers'-carriage, by which means the pincers holding the end of the wire are advanced a certain distance. This distance is regulated by the adjustment of the screws, and by that means the machine is enabled to make the pins longer or shorter, as may be required. A length of wire sufficient for one pin having been thus brought forward, on the retiring of the cam 1, a worm spring carries the slider back to its former position; and in doing this the small lever h, by quitting the inclined plane, enables the chaps of the pincers to open, and then the projecting piece 2, striking against the other screw, forces the pincers'-carriage back with it, the wire being at that time held fast by the pins on the straightening plate, and thereby prevented from returning. Thus so much of the wire as will be required to form one pin is made to advance at every revolution of the cam 1. Supposing a sufficient length of wire for making one pin to have been passed through the die d, it is now to be cut off. The manner of doing this will be best seen by reference to the detached figure 4, which is a section of the die upon an enlarged scale; 3 is a roller at the end of the arm i, seen affixed to the slider g, in fig. 3. When the slider g returns, after driving the wire forward, the roller 3 presses against the inclined plane on the under side of the lever 4, and, by raising it, depresses the reverse end of the lever, and thereby presses down the cutter 5, which has a sharp edge at the apex of its conical recess, and thereby cuts off the length of the wire for one pin. The advance of the slider g, at a second operation, sends forwards the roller 3, and the lever 4 descends, by which the pin is released, and is taken thence by the carrier about to be described. These carriers are seen at k, k, k, k, in figs. 2 and 3, affixed to the bar 1, 1, by sockets ard screws, which bar slides laterally to and fro with the carriers for the purpose of taking the pins from one operation to the next. The construction of the carriers will be best understood by reference to the detached fig. 5, which exhibits a side and end view, upon an enlarged VOL. XVII. scale; its holding part is a pair of pincers, the upper chap being a firm piece of metal fixed to its stent, the lower chap attached by a spring, which presses them together. The opening of the chaps is exactly in the line of the die d, so that, when the carrier by the sliding of the bar is brought opposite to the die, the pin slips sideways in between the chaps, and is there held by the spring in a small groove: the lever of the cutting die rising at the same time, as before explained, releases it. The lateral movement of the bar l, by which the pin is carried from the cutting die to be pointed, is effected by the rotation of the eccentric cam 6, upon the main shaft ƒ, which cam as it revolves occasionally presses down the lever m, and by means of a cord attached to the end of this lever, and passed over the pulley 7, to the shackle at the end of the bar l, that bar with the carriers is drawn forward. The pin has now been brought by the carrier k to the first pointing wheel n, and is there received by the first holder o. This piece of mechanism, called the holder, is shown detached at fig. 6. It is of a cylindrical form, with a mouth and moving chap 9. The end of the pin is brought by the carrier into the mouth of the holder, and is there held until the chaps close and confine it, which is done by the following contrivance :-As the main shaft f revolves, the cam 10 recedes from the friction wheel at the end of the sliding bar p, and enables a powerful spring beneath to draw backward the bar p, which carries with it the yoke q, and the collars r, that are embraced by the yoke; which collars slide upon the cylindrical holders o, as seen in fig. 6. At the hinder part of the lever which moves the chap 9 (see fig. 6), there is an inclined plane, which is raised by a notch in the collarr as it recedes, and by that means the chap is closed and the pin held fast, the part intended for the point standing over the pointing wheel n. The lever m now rising, the bar with the carriers will be drawn back into their former situation by the force of the spring 8, and remain there ready to take hold of and carry forward succeeding pieces of wire. The pointing of the wire is effected by the rapid revolution of the bevel-wheel n, which is cut on its edge, like a file. This bevel-wheel is actuated by a band, extending from a series of multiplying wheels in connexion with the revolution of the fly-wheel on the axle of the shaft e. From this fly-wheel a band is conducted down to the rigger r, as seen in figs. 1 and 2; upon the shaft of which rigger there is a large wheel s, from whence a band passes to the rigger t, and upon the shaft of this rigger t there are the large wheels u, u, from whence bands pass upwards to the pointing wheels n. Thus, as the shaft e turns, the pointing wheels n revolve with a multiplied velocity, equal to about 4000 times that of the fly-wheel. In order to bring the end of the pin down upon the pointing wheel, n, the holder o must be tilted; this is provided for by mounting the holder-carriage upon axles, which allow it to vibrate, the tilting being effected by the cam 12, on the shaft f. As this shaft rovolves, the periphery of the cam 12 runs against the upper side 2 D of the lever 13, the end of which is attached to the holder-carriage (see figs. 3 and 6) and keeps the holder in a level position during one-half of the revolution; but when the cam releases it, which is the case at the time the pointing is about to commence, a spring draws up the lever 13, and the carriage is so far tilted as to allow the pin to come in contact with the periphery of the pointing wheel. It is also necessary to hold the pin steadily upon the wheel while the pointing is performed; this is done by the lever 14 (see fig. 6), which moves upon pivots. As the cam 15, on the shaft f, fig. 3, revolves, it pushes the sliding bar 16, which has at its end a small inclined plane 17 (see fig. 6), that lifts the back end of the lever, and consequently depressing the front part where the finger 18 is attached; by these means the finger is made to bear upon the pin, and hold it down in contact with the rapidly revolving pointing wheel n, before de scribed. It is necessary to turn the pin round while it is in contact with the pointing wheel, and for this purpose the pin-holder is made to revolve by the following means :-On the shaft f, fig. 2, there is a cam which acts against the under side of the weighed lever v, v, at the end of which lever there is a vertical rack 19, taken into the toothed pinion at the hinder part of the holder; this pinion is seen at 20, in fig. 6, and, by the rising and falling of this lever and rack, the pinholder is made to turn with considerable speed; at the same time the pointing-wheel, revolving with great velocity, as above said, cuts or files away the end of the pin in a bevel direction, and effects the pointing. As the pointing is considered not to be complete from the operation of the first pointing wheel, a second pointing-wheel is introduced, which has a finer cut file upon its edge. The pin, after having undergone the first process of pointing, is carried from the first holder o to the second o, by the second carrier k, exactly in the same manner as before described; the second holder now clasps the pin between its chaps, by similar means to those already explained, and the holder and pointing-wheel both revolve, to complete the point of the pin by the agency of wheels and bands, actuated, as above said, by the rotation of the shaft e, and its fly wheel. The third carrier k now takes the pin from the second pointing-holder o, and conducts it to the first heading die w, which is seen detached, upon a larger scale, and in section, at fig. 7. This die is set in its frame as at w, in figs. 1, 2, and 3; the lower half being fixed to the frame, the upper half to the lever above, which rises by the action of a flat spring, and opens the mouth or chaps of the die. The pin being in this situation between the chaps, the cam 21 upon the shafts ƒ as it revolves acts against the friction roller 22, at the top of the upright lever 23, and drives the connecting rod 24 forward, by which means the upper chap of the heading die is brought down, and the pin held fast. When the pin is thus secured between the chaps of the die, the cam 25 projects forward the heading bar ,,, which, by striking against the end of the cylinder 26, fig. 7, drives the steel punch 27, at the extremity of the cylinder, against the end of the pin about to be headed, and forces a portion of the wire into a circular recess in the die, so as to produce by its pressure a solid head to the pin. The fourth carrier k now takes hold of the pin, and, the parts of the die opening as the cams 21 and 25 revolve, the pin is conducted by the carrier to the second heading apparatus to be completed, a section of which is shown at fig. 8. The pin is now held by the carrier opposite to the opening of the second heading-die y, when the advance of the heading-bar r, as before described, causes the punch 28 to be driven forward, and the point of the pin to be pushed into the recess of the die, where, the partially formed head stopping the progress of the pin, the punch presses it with very great force, and completes the formation of the solid head. The pin being now completed, it only remains to withdraw it from the die y, which is done by the following contrivance :-Behind the die a piece of bone or wood is placed in a sliding rod 29, for the point to enter: this rod has a helical spring coiled round it, which keeps it up against the back of the die, and, when the pin is forced into the piece of bone by the advance of the punch, the rod 29 recedes, but as soon as the punch is withdrawn the spring forces the rod back again, and the pin with it, by which the head of the pin is made to stand out of the die. A small forked lever ≈, attached to the headingbar 1, now drops on to the end of the pin, and, as the heading-bar with the forked lever retires, the pin is drawn out of the die and let fall into a box or other receptacle below. The several parts and different operations of this highly ingenious piece of machinery having been particularly explained, it may be desirable to recapitulate in a general way the several movements, by which, from plain wire, the pins are formed and perfected in their progress through the machine, four pins being under operation at the same time. The rotation of the shaft ƒ causes the several cams thereon to move the sliders, levers, and wheels, that work the different parts of the machine. The slider g pushes the pincers e forward, which draws the wire from the reel a, and at every rotation of the shaft advances such a length of wire as will produce one pin. The die d cuts off the length of wire by the descent of its upper chap, which piece is shown (full sized) at A, fig. 10; and, when the chap opens, the first carrier k takes the pin from thence to the pointing apparatus. Here the pin is received by the holder, which turns round while the bevel-edged file wheel rapidly revolving reduces the end of the wire to a point, as seen at B, fig. 10. The pin is thence conducted by the second carrier to the finer file wheel, where the point is completed by a similar operation, as seen at C, fig. 10. The third carrier now takes the pin to the first heading die, where the advance of a steel punch forces the end of the pin wire into a recess, and partly forms the head, as at D, fig. 10. The fourth carrier takes the pin from thence and brings it to the second heading-die, where the head is perfected, as at E, fig. 10; and the retiring of the heading-bar causes a forked lever to draw the finished pin from the die, and drop it into a receptacle below. Inconsiderable as the article produced by this scientific piece of mechanism may appear to the superficial observer, it is nevertheless stated, from incontrovertible sources of information, that more than 15,000,000 of pins are daily manufactured in this country, to meet the demand for home consumption and foreign markets. There is little doubt that the superior quality of these pins, and the facility and perfection with which they are produced by this invention, will in a little time supersede every other mode of manufacturing them. PINACIA, among the Athenians, were tablets of brass inscribed with the names of all those citizens in each tribe who were duly qualified and willing to be judges of the court of Areopagus. These tablets were cast into a vessel provided for the purpose, and the same number of beans, 100 being white and all the rest black, were thrown into another. Then the names of the candidates and the beans were drawn out one by one, and they whose names were drawn out together with the white beans were elected judges or senators. In Solon's time there were only four tribes, each of which chose 100 senators; but, the number of tribes afterwards increasing, the number of senators or judges increased to so many hundreds more. PINACOTHEČA, Gr. #ivaš, a picture, and Tin, to put, in archaiology, signified what we denominate a cabinet or gallery of paintings, and in this sense it is employed by Vitruvius, who, speaking of the different divisions and chambers of a house, assigns to each its due proportions with the exception of the pinacotheca, respecting which he only says that it should be spacious, and, if possible, on the north side, because, it being desirable to give this apartment a light always equal, that end could not be attained so well from any other aspect. PINEUS. See PINEAU. PINARUS, a river which runs between Syria and Cilicia, and falls into the sea near Issus; now called Delifou.-Dionys. PIN'CERS, n. s. Fr. pincette; or from pinch. An instrument by which nails are drawn, or any thing griped or pinched. As superfluous flesh did rot, The circumcellions exercised horrible cruelties upon the orthodox; killing some; torturing others; blowing lime and vinegar into the eyes of God's ministers, and tearing off the breasts of women with pincers. Bp. Hall. Every ant brings a small particle of that earth in her pincers, and lays it by the hole. Addison. PINCH, v. a. & n. s. Fr. pincer Spanish pinzar. To squeeze forcibly and sharply: hence to oppress; gall; distress; gripe: a pinch is a squeeze of the above kind: oppression; difficulty; time of distress. There is that waxeth rich by his wariness, and pinching. Ecclus. When the doctor spies his vantage ripe, To pinch her by the hand, The maid hath given consent to go with him. Shakspeare. Afford them shelter from the wintry winds; Thomson's Autumn. The sharp year pinches. PINCHBECK, an alloy of copper, in which the proportion of zinc is greater than in brass. According to Dr. Thomson, when the alloy contains three parts of zinc and four of copper, it assumes a color nearly the same with gold, but it is not so malleable as brass. It is then called pinchbeck, prince's metal, or Prince Rupert's metal. PINCKNEYVILLE, a post town of Wilkinson county, Mississippi, five miles east of the Mississippi, about sixteen south-east of Fort Adams. It is situated in a very pleasant and fertile country. PINCUM, in ancient geography, a town of Masia Superior, now called Gradisca. PINDAR, the prince of lyric poets, was born at Thebes, about 520 years B. C. He received his first musical instructions from his father, who was a flute-player by profession; after which, according to Suidas, he was placed under Myrtis, a lady of distinguished abilities in lyric poetry. During this period he became acquainted with the poetess Corinna, who was likewise a student under Myrtis, and, Pausanias says, one of the most beautiful women of her time. Plutarch tells us, that Pindar profited from the lessons which Corinna, more advanced in her studies, gave him at this school. The first poetical effusions of a genius so full of fire and imagination as that of Pindar would be wild and luxuriant; and Lucian has preserved six verses, said to have been the exordium of his first essay, in which he crowded almost all the subjects for song which ancient history and mythology then furnished. Upon communicating this attempt to Corinna, she told him, smiling, that he should sow with the hand, and not empty his whole sack at once. Pindar, however, soon quitted the leading-strings of his poetical nurses, and became the disciple of Simonides, now in extreme old age: after which he soon surpassed all his masters, and acquired great reputation over all Greece; but was less honored in his own country than elsewhere; for at Thebes he was often said to be vanquished, in the musical and poetical contests, by candidates of inferior merit. Indeed at that period little fame in these accomplishments was to be acquired, otherwise than by entering these lists. Accordingly we find that both Myrtis and Corinna publicly disputed the prize with him at Thebes. He obtained a victory over Myrtis, but was vanquished five different times by Corinna. But this, says Pausanias, was because the judges were more sensible to the charms of beauty than to those of music and poetry. When he quitted that city, as his judgment was matured, he avoided the errors for which he had been chastised, and suddenly became the wonder and delight of all Greece. Every hero, prince, and potentate, desirous of lasting fame, courted the muse of Pindar. He seems to have been often present at the festivals of the Olympian, Pythian, Nemean, and Isthmean games, as may be inferred from several expressions in the odes which he composed for the victors in them all. Those at Olympia who were ambitious of having their achievements celebrated by Pindar, applied to him for an ode, which was first sung in the Prytanean or town-hall of Olympia, where there was a banqueting room, set apart for the entertainment of the conquerors. Here the ode was rehearsed by a chorus, accompanied by instruments. It was afterwards performed in the same manner at the triumphal entry of the victor into his own country, in processions or at the sacrifices that were made with great pomp and solemnity on the occasion. There is no great poet in antiquity whose moral character has been less censured than that of Pindar. Plutarch has preserved a single verse of his Epicedium or Dirge that was sung at his funeral; which, short and simple as it is, implies no small praise: This man was pleasing to strangers, and dear to his fellowcitizens. His works abound with precepts of morality and it does not appear that he ever traduced even his enemies, comforting himself, for their malignity, by a maxim which he inserted in his first Pythic, and which afterwards became proverbial, "That it is better to be envied than pitied.' Pausanias says, Pindar's character as a poet was consecrated by the god of verse him self, who, by an express oracle, ordered the people of Delphos to set apart for Pindar one-half of the first-fruit offerings brought by the religious to his shrine, and to allow him a conspicuous place in his temple, where in an iron chair he used to sit and sing his hymns in honor of that god. This chair was remaining in the time of Pausanias, several centuries after, and shown to him as a relic worthy of the sanctity and magnificence of that place. Fabricius tells us that Pindar lived to the age of ninety; and, according to the chronology of Dr. Blair, he died 435 years B. C., aged eighty-six. His fellow citizens erected a monument to him in the Hip podrome at Thebes, which was extant in the time of Pausanias; and his renown was so great after his death that his posterity derived very considerable honors and privileges from it When Alexander the Great attacked the city of Thebes, he gave express orders to his soldiers to spare the house and family of Pindar. The Lacedemonians had done the same before this period; for, when they ravaged Boeotia and burned the capital, the following words were written upon the door of the poet :- Forbear to burn this house; it was the dwelling of Pindar.' Respect for the memory of this great poet continued so long, that, even in Plutarch's time, the best part of the sacred victim at the Theoxenian festival was appropriated to his descendants. The latest and best edition of this poet is that of Heyne, 1798, 8vo. which contains the Greek Scholia. There is an English version of Pindar, by Gilbert West, which is much esteemed. PINDARIC ODE, in poetry, an ode formed in imitation of the manner of Pindar. See POETRY. PINDASUS, a mountain of Troas. PINDENISSUS, a town of Cilicia, on the borders of Syria. Cicero, when proconsul of Asia, took it after a siege of twenty-five days. Cic. Ep. ii. 10. PINDTARUK, or PINTARA, a small village in the Gujrat Peninsula, extending about two miles from the sea-shore, on a sandy plain, near the south-western extremity. In the neighbourhood is a spring of pink-colored water, celebrated among the natives as a place of pilgrimage. This spring gives its name to the village, which is inhabited only by a few religious persons, who subsist on the bounty of the pilgrims. It lies in the direct road to Dwaraca: persons resorting to that fane take the opportunity of bathing in the pink-colored stream, and thereby purifying themselves. The spring is within high water mark; by which circumstance it is kept constantly clean. The adjacent lands along the coast are much impregnated with iron, which may account for the color and mineral qualities of the spring. In the neighbourhood are many large tanks. The village belongs to the Jam of Noanagur. PINDUS, in ancient geography, an extensive chain of mountains in Thessaly, inhabited by different people of Epirus and Thessaly, separating Macedonia, Thessaly, and Epirus; having Macedonia on the north, the Perrhobi on the west, and the Dolopes on the south. (Strabo.) It was sacred to Apollo and the Muses. PINDUS, a Doric city of Etolia, situated on a |