plural, and in what consists their irregularity? Is not the plural of the other words in 'ou or ail' regularly formed by adding 8? Give the plural of (a) 'Bijou, caillou, chou, genou, hibou, joujou, pou.' (b) Bail, corail, émail, soupirail, travail, vantail, vitrail. Ail, bétail. (c) Bambou, canezou, cou, coucou, clou, écrou, filou, fou, grigou, licou, mou, matou, sapajou, sou, trou, verrou. (d) Attirail, bercail, camail, caravansérail, détail, éventail, épouvantail, gouvernail, mail, poitrail, portail, rail, sérail.-4. Give the double plural of the following, and remark on the same (Gr. p. 6, § 6, 3, c): 'Aïeul, ciel, oil, ail, travail.' -5. Give the plural of the following, and remark on the same (Gr. p. 6, § 6, 3, c): Monsieur, monseigneur, madame, mademoiselle, gentilhomme.'

§ 13.

1. (Gr. p. 100, § 131) Are there not some nouns which have no plural, and others which have no singular? Ex.:* (a) La faim, la soif, la paresse, l'or, l'argent, le fer.† (b) Vos pourquoi ne finissent pas (les dîners, les rires, les devants). (c) Mouchettes, ancêtres, ténèbres, mœurs, funérailles, obsèques. -2. When do proper nouns admit of the plural? Ex.: (a) Les Molières et les La Fontaines sont rares. Les Corneille, les Racine, les Molière, les La Fontaine, ont illustré le siècle de Louis XIV. (b) Les Pharaons, les Césars, les Scipions, les Bourbons, les Guises. Les deux Corneille; les deux Scipion. (c) Envoyez-moi quatre Virgiles et deux Tacites. Les Elzévirs sont très-recherchés. J'ai acheté deux Raphaëls. (d) Les Gaules. Les deux Amériques. Toutes les Espagnes.—3. Which are the parts of speech inflected as to number in a compound substantive? What takes place when a part of the compound is joined to the preceding one by a preposition? Does not the sense sometimes require that some part of a compound substantive should be always singular or always plural, whatever may be the number of the whole compound? (Gr. p. 100, § 131, c.) Ex.:* (a) Des chefs-lieux, des basses-cours; des passeports, des avant-coureurs; des passe-partout. (b) Des chefsd'œuvre. (c) Un hôtel-Dieu, des hôtels-Dieu; un pied-à-terre, des pied-à-terre. Un porte-clefs, des porte-clefs; un va-nu-pieds, des va-nu-pieds.-4. (a) What is the plural of simple foreign

* Read the examples, and remark on the same.

In what case are the names of metals invariable? Why is the word 'fer' plural in 'Les fers d'Angleterre sont renommés'? (Gr. p. 100, footnote '*')

But we should say Envoyez-moi deux Télémaque,' because it is not the name of the author,

nouns (1) When they have become French by a change of spelling or a frequent use? (2) When they have remained foreign? (Gr. p. 100, § 131, d.) Ex.:* (1) Un bifteck, des biftecks; un opéra, des opéras; un folio, des folios. (2) Un carbonaro, des carbonari; une lady, des ladies;† un tory, des toriest. Un veto, des veto. (b) What is the plural of compound foreign nouns? (Gr. p. 100, § 131, d, 2.) Ex. :* Un in-folio, des in-folio. Un post-scriptum, des post-scriptum.-5. What do you remark as to the plural of nouns in dependence— (a) When the sense is collective? (b) When the sense is distributive? (Gr. p. 100, § 131, e.) Ex. :* (a) Les devoirs de soldat; de l'huile d'olive; des sacs de blé; des marchands de poisson. (b) Une troupe de soldats; un baril d'olives; un marchand de sardines.

§ 14.

English Possessive Case and Compounds (Gr. p. 6, § 7).1. Are French nouns inflected to mark the various relations of case ? How are these relations expressed? How is the English possessive case generally rendered? When is the possessive case rendered byù,' and when by 'chez'? (Gr. p. 6, § 7, a.) Translate :-(a) Paul's book; one of my father's horses. (b) This garden is my aunt's. (c) He lives at his uncle's.-2. How do you turn into French English compounds formed by anteposition, as straw hat'? What preposition do you use (a) to denote material, possession, or origin? (b) What preposition do you use to denote destination, agency, particular feature, or appearance? Translate :-(a) A straw hat; church lands; Burgundy wine. (b) A wine glass; a steam boat; the blue mantle man.

§ 15.

Degrees of Comparison.-1. Are French adjectives inflected to mark the degrees of comparison? How are these degrees expressed? (Gr. p. 6, § 8.)-2. How do you form the comparative-(1) of SUPERIORITY? (2) of INFERIORITY? (3) of EQUALITY ? (Gr. p. 7.) Translate: (1) taller (grand) than you; (2) less tall than you; (3) as tall as you; not so tall as you (two ways). -3. How do you form the superlative (1) of SUPERIORITY? (2) of INFERIORITY? (Gr. p. 7.) Translate: (1) The tallest of all; my tallest. (2) The least tall of all.-4. How do you form

*Read the examples, and remark on the same.

† Also spelt ladys,' 'torys;' but the English plural should be preferred.

the superlative absolute ?* (Gr. p. 7.) Ex.:† (a) Elle est très-attentive, fort laborieuse et bien sage. (b) Elle est la plus distraite de mes élèves: elle n'écoute pas lors même qu'elle semble le plus attentive.-5. What is the irregular comparative of bon, mauvais, petit?' Give the superlative of the same (Gr. p. 7). Are these three adjectives also regularly compared ? (Gr. p. 7, foot-note '.') What is the comparative of 'bien, mal, peu ? Give the superlative of the same (Gr. p. 7). Are these adverbs also regularly compared ?-6. How is 'than' generally rendered in a comparison? (Gr. p. 7.) When is than' rendered by que de? When is 'than simply rendered by de? Translate: (1) Taller than I. (2) He has more ambition than wisdom. They liked better to die than to surrender. (3) He has lost more than one thousand francs; he is more than half (à moitié) ruined.-7. How is 'as' generally rendered when in the second term of a comparison ? (Gr. p. 7.) When is 'as' rendered by que de? Translate: (1) He is as tall as you. (2) He has as much modesty as knowledge. I like as much to work as to play.‡-8. Are 'très, trop, si, aussi,' ever used to modify beaucoup? Translate: (1) I am very much astonished. He works very much. (2) He is too much occupied: he works too much.§ (3) He is so much occupied; he works so much, so very much. (4) He is as much occupied; he works as much as you (Gr. p. 7).

§ 16.

Articles.-1. What is 'le'? (Gr. p. 7, § 9.) Give its feminine singular and its plural of both genders.-2. What is 1'? When does elision take place? (Gr. p. 7, foot-note '.') -3. What are du, des, au, aux ? When does contraction take place? (Gr. p. 7, foot-note '.')-4. What are the four ways of translating the; of or from the; to or at the? Translate (repeating the article before every noun): (a) The father, mother, child, and servants. (b) I speak of the father, mother, child, and servants. (c) I speak to the father, mother, child, and servants.-5. What is the meaning of 'du, de la, de l', des, or de,' when used in a definite sense? What is their meaning when used in a partitive sense? (Gr. p. 7.) Translate: J'ai

* What is meant by superlative absolute? (Gr. p. 60, foot-note '‡.') + Read the examples, and state the degree of comparison expressed by the words in italics.

What occurs when another preposition governs the first infinitive ? Translate: There is more honour to (a) die than to surrender; I have as much pleasure to (a) study as to play (Gr. p. 7, foot-note '+'). § Can beaucoup modify trop? (Gr. p. 53, foot-note '§.')

du gâteau du pâtissier, de la crême de la laitière, et des fraises des bois.-6. When is the article omitted, so that the preposition de alone appears, instead of du, de la, des (partitive sense)? (Gr. pp. 7 and 88.) Translate: (a) I have some good cake of the good pastry-cook, some good cream of the little milk-girl, and some good cherries of the great cherry-trees.* (b) I have not any cake, cream, or (ni) strawberries.+-7. When are both de and the article omitted? Translate: I have neither cake, (nor) cream, nor strawberries.-8. Remark on the different ways of translating some or any in the following (Gr. p. 7): (a) Some cake. I have some good cake; I have not any cake. (b) Have you any cake: have you any? Yes, I have some. (c) Give me some cake if you have some very good. I have some pretty good, some good, and some very good.-9. What do you remark as to the use of de, of en, or both of en and de, in connection with adverbs of quantity, and numeral or collective expressions? (Gr. p. 73, § 78.) Translate: (a) I have much paper; I have many pens. (b) I have many; I have many more (encore). (c) Have you any blue paper ? I have more white than blue.-10. Which is the only adverb of quantity after which the article is not dropped? Replace beaucoup by bien in the following: J'ai beaucoup de livres (Gr. p. 73, § 78).-11. What is un or une in-(a) Un livre et une plume;' (b) 'Il n'a qu'un livre et qu'une plume' (Gr. p. 7)? ̄ (Gr. pp. 87–89, §§ 116, 117.)

§ 17.

Demonstrative Adjectives.-1. What is ce (in ce livre)? Give its feminine singular and its plural for both genders. When is cet used instead of ce? Translate (repeating the demonstrative adjective before every noun): This book, inkstand, and pen; these pencils.-2. What do you remark as to the use of ci (for ici) and là after the noun preceded by a demonstrative adjective? Translate: This book and that pen (Gr. p. 8, § 10, a, and foot-notes).

§ 18.

Demonstrative Pronouns.-1. What is ce‡ (in c'est vrai)? What are ceci, cela? State the gender and number of these

*State what change must take place if you omit the words in italics in the following: J'ai de bon papier, de bonne encre, et de bonnes plumes.

Turn the following into an affirmative sentence: 'Je n'ai pas de papier, d'encre ni de plumes.

Distinguish between ce demonstrative adjective, and ce demonstrative pronoun (Gr. p. 89, § 119, a).

words, and remark on their use (Gr. p. 8, § 10, b, and footnote ''). What are the two only instances in which ce is used? (Gr. p. 89, § 119, a and b.) Remark on 'CE' meaning he, she, or they (Gr. p. 8). Translate: (a) C'est ce qui m'étonne, ce dont je me plains, ce à quoi je pense. Est-ce ceci ou cela? (b) C'est un bon petit garçon; c'est une bonne petite fille; ce sont deux enfants charmants.-2. What is celui ? Give its feminine singular and its plural masculine and feminine (Gr. p. 8, § 10, b). What does 'celui' stand for, and which are the only two parts of speech before which it is used ?* (Gr. p. 89, § 119, c.) Translate: This book; that which is on the table, my brother's (turn that of my brother). This pen; that which is on the table, my sister's. These pencils; those I have given you; those with which you have just been drawing. These pens; those which are on the desk, my brother's.-3. Remark on celui, etc., meaning he, etc., and translate: 'He who will not be attentive will be punished.. 4. What are celui-ci and celui-là? What do they stand for? (Gr. p. 8, § 10, b; and p. 87, § 119, d.) Give the feminine singular and the plural masculine and feminine of celui-ci. Do the same for celui-là. Translate: (a) Look at these penknives; will you have this one or that one? these have four blades, those have only two. See these engravings; will you have this one or that one? these are coloured, those are not. (b) Paul and his brother cannot agree: the latter always pretends that he is right, the former fancies that he is never wrong.-5. Translate: Celui-là est toujours heureux qui sait se contenter de peu;' and remark on the same (Gr. p. 89, § 119, e).-6. Translate: This is my book, and that one is yours; here are my books, and there are yours (here they are);' and remark on the use of voici, voilà (Gr. p. 92, § 122, j).

$ 19.

Possessive Adjectives.-1. What are mon, ton, son, notre, votre, leur? Give the feminine singular and the plural of both genders of the same (Gr. p. 8, § 11, a).-2. When is the masculine mon, ton, or son,' used for the femininema, ta, or sa'? (Gr. p. 9, foot-note *.')—3. What is the difference as to the use of the forms 'mon, ton, son,' and 'notre, votre, leur '? Ex.: mon ami; notre ami (Gr. p. 9, Obs. 2).-4. When is the possessive adjective replaced by the definite article? (Gr.

*Celui (or celle, ceux, celles) is only used as antecedent of a relative pronoun, or before a preposition.