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SIR JAMES MACKINTOSH was born in 1765, in the county of Inverness. He was a branch of the clan of Mackintoshes, which was, in former times, a numerous and considerable tribe in Scotland, and produced some men of martial and

official notoriety. His father, Captain
"It happened to me a few days ago,
Mackintosh, being absent on military in drawing up, merely for my own use, a
service during the earlier years of Sir short sketch of my life, that I had occa-
James's life, the care of his education sion to give a faithful statement of my
was chiefly devolved on Lady Mackin- recollection of the circumstance of my
tosh, his grandmother. This was com- first acquaintance with you. On the
menced at the school of Fortrose, where most impartial survey of my early life, I
he evinced such talents as induced the could see nothing which tended so much
master to recommend his being placed at to invigorate my understanding, and to
a university, and he accordingly entered direct it towards high, though, perhaps,
at King's College, Aberdeen. Here his inaccessible objects, as my intimacy with
studies were of a somewhat various and
you. Five and twenty years have now
elapsed since we first met; but hardly
made a more agreeable impression on my
any thing has occurred since which has
made a more agreeable impression on my

desultory character, having no specific which he subsequently attached himself. relation to either of the professions to It was at this time, however, that he formed a connexion which had, as he himself testifies, a most important bearing on his future character. This was with the late Rev. Robert Hall, with whom he was ever after on terms of intimate friendship, and for whom he enter tained the highest veneration and regard. The following testimony, as to the influence of this intimacy on his mind, cannot

SLAVE AND FREE-LABOUR CONTRAST-
ED: A HINT TO SLAVE-HOLDING
CULTIVATORS.

ism, and delivers his polluted Philippics | we rejoice to claim him as one of the Iceived within those walls the obsequies of as the oracles of persecuted virtue." most unwavering and valuable opponents a panegyric, more enduring than the hoIn 1792, Mr. Mackintosh entered him- of the atrocious system of West Indian nours of a monument or an epitaph. But self at Lincoln's Inn, and commenced the Slavery. His opinions on this subject these days have long passed away; and study of the law. It was whilst employed were most decided, and stood conspica- we are left to rejoice, in the absence of in this pursuit, that he suffered a severe ous in his moral and political creed. He that tribute to which he was unquestiondomestic calamity in the loss of his wife; affirmed that he deemed it "the greatest ably entitled, that during his life he and the depression of mind which this of all public questions ;" and, at a meet-achieved far more for his own immortaevent occasioned rendered it the more ing of the Anti-Slavery Society held in lity than could be expected from the desirable that he should occupy himself 1825, he summed up his views on this enthusiasm of posthumous veneration. in some congenial labours. He, there- point in the following terms:-"I feel fore, directed his chief attention to the the most zealous wishes for the success study of the law of nations, in which he of this cause, because I consider its sucis believed to have much excelled. Hav- cess indispensable to acquit the consciing digested the subject, he arranged the ences and clear the honour of the British plan of a course of lectures upon it, which people; because, in sincerity of soul, I he delivered at Lincoln's Inn, and which believe its success would, more than any were listened to with admiration by some other measure, contribute to the safety of the greatest men of the day. The in- and welfare of the European inhabitants troductory lecture has been published, of the colonies; and lastly, and above and exhibits the genius and research of all, because I think it would raise a milits author in a very advantageous light. lion of human beings to the condition of This treatise was published in 1799, four men." years after he had been called to the bar, during which time, he had entered into a second marriage with the daughter of J. B. Allen, Esq. of Cressity, in the county of Pembroke.

POPULATION.

A WRITER in an American paper, says, “I was coming from Washington city the other where presently there came through the day, and stopped at the half-way house; lot thirteen horses, on each horse a negro, and over each horse's shoulders a bag of oats. They came along at a very slow walk, and stopped at the tavern well. I asked them how far they had come, and was answered, ‘half a mile;' and that each horse was to be watered; and that then they would proceed to a field at To conclude this very imperfect sketch, some distance, to sow these oats. I remained which our limits of time and space forbid half an hour, and, when I left, they had not us to extend, we must glance, in few finished watering the horses. What would words, at his other literary productions. these oats cost the cultivator of them, on such The principal of these is his History of a system? I presently passed a small new In 1803, a new scene opened upon him. England, of which a part only has ap-house, and about thirty acres, well fenced, and A prosecution had been set on foot against peared, in Dr. Lardner's Cabinet Cyclo- divided into four fields; and in one field were M. Peltier, a French journalist, resident pædia, and the remainder has been found the father dropped manure from a cart drawn a white man and two lads, planting potatoes; in London, at the instance of Buonaparte, since his death, as we understand, in by a yoke of oxen; one boy dropped the seed then First Consul of France, for a libel different degrees of completeness, and from the basket, and the other covered the hill upon himself. Mr. Percival, afterwards in "shreds and patches," very charac- before the manure became sun-dried and imprime minister, and the late Lord Tenter- teristic of the fitful temperament of the poverished. Thought I to myself, this man den (then Mr. Abbott), conducted the author. What we have been favoured will be able to undersell his wealthier neighprosecution, and Mr. Mackintosh singly with, though, perhaps, the subject is not bour, in potatoes, and oats too, if he have any." -Gen. Üniversal Emancipation. undertook the defence. The verdict was the most adapted to the favourable exhigiven against M. Peltier; but the extra-bition of Sir James's talents, is impressed ordinary professional talent displayed by with all the prominent features of his in- THERE is a striking disproportion in the Mr. Mackintosh marked him out as a tellectual character. The general plan comparative increase of the population of three person who might be employed in some and structure of it is highly philosophi- of the leading monarchies of Europe, during official station with great advantage to cal; the thought is free and vigorous; the last ten or twelve years. England, Wales, his country. The Recordership of Bom- and occasionally we meet with the well- and Scotland, had 14,072,331 inhabitants in bay was accordingly offered to him in the known bursts of his rampant and impe- 1821, and, in 1831, 16,255,605, showing an same year, which, after some hesitation, tuous eloquence-the chafing of his ge- Prussia increased her population by 2,033,315 average increase of 218,334 souls per annum; he accepted, and spent nine years in that nius, impatient of the chastening severity souls during the interval between 1817 and capacity, at the expiration of which he of the historical style. Besides this, we 1828, being an average increase of 184,846, have from his pen "Discourses on the which, on an average population of 11,000,000, Laws of England," published in 1799; is far greater than our own; and France, during and various admirable criticisms in the the same eleven years, exhibited an increase of 2,260,530 only, averaging but 205,502 a year, Edinburgh and Monthly Reviews, are confidently attributed to his pen. on an average population of scarcely more In than 30,000,000. Had our population inaddition to these works his history creased at the rate of the Prussian, it ought to of Moral and Metaphysical Science have given an average augmentation of 258,700 will ever be esteemed among the most per annum, whilst the French should have valuable productions of his pen. He added an average of 554,400 to its number, instead of only 205,502. died on the 30th of May in the present year. In addition to what has already been said of his character, we may add, that it was graced with private and social tured in England, is estimated at £6,000,000 THE first-cost of a year's cotton, manufacvirtues of a high order, which contributed sterling; the wages paid to 833,000 persons to the admiration of his talents the rarer employed in its manufacture, in various ways, addition of personal affection from all is £20,000,000 sterling; the profit of the mawho were privileged with his intimacy.nufacturers may be estimated at £6,000,000 We cannot close without adverting to the at least. This gives a clear profit of £20,000,000 silence and neglect with which the event from the manufacture of not quite one-third of the amount; or the increased value of the of Sir James Mackintosh's death was manufactured over the unwrought material is treated in the House of Commons. There 31-40 to 1; and nearly a million of persons was a time when departed greatness re-besides get from it constant employment.

was

obliged to relinquish his arduous and effective services, and return to England. In 1813 he commenced his parliamentary career, as representative of the county of Nairn, in Scotland. In the field of debate he had some serious difficulties to oppose —a harsh voice, and a strong provincial pronunciation. These, however, soon yielded. His firm and consistent support of his principles, and his energetic and impassioned cloquence, soon gained him the respectful attention of the house; and few men have shown more power to compose or to agitate the stormy elements it contained, than did Sir James on many memorable occasions. His ardour was chiefly directed to the reformation of the criminal code, a task bequeathed to him by his unfortunate but highly-gifted friend, Sir Samuel Romilly. Various other questions received from him occasional attention; but, above all,

COTTON.

REVIEW.

REMARKS ON THE COLONY OF LIBERIA, AND
THE AMERICAN COLONIZATION SOCIETY,
By C. STUART. London: J. Messeden.
1832.

A LETTER TO THOMAS CLARKSON. BY JAMES
CROPPER. And Prejudice Vincible, &c.
By C. STUART. Liverpool: Egerton, Smith,
& Co. 1832.

ANTI-SLAVERY Reporter. No. 102.

WE class these publications together, as they relate to the same subject, and are eminently adapted to disabuse the public mind in reference to the character and design of the American Colonization Society. It has been with much pain we have discovered the truth of the case, and we feel it due to the cause of humanity and truth unhesitatingly to announce our conviction. In common with many friends of the Negro race, we hailed the first announcement of this Society as an omen of good to Africa. We imagined it was based on righteous principles, and would prove subservient to the happiness of the Negro and the civilization of Africa generally. In this conclusion we have erred, and we should not be honest to the Anti-slavery cause if we did not at once seek to unmask the delusion. It is, probably, known to many of our readers, that an agent of the Colonization Society is now in England, soliciting pecuniary aid. His applications have naturally led to some enquiries respecting the principles and history of the Society, and we regret to say that the result has been most unsatisfactory and painful. Mr. Cropper and Captain Stuart, whose names are well known to the Anti-slavery public, and whose characters command universal respect, have come forward, in the pamphlets before us, to acquaint the public with the true state of the case. The Anti-slavery Reporter, also, has taken up the subject, in its present number, so that we hope the religious and humane of this country will be effectually guarded against a misappropriation of their funds. The state of the case appears to be this the Colonization Society originates in the disgraceful prejudices of the white class in America, and is adapted to perpetuate slavery in the States by removing the competition which arises from the presence of the free coloured population. The slave-holders, therefore, are amongst its warmest supporters; while the free coloured people protest against its proceedings, as based in unrighteousness and tending to their ruin. The black population, both free and enslaved, is rapidly increasing. The former is already about half a millionthe latter upwards of two millions. This increase terrifies the slave party, and they therefore propose to transport the free black to Africa, in the hope of being able more easily to retain their slaves in bondage. This is not the representation of an enemy, but may fairly be gathered from their own Reports. Thus, in the Fifteenth Report, page 25, it is asked, "What is the free black to the slave ? A standing, perpetual excitement to discontent. The slave would have then little excitement to discontent, but for the free black; he would have as little to habits of depredation, his next strongest tendency, but from the same source of deterioration."

Again

"15th Report, page 26. If none were drained away, slaves became inevitably and speedily redundant, &c. &c. When this stage had been reached, what course or remedy remained? Was

open butchery to be resorted to, as among the Spar- | mities will be perpetrated, to induce this class of
tans with the helots; or general emancipation and in-persons to leave the State. Who does not know
corporation, as in South America; or abandonment of that when a free negro, by crime or otherwise, has
Either of these was a rendered himself obnoxious to a neighbourhood,
the country by the masters?'
deplorable catastrophe:could all of them be how easy it is for a party to visit him one night,
There was take him from his bed and family, and apply to him
avoided?—and if they could, how?
but one way, and it was to provide and keep open a the gentle admonition of a severe flagellation, to
drain for the excess of increase, beyond the occasions induce him to consent to go away? In a few nights
the dose can be repeated, perhaps increased, until,
of profitable employment, &c. &c. This drain was
already opened.' The African Repository, vol. 7, in the language of the physicians, quantum suff.
page 246, says, 'Enough, under favourable cir- has been administered to produce the desired ope-
cumstances, might be removed for a few successive ration; and the fellow then becomes perfectly will-
years, if young females were encouraged to go, to ing to move away.
keep the whole coloured population in check!!!
"In 14th Report, pages 12 and 13.-' And the
slave-holder, so far from having just cause to com-
plain of the Colonization Society, has reason to
congratulate himself, that in this institution a
channel is opened up, in which the public feeling
and public action can flow on without doing vio-
lence to his rights! The closing of this channel
might be calamitous to the slave-holder beyond his
conception; for the stream of benevolence that
now flows so innocently in it might then break out
in forms even far more disastrous than abolition

societies, and all their kindred and ill-judged mea

sures."

The cloak under which this nefarious design
is concealed is that of Christianizing Africa.
"The Society proposes to send, not one or two
pious members of Christianity into a foreign
fand, but to transport annually, for an indefi-
nite number of years, in one view of its scheme
6000, in another 56,000, missionaries of the
descendants of Africa, itself to communicate
the benefits of our religion and of the arts."-
Report of the Pennsylvania Col. Society,
And yet the same persons are de-
for 1830.
scribed in the Thirteenth Report of the General
Society, as an "unfortunate, degraded, and
anomalous class." "They are, emphatically,"
it is said, “ a mildew upon our fields, a scourge
to our backs, and a stain upon our escutcheon.
To remove them is mercy to ourselves and
justice to them."

60 6 Indeed, Sir, ALL OF US LOOK TO FORCE of some kind or other, direct or indirect, moral or physical, legal or illegal. Many who are opposed, they say, to any compulsory feature in the bill, desire to introduce such severe regulations into our police laws-such restrictions of their existing privileges-such inability to hold property, obtain employment, rent residences, &c., as to make it impossible for them to remain amongst us. this force?'

Is not

"Mr. Fisher said: If we wait until the free negroes consent to leave the state, we shall wait until time is no more. They never will give their consent; and, he believed, if the house amended

the bill as proposed, and the compulsory principle were stricken out, this class of people would be forced to leave by the harsh treatment of the whites."

We could say much on the iniquity of this, and some similar proceedings in America, but our limits forbid. We shall probably recur to the subject ere long, for the purpose of noticing some points which we are compelled to omit at present. In the meanwhile, let the friends of humanity and constitutional freedom discountenance the scheme as essentially unjust, tending to the perpetuation of slavery, and to the encouragement of all the vices of which slavery is the hot-bed. "The term diabolical," remarks Mr. Cropper, "is not too severe; for never did Satan, with more sucAgain: Fifteenth Re-cess, transform himself into an angel of light, than in the gloss which has covered its deport, "The race in question were known, as formities." That any of the philanthropists of a class, to be destitute, depraved, the victims of all forms of social misery." Such is the America, or of our own country, should have Africa is to be blessed lent their influence to it, must have resulted inconsistency of error. with an importation of 56,000 missionaries from ignorance, and cannot long be continued. annually, drawn from the lowest and most de- Truth is omnipotent, and, though suppressed for a season, will ultimately triumph. praved of the American population.

66

The advocates of this Society shrink not from proposing the most violent methods in order to accomplish its design. What will the British public think of the following language employed in the Virginia House of Delegates :

"It is idle to talk about not resorting to force,' said Mr. Broadnax, a member, every body must look to the introduction of force of some kind or other; and it is in truth a question of expediency, of moral justice, of political good faith, whether we shall fairly delineate our whole system on the face of the bill, or leave the acquisition of extorted consent to other processes. The real question, the only question of magnitude to be settled, is the great preliminary question-Do you intend to send the free persons of colour out of Virginia, or not? "If the free negroes are willing to go, they will go-if not willing, they must be compelled to go. Some gentlemen think it politic not now to insert this feature in the bill, though they proclaim their readiness to resort to it when it becomes necessary; they think that for a year or two a sufficient number will consent to go, and then the rest can be compelled. For my part, I deem it better to approach the question and settle it at once, and avow it openly.

"I have already expressed it as my opinion, that few, very few, will voluntarily consent to emigrate, if no COMPULSORY MEASURE be adopted.

"I will not express, in its full extent, the idea I entertain of what has been done, or what enor

CAPTAIN CAREW.

Ar the siege of Tortona, the commander of the an Irish officer in the service of Naples, to adarmy, which lay before the town, ordered Carew, vance with a detachment to a particular post. Having given his orders, he whispered to Carew, "Sir, I know you to be a gallant man; I have, therefore, put you upon this duty. I tell you in confidence, it is certain death to you all. I place you there to make the enemy spring a mine below you." Carew made a bow to the general, and then led on his men in silence to the dreadful post. He there stood with an undaunted countenance; and, having called to one of his soldiers for a draught of wine, "Here," said he, "I drink to all those who bravely fall in battle." Fortunately at that instant Tortona capitulated, and Carew escaped that destruction which he had so nobly displayed his readiness to encounter at the call of honour.-Percy Anecdotes.

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APHORISMS.

PERHAPS that is nearly the perfection of good writing, which is original, but whose truth alone prevents the reader from suspecting that it is so : and which effects that for knowledge which the lens effects for the sun-beam, when it condenses its brightness in order to increase its force.-COLTON'S LACON.

Men carry their minds, for the most part, as they carry their watches, content to be ignorant of the constitution and action within, and attentive only to the little exterior circle of things to which the passions, like indexes, are pointing.-FOSTER.

The only humanity which, in the great affairs of men, claims their respect, is that manly and expanded humanity which fixes its steady eye on the object of general happiness.-SIR J. MACK

INTOSH.

The highest perfection of human reason is to know that there is an infinity of truth beyond its reach.-PASCAL.

Nobility is the Corinthian capital of polished states.-BURKE.

ST. GERMAINS.

Among them is a magnificent tomb, erected in memory of Edward Eliot, uncle of the first Lord Eliot, with a recumbent statue of the deceased, and Here also is the monument of Walter other figures, executed by Rysbrack. Moyle, an eminent writer, and intimate friend of Locke, who died in 1721.

THE above is all that remains of a con- | mains. vent of Augustine canons, now forming part of a church, which constitutes the chief object of interest in the little town of St. Germains, in Cornwall. It conmily, upon the representative of which it confers the title of Earl of St. Ger

LINES WRITTEN IN A LADY'S ALBUM. tains several monuments of the Eliot fa

BY J. H. WIFFIN.

I WOULD my lyre was as it was,

In days of other years,

Ere grief had dimmed the magic glass

Of Fancy with my tears;

I would my passive soul had took
No tint but of this virgin book,
All white as it appears;
Then might I fitly hope to gain,
Forgiveness for the page I stain.

But life's a strange bewildering stream,
And 'tis not oft we find

That following far our favourite dream,
Leaves no blank ebb behind;
Renown or love-gold-titles-stars-
Whate'er our chase, it deeply mars

That music of the mind,

To which, when life was smiling yet,
Its thousand stirring strings were set.

And thus the discord grows, which turns
Our gladness into gloom,

And hearts, like rose-leaves, cast in urns, Yield but a faint perfume:

I can restring the lyre no more,

I cannot to the flower restore,
The beauty of its bloom,-

My flower is gathered, and my lyre
Is warm with no celestial fire.

Yet when in twilight of the spring,
The south-wind freshly blows;
It sometimes wakes the tuneless string,
And waves the withered rose;
Till both the flower and instrument,
Give forth a music and a scent,
Diviner from repose:
Ev'n thus my spirit from its thrall,
Awakes at thy enchanting call.
But, Mary, there's a sweeter voice,
A lovelier breeze abroad,
To bid the wilderness rejoice,

And tune the lifeless chord ;
It is the still small whisper heard,
In the soul's solitude-the Word
And Spirit of the Lord,
Which, as it vibrates round us, brings
All Eden on its healing wings.
Come, Dove divine! immortal breath
Of mercy, make descent!
Speak life to the dull ear of death,
Speak peace to our lament;
Restring the broken chord, chastise
To goodness the lost soul that lies
In misery unmeant;

And for the blest Redeemer's sake,
Our living hearts thy Album make!

800,000 SUBJECTS

Of King William the IVth in Slavery.

TO ELECTORS.

The following QUESTION is recommended to be put to every Parliamentary Candidate, upon the subject of British Colonial Slavery.

In the event of your becoming a member of the next Parliament, will you vote for and strenuously support measures for the immediate and entire abolition of Colonial Slavery?

By the immediate abolition of Slavery is understood the substitution of judicial for the private and irresponsible authority now exercised by the master, securing to the Slave an equality of all Civil, Political, and Religious Rights with the free-born subjects of Great Britain.

Agency Anti-Slavery Society's Office, 18, Aldermanbury.

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LANDSCAPE ANNUAL FOR 1833. TIST IN ITALY, for 1833, illustrated with twenty-six HE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL, or TOURbeautiful Engravings in line, from Drawings by J. D. HARDING: the Literary Department by THOMAS ROSCOE, Esq.

Price One Guinea in Green Morocco. Large paper, with India Proofs of the Plates, royal 8vo. Green Morocco, £2 12s. 6d. Portfolio, Columbier 4to.

Twenty-six Illustrations to the above, delivered in a

India Proofs before letters India Proofs with letters Proofs, white paper

£4 4 0 3 3 0 2 20

A few copies of each year, namely, 1830, 31, and 32, are for sale at the prices above.

This, the fourth Volume, completes the Tour of Italy, by

Messrs. Prout and Harding.

THERE is a system pursued in the German dominions of Austria, which has been attended with singularly beneficial results, in diffusing knowledge amongst the working classes, and, in fact, amongst the people in general. No village is without its school; and each school is under the care of a master, who is paid by the government. It is a law of the land, in the hereditary provinces, that no male can enter into the marriage state unless he is able to read, write, and cast accounts; and every master is liable to a heavy penalty, if he em-left ploy a workman who is unable to read and write. Short publications of a moral character, which are compiled with great care, and sold at a low price, are circulated in every town, and throughout every cabin in the country. May we not refer it to this system, that crimes are of extremely rare occurrence in the German provinces of the crown of Hapsburgh? Indeed, it is accounted a disastrous year, so far as public morals are concerned, if two executions take place at Vienna in the course of the twelvemonth. Under what other sky, we may ask, is the schoolmaster abroad to so rich a purpose?-Quarterly Journal of Education.

JENNINGS AND CHAPLIN, 62, CHEAPSIDE.

NOTICES TO CORRESPONDENTS. The suggestions of our Reading Correspondent will receive our immediate attention.

We have received the Poetry of F.
Our thanks are due to S.

་་

Parts I. and II. of " The Tourist" are now ready for delivery.

Printed by J. HADDON and Co.; and Published by J. CRISP, at No. 27, Ivy Lane, Paternoster Row, where all Advertisements and Communications for the Editor are to be addressed.

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But what strange arts, what magic can dispose
The troubled mind to change its native woes?
Or lead us willing from ourselves, to see
Others more wretched, more undone than we?
This, books can do-nor this alone; they give
New views to life, and teach us how to live;
They soothe the grieved, the stubborn they chastise;
Fools they admonish, and confirm the wise;
Their aid they yield to all: they never shun
The man of sorrow, nor the wretch undone ;
Unlike the hard, the selfish, and the proud,
They fly not sullen from the suppliant crowd;
-Nor tell to various people various things,
But show to subjects what they show to kings.

The Library.-CRABBE.

FROM the earliest ages, and in every state of society, men have been desirous of preserving testimonies and memorials of the achievements and glory of their forefathers, their lustre being reflected on themselves. During many centuries, tradition alone conveyed from one generation to another the deeds and story of nations; but it naturally, in course of time, became obscure and fabulous, as

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To the Hebrews is attributed, in the collection and preservation of the Sacred Writings, the earliest formation of a library. The Greeks, Romans, Egyptians, and many other nations, formed public collections of books. The first literary collection of the Greeks was established by Pisistratus of Athens, in the sixth century before Christ; that of the Romans by Asinius Pollio; and the celebrated Alexandrian library by Ptolemy Philadelphus, 284 years B. C. This last contained 700,000 volumes; by which we must not understand volumes such as our modern libraries are composed of, but rolls of papyrus or parchment, each con

taining only a chapter or small subdivision of the whole work. This immense collection, after various vicissitudes, was at last totally destroyed by order of Omar, the Arabian caliph, A. D. 638; who, being solicited to preserve it, returned the well-known answer: "If these writings of the Greeks agree with the Koran they are useless, and not to be preserved: if they disagree they are pernicious, and ought to be destroyed." Gibbon says, "The sentence was executed with blind obedience; the volumes of paper or parchment were distributed to the four thousand baths of the city, and such was their incredible multitude, that six months were barely sufficient for the consumption of this precious fuel."

But two centuries before this period the northern hordes of barbarians had invaded the Roman empire, which crumbled to pieces under their unceasing attacks. In less than a century after their settle

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