JOHN LOCKE.

1695, which engaged him in the immediate business of the state. With regard to the church, he published a treatise the same year, to promote the scheme which King William had much at heart, of a comprehension with the Dissenters. This, however, drew him into a controversy, which was scarcely ended when he entered into another, in defence of his essay, which continued till 1698; soon after which, the asthma increasing with his years, he became so infirm that, in 1700, he resigned his seat at the board of trade, as he could no longer bear the air of London sufficiently for a regular attendance upon it. After this he continued constantly at Oates, where he employed the remaining years of his life entirely in the study of the Holy Scriptures. He died in 1704, aged seventythree. Whoever is acquainted with the barbarous state of the philosophy of the human mind, when Mr. Locke paved the way to a clear notion of knowledge, will be able to appreciate this great man's abilities, and discover how much we are indebted to him for the improvements that have since been made. His Discourses on Government, Letters on Toleration, and his Commentaries on some of St. Paul's Epistles, are justly held in the highest esteem.

PRISON DISCIPLINE.

WE shall extract, for the sake of an

instructive contrast, two accounts from the last report of the Prison Discipline Society-the one of prisons in the West. Indies, the other of prisons in America. The latter must, from its length, be in

JOHN LOCKE, F. R.S., was the son of November, 1684, he was deprived of his Mr. John Locke, of Pensford, in Somer- place of student in Christ Church. In setshire, and was born at Wrington, near 1685 the English Envoy at the Hague Bristol, in 1632. He was sent to Christ demanded him, and eighty-three other Church in Oxford, and here became ac- persons, to be delivered up by the States quainted with the works of Des Cartes, General, upon which he lay concealed which first attracted his attention to phi- till 1686, and during this time formed an losophy. He applied himself with vigour acquaintance with Limborch, Le Clerc, to his studies, particularly to physic, in and some few other learned men at Amwhich he gained a considerable know-sterdam. In 1689 he returned to England ledge, though he never practised it. In in the fleet which brought over the Prin-serted in our Supplement. 1664 he went to Germany as secretary to Sir William Swan, Envoy from the English Court to the Elector of Brandenburgh, and some other German princes. In 1665 he returned to Oxford, where he applied himself to natural philosophy, and became acquainted with Lord Ashley, who introduced him to some of the most eminent persons of that age. In 1670 he began to form the plan of his Essay on Human Understanding. About this time he became F. R.S. In 1672 his patron, Lord Ashley, now Earl of Shaftesbury, and Lord Chancellor of England, appointed him secretary of the presentations. In 1673 he was made secretary to a commission of trade, worth £500 a-year; but that commission was dissolved in 1674. The Earl of Shaftesbury, after his discharge from the Tower, retired to Holland in 1682, and Mr. Locke followed his patron thither. He had not been absent from England a year when he was accused of having written certain tracts against the government, which were afterwards discovered to have been written by another; and in

cess of Orange. Being esteemed a suf-
ferer for the principles of the revolution,
he obtained the post of commissioner of
appeals, worth £200, and was offered to
be sent abroad as envoy at the court of
the Emperor, the elector of Brandenburg,
or any other where he thought the air
most suitable to him; but he waived all
these, on account of the infirm state of
his health, which led him to prefer an
offer made by Sir Francis Masham and
his lady, of an apartment in their coun-
try seat at Oates, in Essex, twenty-five
miles from London. This place proved
perfectly agreeable to him in every re-
spect. He found in Lady Masham a
lady of a contemplative and studious
turn, inured from her infancy to deep
speculations in theology, metaphysics,
and morality. In this family Mr. Locke
lived with as much ease as if the whole
house had been his own; and he had the
additional satisfaction of seeing this lady
bring up her only son exactly upon the
plan which he had laid down for the best
method of education. He was made a
commissioner of trade and plantations in

In Jamaica, an act was passed by the legislature in January, 1830, for the better regulation of the prisons. There is a public gaol in island has a particular place of confinement each county, and almost every parish in the for offenders who are to be tried at the Quarter Sessions and Slave-court. Many of the prisons are of a temporary nature, and very. incommodious and insecure. For want of room, untried prisoners are frequently confined with convicts, and males and females are placed together. There is no labour or employment in any of solitary confinement. The limited space, of the gaols, and no means and want of ventilation, the neglect of inspection, and, above all, the entire absence of public interest with which these prisons seem to be regarded, render confinement in them a grievance of no ordinary character to such of But to the slave the imprisonment is one of the free population as are committed to them. aggravated cruelty. Slaves, seized in execution of their masters' debts, are dragged, for no criminal offence whatever, from the plantation to the gaol, and there kept crowded together-men, women, and children-until liberated for sale. Slaves charged with slight house for personal chastisement. The ordinary punishment on these occasions is thirty-nine fashes; and it is frequently inflicted with great

domestic offences are also sent to the work

severity. The slaves are prostrated on the ground, and the body is indecently exposed to the gaze of by-standers; the arms are extended, the wrists being made fast; the legs are brought close together, and secured at the ancles by a rope, which passes through a hole, and is pulled tight, stretching every muscle

even to agony.

their appraised value from the funds of the
colony.

genius that should be thus faithful to true religion might be regarded as trees by the In the return from which these particulars side of that "river of the water of life," are taken, allusion is, in some cases, made to having in their fruit and foliage a virtue to the conduct of the prisoners during their con- contribute to "the healing of the nations." finement. In one parish (St. Catherine's) the But, on the supposition that there were a man superintendant of the workhouse states that sufficiently discerning, impartial, and indefatinearly one half of the slave convicts thus sen- gable for a research throughout the general tenced for life are well disposed, steady, quiet, body of our poetical literature, it would be attentive, and obedient. How deeply is it to curious to see what kind of religious system, be lamented that men, whose good conduct and what account of the state of man, as had thus extorted from their gaoler this fa- viewed under moral estimate, and in relation vourable testimony, should be kept in chains, to the future destiny, would be afforded by a and subjected to imprisonment and hard la- digested assemblage of all the most marked bour for the remainder of their days! And for sentiments, supplied by the vast majority of what offence? Frequently for no moral crime. the poets, for such a scheme of moral and In some cases, perhaps, for resistance to op- religious doctrine. But, if it would be expression, justified by the best feelings of human ceedingly amusing to observe the process and nature; while in others the timid slave, who the fantastic result, it would, in the next has committed unintentionally a venial of place, be very sad to consider that these falfence, for which he is threatened with punish-lacies have been insinuated, by the charms of ment, flies to the woods that he may escape poetry, into countless thousands of minds, the infliction of the lash. It is not, however, with a beguilement that has, first, diverted in the public gaols alone that the slave is them from a serious attention to the gospel, treated with unjustifiable severity. There is then confirmed them in a habitual dislike of on every estate a place of confinement, of the it, and finally operated to betray some of them proceedings in which no record is kept. A to the doom which, beyond the grave, awaits slave may be here incarcerated and flogged at the neglect or rejection of the religion of the mere will and caprice of his owner or Christ. overseer, free from the control and inspection of any magistrate. The law affixes no limit to confinement in the stocks or bilboes on the plantation, nor provides any means for control against the abuse of such punishments. These places of confinement are entirely removed from the public eye. No record is required to be kept of the flagellations which are inflicted, however severe; and to such treatment the slave population of our West India colonies is daily exposed, without the possibility of redress, if only the party who inflicts the punishment is prudent enough to limit the stripes to thirty-nine, or take care that no free person witness it, when that number is exceeded. These wrongs could only be tolerated in a society whose sense of public justice has been subverted by the most odious and debasing of all human institutions; and it is in vain to expect in the West Indies any just system of criminal law, so long as slavery shall be permitted to inflict its cruelties upon the negro race, and spread its pestiferous and deadly influence throughout the other classes of the community.

An attempt was lately made, at a vestry meeting of the parish of St. Andrew's, in Jamaica, to obtain an abolition of the cruel system of stretching negroes, who are about to be flogged.* An opinion was given by the medical attendant of the institution, that that mode of punishment was the least likely to injure the slave. It had already, he said, been proposed to use the halberd for the purpose, as in the army; but he thought that the contortions of the body, during the infliction of a flogging, might cause the dislocation of the wrists. One member of the vestry stated that he was ready to make oath that he knew a negro who was of no service to his owner, from the effects of stretching by means of the block and tackle, and he had no doubt that there were many other such instances. Another member was also against the use of the block and tackle. He himself knew a negro who was totally useless in consequence of being stretched in the workhouse. He thought the halberd the milder of the two punishments. During this discussion the majority of the commissioners retired from the board, one or two at a time, and the meeting was adjourned sine die! At the date of the last official return of the state of gaols and workhouses in Jamaica, there were in that island 488 slaves in confinement who had been committed by a public court, or by the order of three magistrates. Of this number 174-viz., 146 men, and 28 women-were condemned to hard labour in chains for life, for the offence of having absconded from their masters for six months or more. Others, convicted of the same offence, were condemned to imprisonment and hard labour for different periods, varying from one to twelve months; many were also sentenced to receive thirty-nine lashes when committed, and again on their discharge. Of this class there were, at that period, eighty-two-viz., sixty-three men, and nineteen women. A further number of sixteen had been committed as "runaways;" having asserted their claim to freedom, but possessing no documentary evidence of the fact, they were condemned, although unclaimed by any one; the slave being, in such MORAL AND RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE cases, usually sold for the benefit of the island. Besides these prisoners, there are in the gaols various other descriptions-felons, misdemeanants, deserters, slaves levied on for their masters' debts, or by the collector for taxes, and who are committed to the gaol or workhouse until claimed or sold. The punishment for an assault upon, or even offering violence to, a white person, is imprisonment and hard labour for life. In this return a female slave appears to have been condemned to this terrible punishment "for assaulting her master;" another woman, "for offering violence to her master," is condemned to six months' hard labour, and to thirty-nine lashes, both on her committal and discharge. In many instances these severe sentences are pronounced, not by a public Slave-court, but by three magistrates, and the owners are, in such cases, indemnified for the slaves thus sentenced for life, by being paid

Vide The Watchman, or Free Press, a colonial newspaper, February 5 and 9, 1831.

OF THE CLASSICS.

No. X.

BRITISH POETS.

In extending the censure to the poets, it is gratifying to meet an exception in the most elevated of all their tribe. Milton's consecrated genius might harmoniously have mingled with the angels that announced the Messiah to be come, or that, on the spot, and at the moment of his departure, predicted his coming again; might have shamed to silence the muses of paganism, or softened the pains of a Christian martyr. Part of the poetical works of Young, those of Watts, and of Cowper, have placed them among the permanent benefactors of mankind; as owing to them there is a popular poetry in the true spirit of Christianity, a poetry which has imparted, and is destined to impart, the best sentiments to innumerable minds. Works of great poetical

You have, probably, seen Pope cited as a Christian poet, by some pious authors, whose anxiety to impress reluctant genius into an appearance of favouring Christianity has credulously seized on any occasional verse which seemed an echo of the sacred doctrines. No reader can exceed me in admiring the discriminative thought, the shrewd moral observation, the finished and felicitous execution, and the galaxy of poetical beauties, which combine to give a peculiar lustre to the writings of Pope. But I cannot refuse to perceive that almost every allusion, in his lighter works, to the names, the facts, and the topics, that specially belong to the religion of Christ, is in a style and spirit of profane banter; and that, in most of his graver ones, where he meant to be dignified, he took the utmost care to divest his thoughts of all the mean vulgarity of Christian associations. "Off, ye profane !" might seem to have been his signal to all evangelical ideas, when he began his Essay on Man; and they were obedient, and fled; for if you detach the detail and illustrations, so as to lay bare the outline and general principles of the work, it will stand confest an elaborate attempt to redeem the whole theory of the condition and interests of man, both in life and death, from all the explanations imposed on it by an unphilosophical revelation from heaven. And, in the happy riddance of this despised, though celestial light, it exhibits a sort of moon-light vision, of thin, impalpable abstractions, at which a speculatist may gaze, with a dubious wonder whether they be realities or phantoms, but which a practical man will in vain try to seize and turn to account, and which an evangelical man will disdain to accept in exchange for those forms of truth which his religion brings to him as real living friends, instructors, and consolers, which present themselves to him, at his return from a profitless adventure in that shadowy, dreary region, with an effect like that of meeting the countenances of his affectionate domestic associates on his awaking from the fantastic succession of vain efforts and perplexities, among strange objects, incidents, and people, in a bewildering dream. But what deference to Christianity was to be expected when such a man as Bolingbroke

was the genius whose imparted splendour was to illuminate, and the demigod whose approbation was to crown, the labours which, according to the wish and presentiment of the poet, were to conjoin these two venerable names in endless fame?

If it be said for some parts of these dim speculations, that though Christianity comes forward as the practical dispensation of truth, yet there must be, in remote abstraction behind, some grand, ultimate, elementary truths, which this dispensation does not recognise, but even intercepts from our view by a system of less refined elements, in which doctrines of a more contracted, palpable, and popular form, of comparatively local purport and relation, are imposed in substitution for the higher and more general and abstracted truths-I answer, And what did the poet, or "the master of the poet and the song," know about those truths, and how did they come by their information?

MILAN.

MILAN is a large and elegant city, with a population of 130,000 souls; but having been twice razed to the ground, by Attila and by Frederick Barbarossa, it contains no remains of its ancient greatness. It possesses, however, many handsome palaces, the second cathedral in Italy, several fine theatres, good streets and promenades, and some valuable collections of paintings, statues, and books. The cathedral, called the Duomo, is in many respects the most remarkable building I have yet seen; and I believe it may be pronounced, as far as external decoration goes, to be the most gorgeous edifice in the world. From its want of a tower or dome, corresponding to the size of the church, it yields in majesty to York Minster and St. Paul's, to say nothing of St. Peter's at Rome; but in the richness of its materials, and the profusion and beauty of its ornaments, it far outshines them all. It is a Gothic edifice, nearly as long as our largest cathedrals, and wider than any of them, built entirely of white marble, which has retained its colour better than any other I have seen; its nave and double aisles are supported by fifty-two clustered columns, and fifty half columns; and on the exterior its roof is encircled by a triple row of pinnacles or spires, each about sixty feet high, of the lightest and most elegant form, and crowned by statues as large as life. Its walls, buttresses, and spires, are crusted with a profusion of tracery and statues, of which you may form some idea when I mention, that on the exterior of the building alone there are no less than three thousand four hundred statues; and these, being disposed in tasteful manner, do not encumber the building, but give it an effect the most florid and beautiful. The pinnacles are a hundred and twenty in number, and they were all, except two which are ancient, and six or eight added lately, erected in the time of Napoleon, who nearly completed the edifice, after it had been more than four centuries in an unfinished

state.

The Duomo is in the form of a Latin cross, and it has an octagonal tower rising to a small elevation above the roof, and then suddenly contracting into a slender tower of the same form, which is itself terminated by a spire, and a brazen statue of the Virgin; this is extremely elegant, but it is too light to have any thing of majesty. You may be curious to

* He is so named somewhere in Pope's works.

times as old; so that I am át a loss to conceive
any motive for making this exhibition, except
the desire to get money by it. Had the fea-
tures been tolerably preserved, it might have
been excusable to show them to those who ad-
mired the character of St. Charles; but it is a
disgusting mockery to exhibit a withered
corpse enshrined in splendour.
The eyeless
sockets of the head seem to tell how vain are
the costly gems that sparkle around them;
and the shrunk brow appears little fitted to
receive the golden crown that hangs over it.
We were told that the value of the crosier was
upwards of thirteen thousand pounds sterling,
that of the crown, three thousand five hundred,
and that the frame in which the body is laid
contained forty-five thousand ounces of pure
silver. After quitting this chapel, we were
allowed to see the treasury, where we beheld
relics of each of the twelve apostles—a tooth
of one, bones of another, &c.-contained in
small bottles, and placed in a sumptuous case;
we also saw several patches of the garments
of the Virgin Mary. And here I made a
strange mistake; for, being told they were
upon a splendid stand before me, I touched an
old dirty cloth which hung from it, and asked
if that was the garment, thinking it had a
marvellous look of antiquity. The sacristan,
half shocked and half amused, explained that
that was merely the covering of the stand, and
pointed out a few small bits of cloth, very
much resembling printed cotton, cased in gold
and jewels, which I found were the veritable
garments of the Virgin. There is here also a
nail of the cross, preserved in a case of rock
crystal. But these are nothing compared with
what may be seen at Cologne, where I saw the
skulls of the three kings of the east who came
to worship Christ at his nativity, and where
are kept the bones of St. Ursula and eleven

know what all the multitude of statues which
surround this building can represent, and I
may at the same time tell you, to increase
your surprise and curiosity, that the interior of
the building contains a still greater number,
viz. five thousand: so at least we were told by
two persons who showed us the church, and
who, being in office, ought to be well in-
formed. Supposing, however, that there may
be some exaggeration in this, and concluding
also that many groups in alto-relievo, and
smaller than life, are counted as statues, the
number is still astonishing. They represent
all manner of personages-angels, apostles,
prophets, saints, martyrs, warriors, bishops, and
all the variety of characters who can be intro-
duced in representations of the events recorded
in Scripture. A large proportion of them are
extremely well executed, and one, by Agrati,
is considered such a masterpiece of sculpture,
that there is engraved upon the pedestal, "Non
me Praxiteles, sed Marc' finxit Agrati." The
subject is extremely curious, being St. Bartho-
lomew flead; his skin is entirely stripped off,
and hangs over his shoulders, and the great
merit of the statue is its accurate representa-
tion of the muscles and parts under the skin:
the execution is admirable. The interior of
the building is vast and rich, but unfortunately
of very different styles of architecture, the
Greek having been mixed with the Gothic;
one consequence of which is, that the large
window usually placed at the western end of
Gothic churches, and which forms so great an
ornament in York Minster, is left out, thereby
diminishing the light and destroying the har-
mony of the building. This mixture of styles
is to be found in most of the cathedrals of
Italy, and is to be accounted for by the length
of time required for their erection, and the
various architects employed. The greatest
curiosity in the Duomo is the subterranean
chapel of St. Carlo Borromeo, the celebrated
Archbishop of Milan, who died in 1584, and
who endeared himself to his fellow-citizens by
his munificent charity to the poor, and by his
fearless administration of the sacrament to the
dying when a plague raged in the city. This
noble ecclesiastic is honoured by every mark
of gratitude to his memory, and his body is
preserved, embalmed in a sumptuous frame in
the curious. The chapel is built of the finest
this chapel, and still shown to the devout or
Most of the cities of Italy still possess schools
veined marble, and completely lined with rich of painting, and institutions for the encou-
crimson silk wrought in gold; the frieze is ragement of the fine arts, where collections of
composed of eight broad tablets of silver, on pictures by the great masters are kept, and
which are carved the principal actions of the where an annual exhibition of modern paint-
life of St. Charles; and the shrine where the ings takes place, with a dispensation of prizes
body of the saint is laid flames with precious to the most deserving artists. There is an
metals and precious stones. The body itself institution of this kind at Milan, which ex-
is contained in a frame of massive silver, with tends its views to the promotion of the sciences
sides of rock crystal; but this is generally and letters, as well as of the fine,arts; it occu-
hidden beneath a cover, which, we were told, pies the old palace of the Brera, and has, be-
could not be raised without the performance sides a valuable collection of paintings and
of a religious ceremony by a priest, nor the statues, an extensive library, a museum, a
ceremony performed without the payment of theatre of anatomy, and a philosophical appa-
five francs. Having consented to be imposed ratus. This is one of the most interesting
upon, a priest was sent for to gratify our curi- places to visit in Milan; but I shall not annoy
you by a panegyric on individual pictures or
osity; but the answer was brought that no
priest was forthcoming; whether it is actually statues. Whilst on this subject, however, I
ordered that this ceremony shall be performed, must tell you, that I have here seen, in the
or, as I suspect, the man only told us so to ex- refectory of an old convent, the celebrated
tract a larger sum of money from us, he found fresco painting, by Leonard da Vinci, of the
it convenient to dispense with it; raising the Last Supper. This painter, whose great and
cover, he displayed to us the black and shri- versatile talents displayed themselves as well
velled mummy of the saint, clad in his ponti-in sculpture, poetry, music, architecture, and
fical robes, with the mitre on his head, and the geometry, as in that line which has more par-
crosier by his side. No part of the body ex-ticularly raised his fame, was a native of
cept the face is seen, and this is as much dis- Milan, where the inhabitants are justly proud
figured as that of an Egyptian mummy ten
of him. The fresco of the Last Supper is

thousand virgins, who came from England in

one ship to convert the Huns, but were barbarously murdered by them. It seems astonishing that such gross impostures should so long find credence. Of this magnificent cathedral I shall only further say, that it contains numerous altars, rich in marble and gilding, several excellent pictures, splendid monuments, and all those decorations which are accumulated by the munificence, taste, and devotion of successive ages in the churches of Italy.

ture of the ancient Greeks. The countenance

behold this monument, reflect that their con-
duct will make it their glory or their reproach.
Let them be persuaded that similarity of man-
ners, not proximity of blood, gives them an
interest in this statue.

"Remember-Resemble-Persevere."

much injured by time and a damp situation;
but the greater part of the countenances may
still be well discerned, and I have seldom been
more gratified with any production of the
pencil. In point of composition and character,
it seems to me to press hard upon the sublimest
works of Raphael, and, like the productions of
that divine artist (with whom Leonardo was After perusing this and similar evidence
contemporary), to have the simple dignity, of the vast talents of Mr. Burke, it will be
truth, and grace, which characterise the sculp-highly amusing to read an instance of his
of Christ is such a personification of his cha-jocularity. It is related on the testimony
racter that it can scarcely be regarded without of his biographer, Mr. Prior, and is as
reverence and emotion; it expresses all we
can conceive of wisdom, purity, benevo-
lence, and resignation in the prospect of injus-
tice and suffering. Judas is the hardened
villain; but the rest of the disciples are all
consternation and curiosity at the announce-
ment their master has made, that one of them
shall betray him. I think it would improve
a man's heart to contemplate this picture
daily.

EPITAPH ON THE MARQUIS OF
ROCKINGHAM.

follows:

Othello lifts the dagger over Hedelmone (the
name of Desdemona was too unmusical for
Parisian ears), Odalbert, the heroine's father,
Loredan, and the Doge of Venice rush in.
The latter personage seizes the dagger, ex-
claiming-
"Malheureux, qui fais tu?

Tu vas de ce poignard immoler la virtu !”
The play was published with both catastrophes,
for the Parisians to take their choice; and the
coteries found an interesting and unending
topic in the respective merits of the denoue-
ment funeste and denouement heureux. But
the actor, probably from his English education,
was less tender, and more natural, than his

audience. The denouement heureux sat uneasily upon him; and, a few nights after its

paid frequent visits to the neighbourhood of Two strolling players and their wives, who Penn and Beaconsfield, chiefly on account of the liberal patronage of Mr. Burke, had acquired some celebrity from performing, by adoption, as Ducis, the author, was passing means of rapid changes in dress, and consi- behind the scenes, he saw Talma striding derable powers of mimickry, all the characters away in one of the dark passages, in full soliin the pieces which they represented. On one loquy. "Shall I kill her? No, the audience of these occasions a fox-hunter was to be exwill not suffer it! Yet, what do I care! I will hibited, to whom a pair of leather small-kill her: they shall learn to suffer it. Yes, I clothes was deemed an indispensable article have made up my mind; she must be killed!" of dress, but unfortunately there was no such Ducis, who stood aloof from the whirlwind of article in their wardrobe. In this dilemma, this debate, now came forward.—“ What is the Mr. Burke, who was then at General Havi- matter with you, Talma ?"-" I am deterMR. BURKE's taste in epitaph, or rather land's, at Penn, and whose invention and asmined-I must put her to death!"—“ I am of character-writing, was put in requisition by sistance commonly contrived to overcome their your opinion, Talma; but what then?"—"Her the completion, in August, 1788, of the splen- difficulties, was applied to; for a moment he fate is fixed!"" Then go through your dedid, and, in this country, unequalled, mausowas at fault, but soon recollected that the iden- termination!" The actor went through with leum to the memory of the Marquis of Rock-tical garment formed part of his host's military it, to the surprise of the general audience, and ingham, erected about a mile in front of costume. How to procure it, however, was the to the peculiar agonies of the most obviously Wentworth House, in Yorkshire, from which, difficulty; to ask for it they knew would have handsome and fashionable; but there was so as well as from the surrounding country, it appeared in the eyes of the owner a species of much truth and dramatic feeling in his performs a noble and interesting object, ninety profanation; the old General was held fast in feet high. The interior of the base is a dome bed by the gout, the wardrobe stood close to supported by twelve Doric columns, with niches the bed, and in this seemingly secure station for the statues of the deceased nobleman and were deposited the leathern indispensables. his friends, among whom the distinguished "Come, Dick," said Mr. Burke to his brother writer of the following piece now takes his Richard, who equally enjoyed a jest of this stand. The inscription, for force, precision, kind," we must out-general the General; you and fitness, has, perhaps, like the mausoleum must be the decoy, and I shall be thief; attack itself, no equal among the mortuary remains the old soldier on his favourite military topic, of the country :— lead him to the heights of Abraham, where his prowess was displayed with Wolfe, fight in the mean time, if my fingers be nimble, the battle and slay the slain once more; and and my luck good, I shall be enabled to march off with the breeches." This jocular scheme was successfully accomplished, and subsequently afforded a frequent topic for merriment to the visitors at Penn.

"CHARLES, MARQUIS OF ROCKINGHAM. "A statesman in whom constancy, fidelity, sincerity, and directness, were the sole instruments of his policy. His virtues were his arts. A clear, sound, unadulterated sense, not perplexed with intricate design, or disturbed by ungoverned passion, gave consistency, dignity, and effect, to all his measures. In Opposition, he respected the principles of Government; in Administration, he provided for the liberties of the people. He employed his moments of power in realizing every thing which he had promised in a popular situation. This was the distinguishing mark of his conduct. After twenty-four years of service to the public, in a critical and trying time, he left no debt of just expectation unsatisfied.

"By his prudence and patience he brought together a party which it was the great object of his labours to render permanent, not as an

instrument of ambition, but as a living depository of principle.

The virtues of his public and private life were not in him of different characters. It was the same feeling, benevolent, liberal mind that, in the internal relations of life, conciliates the unfeigned love of those who see men as they are, which made him an inflexible patriot. He was devoted to the cause of liberty, not because he was haughty and intractable, but because he was beneficent and humane.

"Let his successors, who from this house

ANECDOTE OF TALMA.

THE French are notoriously delicate in murder upon the stage! In the height of the Revolution, when the guillotine was permanently patriotic, and the judges fell asleep, wearied with signing sentences of bloodshed, a dagger lifted upon the stage would have thrown the whole mob of regenerators into hysterics. On the first representation of Othello, the death of Desdemona before the

audience raised an universal tumult. Tears,

groans, and menaces, resounded from all parts
of the theatre; and, what was still more de-
monstrative, and more alarming, several of
the prettiest women in Paris fainted, in the
most conspicuous boxes, and were publicly
carried out of the house. Ducis was alarmed
for his tragedy, for his fame, and for his life.
The author of so much public combustion
might have been sent to expiate his temerity
in the Bastile. He took the safer mode, and
altered the catastrophe. At the moment when

formance that the death became the established mode, and Talma had all the honours of a successful intrepidity.—Blackwood's Magazine.

SLAVERY IN ENGLAND.

THE diffusion of Christianity, by teaching mankind that they were all equal, first awamade one man the property of another. Frekened men to the injustice of a system which quently, at the intercession of their confessors, the feudal lords were induced to enfranchise their slaves; and, from the ignorance of the times, the administration of justice devolving into the hands of the clergy, opportunities frequently occurred of showing particular indulgence to this unfortunate class of society. In the eleventh century, the pope formally issued a bull for the emancipation of slaves; and, in 1102, it was declared in the Great Council of the Nation, held at Westminster, unlawful for any man to sell slaves openly in the market, which before had been the common custom of the country.

THE TOURIST.

VOL. I.-No. 43.-SUPPLEMENT.

"UTILE DULCI."-Horace.

MONDAY, MAY 20, 1833.

PRICE ONE PENNY.

THE BOURSE, OR TRIBUNAL DE COMMERCE, PARIS.

It is believed by some ingenious ety-naparte, and is another instance of his | mologists that the name Bourse, desig- financial ingenuity. Perceiving the denating a public place, where merchants assemble and transact business, is derived from the edifice called the "Hotel des Bourses," at Bruges, in Flanders, so called from the escutcheon of the builder which it bore, and which contained three Bourses, or purses. Near this the mercantile assemblies were held.

sirableness of such a building, he imposed an annual tax on the mercantile body, ostensibly for the purpose of supplying the funds necessary for its erection. The building, however, was suspended by various causes for a number of years, during which period of delay the payment of the tax continued, so that a much greater sum was amassed than was requisite for the completion of the work. It was commenced in March, 1808, but was not completed until after the downfall of the conqueror, and, indeed, until after the it had long been one of the first accession of the late monarch, Charles commercial cities, has not possessed X. It will be perceived by the above such an edifice until a comparatively engraving, which gives a faithful view of recent date. It owes its origin to Buo- the edifice, that it is built in the Corin

Most of the chief cities of Europe have long contained an edifice for this purpose, among which may be mentioned those of London, Bruges, Antwerp, Amsterdam, Rotterdam, &c. Paris, however, though

thian order of architecture, raised upon a basement which gives it an elevation superior to that of the neighbouring buildings. It is surrounded by sixty-four columns, sixteen on each side, and encloses not only the hall in which merchants meet, and the business of the public funds is transacted, but also those courts whose jurisdiction extends only to litigations arising out of commercial transactions. The judges in these courts are usually chosen from retired merchants, and their decisions are guided more by the principles of equity, and on the plan of arbitration, than by any written law. The interior is decorated with emblematical paintings, and is exceedingly well adapted for the purpose to which it is assigned.