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EDITOR'S BOX.

"Fiat justitia ruɛt cœlum."

TO THE EDITOR OF THE TOURIST.

SIR,- Should you think this worthy a corner in your valuable "Tourist," it is at your service.

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FREQUENT DRINKING.

LABOURERS in the fields, in hot weather, who are always drinking, and yet always dry, would do well to try Major Denham's plan, instead of pouring down their throats such quantities of beer and cyder, the money expended in which would obtain for them a nourishing meal of beef or mutton. For health and strength in regard to drink, the half is better than the whole. Frequent drinking after the sun has risen should always be avoided; it causes the same sickness, drooping, and thirst in the animal, that may be observed in the vegetable kingdom. Plants may be completely saturated with water at night, and will preserve their freshness through the whole of the following day, though exposed to the sun; but, if slightly watered in the morning, how different is their appearance! So it is with man. During the whole of our desart travelling, on going to rest, I always drank freely, seldom venturing to put the cup again to my lips till the following night; yet suffered less from the heat and thirst than my companions, who usually drank during the day.

SMOKING MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT.

Some years ago I had occasion to visit a friend, not a hundred miles from Weybridge, and, staying over the Sabbath, of course went to church. The officiating clergyman was newly appointed to the living; and such was his love of pedantry that, to use a clerical phrase, not one tithe part of his congregation could understand his discourse; the consequence of which was, a vestry was called, a petition to him agreed to, requesting he would in future clothe his language in a more homely way. To the best of my recollection I present you with a verbatim report of his apology. Worthy and beloved hearers, my oral documents having been recently the subject of your vituperation, from their incompatibility with your mental endowments, I hope and trust it will not be deemed an instance of vain eloquence or supererogation if I laconically promulgate, that, avoiding all syllogistical or hypothetical allusions, all parabolical or AMONG the standing orders of the House of hyperbolical extenuations or exaggerations, my fu- Commons, issued about the middle of the seventure thesis and hypothesis, whether logical, phy-teenth century, we find the following:-" Ordered, sical, metaphysical, political, or polemical, shall, that no Member of the House do presume to smoke definitively and categorically, be assimilated with, tobacco in the gallery, or at the table of the House, and rendered congenial to, the cerebrums, caputs, of the seventeenth had not the dignity which persitting as committees." A Member of Parliament and sensoriums of you, my respectable and intelligent congregation." taineth to an M. P. of the nineteenth century, and could, it appears, find pleasure in a pipe-a homely, though a somewhat inelegant, luxury. What a scene must St. Stephen's have presented in the olden time, when probably a representative, in alluding to another, would speak of the "honourable memofficer with the short cut." It must have been ber now lighting his pipe," or of "the gallant amusing to hear disclaimers of any intention to be personal" on the learned gentleman now blowing feelings of the " a cloud opposite," or of any wish to wound the worthy member who has just

Yours respectfully,

THE MORNING AIR.

B. C.

THERE is something in the morning air that, while it defies the penetration of our proud and shallow philosophy, adds brightness to the blood, freshness to life, and vigour to the whole frame; the freshness of the lip, by the way, is, according to Dr. Marshall Hall, one of the surest marks of health. If ye would be well, therefore-if ye would have your heart dancing gladly, like the April breeze, and your blood flowing like an April brook-up with the lark-" the merry lark," as Shakspeare calls it, which is "the ploughman's clock," to warn him of the dawn-up and breakfast on the morning air-fresh with the odour of budding flowers, and all the fragrance of the maiden spring;-up from your nerve-destroying down bed, and from the foul air pent within your close drawn curtains, and, with the sun, "walk o'er the dew of yon high eastern hills." But we must defend the morning air from the aspersions of those who sit in their close, airless studies, and talk of the chilling dew and the unwholesome damps of the dawn. We have all the facts in our favour that the fresh of the morning is uniformly wholesome; and, having the facts, we pitch such shallow philosophy to fools who have nothing else

for a foot-ball.

LONDON DESCRIBED BY AN INDIAN CHIEF.

THE Rev. P. Jones, the Indian Chief, thus

writes to the Editor of the Canada Guardian:

"London is a great city, and is full of people. I wonder how they all get their living, for they are as thick as musquetoes, and almost run over one another. There you may see the rich man who has every thing he wants, and here you may see the poor man who knows not where he may get

his next meal."

emptied his tobacco-box."

CRUELTY OF KING FERDINAND WHEN A BOY.

THE Queen had a dog of extreme beauty, and Ferdinand, whilst pretending to play with him, caused him to swallow a little ball, in which were small pins stuck in various directions, and then covered over with paste. The unhappy dog swallowed the fatal ball, when the Prince, holding in his hand a piece of twine, to which he had attached the ball, began to draw it upwards. The dog uttered piteous cries; the Queen ran to his aid, and the young wretch, redoubling his efforts, caused a portion of the intestines of the animal to attach to the pins, and drew it through his throat.

INVERTING TREES.

In the course of ascertaining how far a circula-
tion of sap is carried on in trees, some interesting
facts have been determined by Mr. Knight and

others, with regard to the effect of inverting stems,
or, in other words, of planting the superior part of
the stem of a plum or cherry tree, which is not
the stem, and thus converting it into a root. If
too thick, be bent, and the top be put under
ground, while the roots are gradually detached, in
proportion as the former top of the stem becomes
firmly fixed in the soil, the branches of the root
will shoot forth leaves and flowers, and, in due
time, will produce fruit.

AMONG the cheap publications, one claiming particular attention has just appeared in the form IN confinement the goldfinch has often been of a large and comprehensive Map of London," known to live sixteen or eighteen years. Gesner at the low price of sixpence. It is on a large sheet saw one at Mentz which had attained to twenty- of drawing-paper, about three feet long by two three; but the people of the house were obliged wide, and has the useful appendage of three hunonce a week to scrape its nails and bill, that it dred references. We conceive that no one would might eat, drink, and sit on its bar. It had sub-be without this most excellent guide in their walks sisted principally on poppy seeds; it was incapable round "town." It is published by Lacey, St. of flying, and all its feathers had become white. Paul's Church Yard.

NO PARLIAMENTARY CANDIDATES.

To -The Agency Anti-Slavery Committee are ready

to receive the opinions of Parliamentary Candidates on the abolition of Colonial Slavery, before the 5th of October, when the schedules will be made up for the

fifth number of "THE TOURIST," and the Provincial papers.

By order of the Committee of the Agency Anti-Slavery.
Society.
JOHN CRISP, Secretary.
18, Aldermanbury, Oct. 4.
Where may be bad the following short papers,
at 4s. per 1000.

No. 1. "A few Plain Questions to Plain Men."
-2. "Common Sense against Colonial Logic.”
3. "Citizens and Fellow Countrymen."
-4." On Pledges from Parliamentary Candidates.
5. "Taxation in aid of Slavery the Worst of all
Tyranny."
-6. "Why and Because applied to Negro Slavery."
-7. "£1,000,000!!!-Electors of the United King-
-8. "A Scene in Real Life."

WORK

dom."

Now ready, Part I. of the
TORKS of the late MR. LIVERSEEGE,
Containing "The Weekly Register," "The In-
quiry," and "Captain Macheath," beautifully engraved

by Giller, Quilley, and Ward. Prints, 10s. 6d.; Proots,

£ 1s.; separate Prints, 5s.

London: Moon, Boys, and Graves, 6, Pall-Mall; and
J. C. Grundy, Manchester.

Also, just published,
LADY PEEL. Painted by Sir Thomas Lawrence,
exquisitely engraved by Samuel Cousins. Prints, 12s.
Proofs, £1 1s.; India Proofs, £1 11s. 6d. ; before Let-

ters, £2 2s.

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deserves, it will have many readers, who cannot fail to find "If this very excellent work has the success it so faily in its pages something more valuable than mere amusement."-Imperial Magazine.

"The Double Trial' leads to an acquaintance with most of the topics which engage the attention at the present critical period, and not only the desultory reader, but the politician, the divine, the lawyer, and the philo

sopher, may peruse this well-written work to much purintensely interesting to every member of the community." pose, as it conveys instruction on points which are become Cheltenham Journal.

Published by Smith, Elder, and Co., Cornhill.

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OR,

Sketch Book of the Times.

"I pencilled things I saw, and profited by things I heard."-LETTER OF A WALKING GENTLEMAN.

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is completed, to which we are to owe our
Forest and fruit
next abundant harvest.
trees, too, are now planted; and the farmer
is as busy in his useful and manly labours,
unmanly torturing of timid beasts, and
'sportsman" is, in his useless and
beautiful and harmless birds.

ties, incident in that state of terrestrial bond--Because ignorance maintains the upper- ploughed up for winter fallows; and, unless age from which his struggling soul was now hand, and the blessings even of elementary the weather be very wet, the wheat sowing going to emerge, as well as of the horrors education are withheld from the islanders. and penal torments of the guilty in a future state. At this period, all the pageants of vulgar idolatry, all the train of gods, supernal and infernal, passed in awful succession before him, and a hymn, called the Theology of Idols, recounting the genealogy and functions of each, was sung: afterwards, the whole fabulous detail was solemnly recanted by the mystagogue; a divine hymn

in honour of ETERNAL AND IMMUTABLE TRUTH was chanted, and the profounder mysteries commenced. "And now, arrived on the verge of death and initiation, every thing wears a dreadful aspect; it is all horror, trembling, and astonishment." An icy chilliness seizes his limbs; a copious dew, like the damp of real death, bathes his temples; he staggers, and his faculties begin to fail; when the scene is of a sudden changed, and the doors of the interior and splendidly-illuminated temple are thrown wide open. A "miraculous and divine light discloses itself: and shining plains and flowery meadows open on all hands before him." Arrived at the bourn of mortality, after having trod the gloomy threshold of Proserpine, I passed rapidly through all the

All the sandal-wood has been felled, and the
only source of their former prosperity being
therefore gone, the poor creatures have
scarcely been familiarized with the wants of a
civilized state of being before the means of
satisfying them have disappeared. Meals are
found in the Sandwich Islands, and pieces of
molten gold have been collected in Owyhee, and
silver and copper in O-a-hu; nothing certain,
abundance. The religious and political state of
however, is known as to their existence in any
the Sandwich Islands, at the present day, is
wretched indeed, and originates in a most de-
plorable occurrence.
After the death of the
celebrated governor, Karaimoku, (better known
by the name of William Pitt), his brother
Boli, who accompanied Riho-Riho to England,
became prime minister in O-a-hu. This
individual protected the young king as well
against the power of the Eri-tribe as the in-
trigues of the missionaries. It is now about
fourteen months since he set sail for the new
Hebrides in the brig Tameahamea, for which the
king paid 40,000 hard dollars, besides a quan-
tity of sandalwood. He took about 360 Indian
warriors with him, apparently with the view
of making descents and conquering new terri-
has been heard of her fate; and the conse-
tories. The vessel disappeared, not a word
quence has been, that Kuakini, who brought his

own followers with him from Owyhee, con

as the "

ORACLE OF ORIGINS.-No. IV.

DEODANDS-In our customs, is a thing given or forfeited, as it were to God, for the pacification of his wrath in case of a misadventure, whereby a Christian soul comes to a violent end, without the fault of any reasonable creature. If a horse strikes its keeper and kills him-if a man driving a cart, falls so as the cart wheel runs over him, and presses him to death-if one, by felling a tree, and giving warning to the standers by to look to themselves, yet a man is killed by the fall thereof,-in the first place, horse; in the second, the cart wheel, cart, and horses; and in the third, the tree, is Deodandus, "to be given to God," that is to the king, to be distributed to the poor by his almoner, for expiation of this dreadful event, and deadly creatures.

the

surrounding elements; and, at deep mid-spiring with his sister, the dowager queen-though effected by irrational, nay, senseless

night, beheld the sun shining in meridian splendour. The clouds of mental error, and the shades of real darkness being now alike dissipated, both the soul and the body of the initiated experienced a delightful vicis situde; and, while the latter, purified with lustrations, bounded in a blaze of glory, the former dissolved in a tide of overwhelming transport.

THE SANDWICH ISLANDS.

(Extracted from a letter written on the spot last
summer.)
"O-A-HU is, in every sense of the word, a
second paradise. There is not a single pro-
duction of the vegetable kingdom but thrives
here with the greatest luxuriance, and every
animal imported into the island has increased in
an astonishing manner. The horned cattle
in Owyhee have grown wild, and live in large
herds upon the acclivities of the snow-capt
volcanic mountains. It will scarcely be cre-

dited, that these animals at times attack the
Indian villages and compel the inhabitants to
escape for their lives. The missionaries, who
would aloost appear to sport with the welfare
of their flocks, have contrived to have the cul-
tivation of the more important species of colo-
nial productions strictly prohibited. Don Fran-
cisco Marini, a man of vulgar education but
of an intelligent and upright mind, whose name
will always stand foremost in the annals of
Polynesian agriculture, has introduced the
most useful plants from every quarter. His
Guatimalo cocoa is of the finest quality;-he
likewise cultivates coffee, limes, oranges, grapes,
asplenia popaya from the Marquesas islands,
tamarinds, cotton, pine-apples, and other fruits.
A M. Serr ere of Baravia has also introduced
indigo, which has turned out of an excellent
description. But every one of these products,
on which the prosperity of so many civilized
nations depends, even to the growth of the
sugar-caue on a large scale, are lost to the
people of this region: and why are they lost?

mother, now reigns paramount in these islands.
The young monarch observed to me himself
one evening, Things will be quite changed
again when Boli comes back.'-But Boli will

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never come back."

OCTOBER.

THIS may be said to be the month in which
autumn is decidedly set in. The leaves now
strew the ground in desolate and dreary
abundance; and most of the birds which
migrate to our shores in the spring, and
delight us with their sweet warblings through
the summer, have now winged their way to
less frigid and more congenial climes. The
trees grow daily more and more bare, and
the stubble-fields and fallows look as dismal
as though they had been laid waste by fire.
But though the fields and the forests have
tinted beauties
now parted with the many
which they so lately presented to our gaze,
the hedge-rows which received the thousand
pimps of summer we scarcely deigned to
notice, offer some bright colours and beau-
tiful shapes to our view. The nightshade,
the holly, the privet, and the alder, are now
in the pride of their beauty; and boys gather
blackberries, and hips and haws, and almost
forget that-

"The beautiful summer is gone."

Omnia que movent ad mortum sunt deodando.
"What moves to death, or kills him dead,
Is deodand and forfeited."

This law seems to be an imitation of that in
Exodus, chap. 21, "If an ox gore a man or
woman with his horns, so that they die, he
shall be stoned to death, and his flesh not to
be eat; so shall his owner be innocent."

PARSON. Though we write parson differently, yet it is but person; that is, the individual person set apart for the service of such a church; and it is in Latin persona, and personatus is a personage; indeed with the canon lawyers, personatus is any dignity or preferment in the church.

with a cross of two bars, armed at the end
TURNPIKES-Were originally formed
with pikes turning on a pin, and fixed to
prevent the
of horses, &c.—hence
passage
the term.

BARONET.-Signifies a little baron, and accordingly is a degree of honour next below a Baron and above a Knight. The order was founded by James I, 1611. It is the lowest degree of hereditary honour.

following effect:-" Sale dis nite-frying-pans

CRIER EXTRAORDINARY.-A gentleman informs us that, while sojourning at one of the towns in Virginia, he encountered in the street, a stout doublelunged negro, who was ringing a hand-bell most The good housewife must now take her manfully; after labouring at it sometime, the fellow sweet store of honey from the hives; for the made a dead halt, and bellowed out something to the bees will otherwise begin to consume it, gridirons-book-oyster.knives, and odder kinds of from the failure of the nectar-bearing flow-medicines-Joe Williams will hab some fresh oysters ers, upon which they disported and ban-will gib imitations ober again--two or three dozen at his 'stablishment-by tickler desire, Mr. Hewlett quetted during the summer. damaged discussion gun-locks, and-Rev Mr. P-Q Now, too, is the time for taking wild fowl o'clock precise-dats not all; widout money or will deliber a sarmont on temperance, half-past six in the fens of Lincolnshire and Cambridge, price-de great bull Phillip will be statint at Squire and for brewing the good old English be--'s-and dats not all nudder!--dare will be a perlite verage-ale! fields are done."

Now stubble

and coloured ball at Mrs. Johnson's jus arter dis is

MEMS. OF A SLAVE.

"Facts-not fictions."

(From the Antigua Register, June 5,
1832.)
AUCTION OF BUILDINGS AND SLAVES.
-On Wednesday the 13th inst., at 11
o'clock, will be sold, on the premises, those
extensive and valuable buildings, of C. K.
Dow, Esq., with three cisterns, and exten-
sive out-offices, all of which have been

put in most excellent repair, and fit for
the immediate reception of one or more fa-
milies. Immediately after,

THIRTY SLAVES,

consisting of carpenters, house-servants, fieldnegroes, sailors, washers, &c. Particulars, see Herald, of 21st April last. Coleman H. Lamitt, Auctioneer.

Terms made known at the sale.

SLATE QUARRIES.

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Above

It was like a subterranean world! the blasted walls of slate, smooth as a mirror, and several hundred feet long, scarcely enough of the blue heaven was visible to enable me to distinguish mid-day from twilight. The earth on which we stood was likewise blasted rock; just in the middle was a deep cleft six or eight feet wide. Some children of the workmen were amusing themselves in leaping across the chasm, for the sake of earning a few pence. The perpendicular sides were hung with men, who looked like dark birds, striking the rock with their long picks, and throwing down masses of slate which fell with a sharp and clattering sound. But on a sudden the whole mountain seemed to totter, loud cries of warning re-echoed from various points-the mine was sprung. A large mass of rock loosened itself slowly and majestically from above, fell down with a mighty plunge, and while dust and splinters darkened the air like smoke, the thunder rang along in wild echoes. These operations, which are of almost daily necessity in one part or other of the quarry, are so dangerous, that, according to the statement of the overseer himself, they calculate on the average of a hundred and fifty

Methodist, and highly valuable to him (and not the less so for being the mother of eight or nine children), whose husband, also of our connection, was the property of another resident on the island, where I happened to be at the time. Their masters not agreeing on a sale, separation ensued, and I went to the beach to be an eye-witness of their behaviour in this greatest pang of all. One by one the man kissed his children with the firmness of a hero, and, blessing them, gave as his last words-(oh! will it be believed, and have no influence upon our veneration of the NEGRO?)-" Farewell! BE HONEST AND OBEDIENT TO YOUR MASTER!" At length he had to take leave of his wife: field-there he stood (I have him in my mind's eye at this moment), five or six yards from the men wounded, and seven or eight killed, in a mother of his children, unable to move, the workmen on this property, receives the at this moment), five or six yards from the year. An hospital, exclusively devoted to speak, or do anything, but gaze, and still to wounded; and on my way I had met, withgaze on the object of his long affection, soon to cross the blue wave for ever from his had fallen the day before yesterday;-" car out being aware of it, the body of one who aching sight. The fire of his eye alone gave c'est comme un champ bataille." The people indication of the passion within, until, after who escorted it were so smartly dressed and some minutes standing thus, he fell senseso decorated with flowers, that I at first took less on the sand, as if suddenly struck the procession for a wedding, and was shocked down by the hand of the Almighty, when, in answer to my inquiry for the brideNature could do no more; the blood gushed groom, one of the attendants pointed in sifrom his nostrils and mouth, as if rushing fence to the coffin which followed at some from the terrors of the conflict within, and distance. The overseer assured me that half amid the confusion occasioned by the cir- these accidents were owing to the indiffercumstance, the vessel bore off his family ence of the men, who are too careless to for ever from the island! After some days remove in time and to a sufficient distance, he recovered, and came to ask advice of ME! though at every explosion they have full What could an Englishman do in such a What could an Englishman do in such a warning given them. The slate invariably case? I felt the blood boiling within me, splits in sharp edged flakes, so that an inconbut I conquered: I brow-beat my own man-siderable piece thrown to a great distance, hood, and gave him the humblest advice I is sufficient to cut a man's hand, leg or even could afford.

Canst thou, and honoured with a Christian name,
Buy what is woman-born, and feel no shame?
Trade in the blood of innocence, and plead
Expedience as a warrant for the deed?
Not he, but his emergence forced the door,
He found it inconvenient to be poor;
So may the ruffian, who with ghostly glide,
Dagger in hand, steals close to your bed-side.
A Briton knows,-or if he knows it not,
The Scripture placed within his reach, he ought,
That souls have no discriminating hue,
Alike important in their Maker's view;
That none are free from blemish since the fall;
And Love Divine has paid one price for all.
CowPER.

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A clergyman who resided some years in the West Indies, informs us, that many a bitter cry is heard when the marshals' deputies are sent to hunt down and seize the victims, and drive them away to the workhouse or gaol, till the day of sale arrives which is to deprive them of all the little comforts which make even Slavery, in some measure, tolerable. The woman may be separated from her husband, or parents from their children. The tenderest ties of nature are broken in an instant, and the wife's, or mother's, or children's cries would not be in the least attended to, any more than the moan of so many animals."

The following affecting account of the separation of a Negro family was related by T. Pennock, a Wesleyan Missionary, at a public meeting at Newcastle. Doubtless many such cases are continually occurring "A few years ago, it was enacted, that it should not be legal to transport once established slaves from one island to another; and a gentleman owner finding it advisable to do so before the Act came in force, the removal of great part of his live stock was the consequence He had a female Slave, a

Mr. P. then narrated several other anec-
dotes to prove the liberality and quickness
of intellect inherent in the slave population,
most of which were highly descriptive.

Let those who attempt to justify West
Indian Slavery from Scripture, reconcile this
with the Mosaic law: "Ye shall have one
manner of law, as well for the stranger,
as for
one of your own country."-Lev.

xxxv.

22.

"Hear the causes between your brethren, and judge righteously between every man and his brother, and the stranger that is with thee. If I did despise the cause of my man-servant, or of my maid-servant, when they contended with me; what shall I do when God riseth up? And when he visiteth, what shall I answer him? Did not he that made me, make him? And did not one fashion us?"

head, clean off. On one occasion, this last, as I was assured, actually happened.-(Tour in England.)

LACONICS.

"The best words of the best Authors."

Morals impose silence on the laws, and it is they alone that either aggrandise, or overthrow empires. The virtues of a mother give virtue to her children; the virtues of a father give only fame.

Riches take away more happiness than they bestow, but one must have a soul to feel this. trammelled in the magic of one, whom his reason bids him despise.

Your only true woman hater, is he who becomes

The man who is most slow in promising is most sure to keep his word.

A great talker never wants enemies; the man of sense speaks little, and hears much.

He that runs against Time, has an antagonist not subject to casualties.

The more haste a man makes to unravel a skein of thread, the more he entangles it.

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money.

THE TOURIST.

MONDAY, OCTOBER 15, 1832.

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The cheapness of production is the great!
point to which we shall call your attention,
as we give you other examples of the good
of machinery. In the case of books pro-
duced by the printing-press you have a cheap
article, and an increased number of persons
engaged in manufacturing that article. In
almost all trades the introduction of machines
has, sooner or later, the like effects. This
we shall show you as we go on. But to
make the matter even more clear, we shall
direct notice to the
in your hand, to complete our illustration of
the advantages of machinery to the consumer,
that is, to the person who wants and buys
the article consumed, as well as to the pro-
ducer, or the person who manufactures the
article produced.

your

very

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£4 11 2

MY NOTE BOOK.-No. 2.

THE MUSIC OF NATURE.

NATURE seems to have mingled harmony in all her works. Each crowded and tumultuous city may properly be called a temple of Discord; but wherever Nature holds undisputed dominion, Music is the the hum of bees, the chorus of birds; nay, if these partner of her empire-the " lonely voice of water," be wanting, the very breeze that rustles through the foliage, is music. From the music of Nature, Solitude gains all her charms; for dead silencesuch as that which precedes thunder-storms-rather terrifies then delights the mind:

This little book is intended to consist of 216 pages, to be printed, eighteen on a side, upon six sheets of printing paper, called by the makers demy. These sheets of demy, at the price charged in the shops, would cost fourpence. If the same number of words were written, instead of being printed-that is, if the closeness and regularity of printing, were superseded by the looseness and unevenness of writing, they would cover 200 pages, or 50 sheets, of the paper called foolscap, which would cost in the shops three shillings; and you would have a book difficult instead of easy to read, because writing is much harder to decipher than print. Here, then, besides the superiority of the workmanship, is at once a saving of two shillings and eightpence to the consumer, by the invention of awakened, that makes absolute stillness so awful. We printing, all other things being equal. But inanition; we love to feel her pulse throbbing becannot bear to think that even Nature herself is the great saving is to come. Work as hard neath us, and to listen to her accents amid the as he could, a writer could not transcribe this still retirements of her deserts. That solitude, in little book upon these 200 pages of foolscap panding the heart and tranquillizing the passions, truth, which is described by our poets, as exin less than ten days; and he would think though far removed from the inharmonious din of himself very ill paid to receive thirty shil-worldly business, is yet varied by such gentle sounds with the serenity of all surrounding objects; thus as are most likely to make the heart beat in unison Gray

It is about 350 years since the art of print-
ing books was invented. Before that time
all books were written by the hand. There
were many persons employed to copy out
books, but they were very dear, although the
copiers had small wages. A Bible was sold
for thirty pounds in the money of that day,
which was equal to a great deal more of our
Of course, very few people had
Bibles or any other books. An ingenious
man invented a mode of imitating the written
books by cutting the letters on wood, and
taking off copies from the wooden blocks by
rubbing the sheet on the back; and soon
after other clever men thought of casting
metal types or letters, which could be ar-
ranged in words, and sentences, and pages,
and volumes; and then a machine, called a
printing-press, upon the principle of a screw,
was made to stamp impressions of these types
so arranged. There was an end, then, at
once to the trade of the pen-and-ink copiers;
because the copiers in types, who could press
off several hundred books while the writers
were producing one, drove them out of the
market. A single printer could do the work
of at least two hundred writers. At first
sight this seems a hardship, for a hundred
and ninety-nine people might have been, and
probably were, thrown out of their accus-lings for the operation. Adding, therefore,
tomed employment. But what was the con- a profit for the publisher and retail tradesman,
sequence in a year or two? Where one
a single written copy
of this little book, which
written book was sold a thousand printed you buy for a shilling, could not be produced
books were required. The old books were for two pounds. Is it not perfectly clear,
multiplied in all countries, and new books then, if there were no printing-press, if the
were composed by men of talent and learn-art of printing did not exist, that if we found
ing, because they then could find numerous purchasers at all for this dear book at the
readers. The printing press did the work cost of two pounds, we should only sell, at
more neatly and more correctly than the the utmost, a fortieth part of what we now
writer, and it did it infinitely cheaper. What sell; that instead of selling ten thousand
then? The writers of books had to turn copies we could only sell, even if there were
their hands to some other trade, it is true; the same quantity of book-buying funds
but type-founders, paper-makers, printers, amongst the few purchasers as amongst the
and bookbinders, were set to work, by the many, two hundred and fifty copies; and
new art or machine, to at least a hundred that therefore, although we might employ
times greater number of persons than the old two hundred and fifty writers for a
way of making books employed. If the pen-week, instead of about twenty printers in
and-ink copiers could break the printing- the same period, we should have forty times
presses and melt down the types that are
used in London alone at the present day,
twenty thousand people would at least be
thrown out of employment to make room for
two hundred at the utmost; and what would
be even worse than all this misery, books
could only be purchased, as before the in-
vention of printing, by the few rich, instead
of being the guides, and comforters, and best
friends, of the millions who are now within
reach of the benefits and enjoyments which
they bestow.

less employment for paper-makers, ink.
makers, book-binders, and many other per-
sons, besides the printers themselves, who
are called into activity by the large demand
which follows cheapness of production?
Results of Machinery.

WOMEN.

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Oh! nought of self is in their gentle hearts
The things we tempt, and trample when they
fall;

Danger and death, the dread that sin imparts
Sadden but shake not, they will love through all.

On earth 'twas yet all calm around,
A pulseless silence, dread, profound-
More awful than the tempest's sound!
Perhaps it is the idea of mortality, thereby

Now fades the glimmering landscape on my sight,
Save where the beetle wheels his droning flight,
And all the air a solemn stillness holds,

And drowsy tinklings lull the distant folds.
Even when Nature arrays herself in all her ter-
rors, when the thunder roars above our heads, and
man, as he listens to the sound, shrinks at the
sense of his own insignificance-even this, with-
out at all derogating from its awful character, may
be termed a grand chorus in the music of Nature.
Almost every scene in the creation has its pecu-
liar music, by which its character as cheering,melan-
choly, awful, or lulling, is marked and defined. This
When the splendour of day has departed, how con-
appears in the alternate succession of day and night.
sonant with the sombre gloom of night is the hum
of the beetle, or the lonely, plaintive voice of the
seasons revolve, a corresponding variation taks place
nightingale. But more especially, as the different
in the music of Nature. As winter approaches,
the voice of birds, which cheered the days of summer,
ceases; the breeze, that was lately singing among
the leaves, now shrilly hisses through the naked
boughs; and the rill, that but a short time ago mur-
mured softly as it flowed along, gushes headlong in a
deafening torrent.

It is not therefore in vain that, in the full spirit of prophetic song, Isaiah has called upon the mountains to break forth into singing, "the forests, and every tree thereof." Thus we may literally be said to find tongues in trees, books in the running brooks;" and as we look upward to the vault of Heaven, we are inclined to believe, thatThere's not the smallest orb which we behold, But in his motion like an angel sings, Still quiring to the young-eyed cherubim : Such harmony is in immortal souls; But whilst this muddy vesture of decay Doth grossly close it in, we cannot hear it.

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