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THERE is in Abyssinia a curious spe- | of his which suggested the travels of Baron cies of oxen called the Galla oxen, or Munchausen, as a burlesque upon his Sanga, celebrated for the remarkable size narrative. It was at Gilba, a pretty of its horns. They are brought by the secluded valley, rich in beautiful sceCatilas from Antalo, being sent there as nery, beyond the Giralta mountains, that valuable presents from the chiefs of the Mr. Salt, who seems to have doubted Galla tribes, a bordering people far to the Mr. Bruce's account, was first gratified southward. When Mr. Bruce first gave a with the sight of these very remarkable description of this extraordinary animal, animals. Three of them were subseand the very incredible length and exten- quently made a present to him, but he sion of its horns, popular scepticism placed found them so exceedingly wild that he it to the account of those marvellous recitals was obliged to have them shot. The

horns of one of them are now deposited in the Museum of the Surgeons' College, and a pair of the very largest dimensions are in the collection of Lord Valentia, at Arley Hall.

It might have been expected that the animal, carrying horns of so extraordinary! a magnitude as four feet, would have proved larger than others of the bovine genus; but, in every instance which came under Mr. Salt's observation, it was otherwise. The ox is undersized, and

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even diminutive. The accompanying engraving will give a better idea of the animal, and of the relative proportion of the horns and the body, than any description. The colour is as varied as in the other species of this genus; and the peculiarity in the size of the horns is not confined to the male, the female being very amply provided with this appendage to the forehead.

NOTES ON THE ISLAND OF CUBA.

FROM THE

UNPUBLISHED MEMORANDA OF A

TRAVELLER.

No. II.

QUITTING the sickly picture of society which Jamaica presents, nothing can be a more pleasing change than the humble and unsophisticated scenes of Cuba. In the walks of nature, there is no less difference than in human life. In Jamaica, every thing exhibits strong opposition of parts, grouped in distinct colouring, and massed in the excesses of light and shade; but in Cuba all things imperceptibly assimilate -Nature has spread out her beauties with a gentle hand, and man has clothed himself in simplicity.

The

when thrown open, presented, on one side, a among the flowers," and "the woodpecker, rich display of the serges of Malaga, the silks with his busy bill," and "the singing mockof Valencia and Barcelona, the velvets of Flo- bird," while the forests, replete with innumerence, the light and showy shawls of Tours rable other beautiful objects, are ranged by the and Lyons, the cottons and muslins of Man- wild boar, and haunted by the playful agouti.* chester and Glasgow, together with a variety Throughout this district a diversity of rivers, of Madras and Bandanna handkerchiefs and navigable, and receiving the influence of the Canton crapes, the silk goods being about half tides far up their courses, pour their streams. the price of such articles in the shops of Ja- The softly gliding waters, while they refresh maica, and the cottons equally cheap with the the landscape, supply delight by their contrast same commodity in the English colonies. In with the woods and pastures. Here the roseanother part was seen an assortment of cutlery, coloured flamingo, swarming in the distance tin-ware, and groceries. In the upper shelves, like soldiers in batallion, and the egret (the and along every rafter of the roof, and every garzota) delicately white, together with the joist and beam, were the earthenwares of Staf- purple gallinule, and a thousand other waterfordshire and the metal manufacture of Bir-birds, inhabit the solitudes, or enjoy an undismingham. All along the sea-beach was piled turbed possession of the swamps and rivers the native timber-cedar and mahogany, with the iguana and the alligator. hardwoods and dyewoods, the sole export trade Through the waste of forest, advantage has of this district. The commercial opulence of been taken of the streams to raft down the Manzanilla is not, however, so much to supply most valuable of the native timber. the wants of its immediate inhabitants, as to woods form the chief sources of industry to meet the demand of the larger population of the proprietors of land here. Mahogany, St. Salvador de Bayamo, an interior city, the cedar, fustic, lignum vitæ, and ebony, are seat of one of the district governors, and dis- those which are most known in the European tant about seventy miles up the course of the market; but the tough and durable, as well Rio Couta, of which Manzanilla is the port. as the ornamental, hardwoods-such as the bulThere were some three or four excellent saw-lytree-nesberry, the Santa Maria, and the red mills in the town, set in motion by cattle, which mangrove-are articles of valuable commerce turned to good account the labour bestowed in with the neighbouring islands. A considerable cutting into boards and scantling the indige- portion of the woodlands in the vicinity of the nous timber. rivers have been denuded of the exportable I entered the town of Manzanilla in the The country immediately contiguous to the timber; but so dense is the vegetation, in these obscurity of night; but I could perceive that it sea is a low level tract, from which no rocky genial climates, that the labours of industry presented a picture far different from any craggs jut forth to interrupt the casy sloping of to the eyes of the stranger are scarcely discernhad witnessed in West Indian scenery. The the shores. From the sea, the landscape swells ible any where. The greatest portion, and houses had a sullen, unsocial secludedness, upward into wavy lines of gentle rising and decidedly the most valuable, of the timber of decidedly different from the smiling open air descent, almost imperceptibly forming hills commerce on this coast, is floated down the of those light Venetian dwellings, ornamented and valleys, covered with measureless forests Rio Couta. After it is brought out of the with piazzas and balconies, seen in our Eng-clothed in that majesty and splendour of foli- forest, by the aid of cattle, to the banks of the lish settlements. They were, indeed, for the age peculiarly characterising the orchards of river, the passage of a raft is a matter of little most part, essentially cottages, with roofs the sun. Beyond this district of forest the labour. During the months the rains prevail thatched neatly with the leaves of the Areca country opens to the view wide levels and ex- on the mountains, and the lowlands are expalm; but there was frequently interspersed a tensive savannas, over which nature has spread posed to the periodical floods, the logs are massy building of bricks and plaster, covered occasional pools of water and small detached floated to the principal stream, after which the with a heavy sort of semicircular tiles, common groups of trees, blending with each other the rafts are constructed, and sent onward to the in the pictures of Spanish and Italian scenery, most dissimilar foliage, and sweetly varying sea. The mahogany and cedar are of the best forming deep channels for the rain to run off, the eternal verdure of the plains. The splen- quality on the rocky verge of the mountains, or rather gutters to eject the floods of water dour, the variety, and luxuriance of vegetation, from whence they are brought to the ravines that pour from the clouds with such prodigious and the picturesque disposal of these clumps with great difficulty and labour; and hence it impetuosity, at stated seasons, in these cli and thickets, are beautiful in the extreme. is that the clouded, mottled, and variegated mates. The horizontal curvature of the roof, Trees, in which fruits and flowers are mingled, cabinet woods bear an increased price, not so with overhanging eaves, and massy cornices cluster around the wide-spreading ceiba and much from the scarcity of these specimens of composed of a succession of mouldings,-the the mahogany; and these, in their turn, are timber as from the additional value created by pilasters by the side of large pannelled door-opposed by the stately grandeur of the pal- the additional labour in bringing them down ways,--and the immense barred windows, were metto, raising its perpendicular stem a hundred for a foreign market. On the richer loams and so perfectly Arabesque that a stranger could feet, then spreading its branches into a wide moister soils of the plains the timber is of more scarce fail immediately to recognize the circle of shadowy plumes. After travelling rapid growth, of a less compact texture, a less Moorish history of the people. This character through scenes where the view has no exten- specific gravity, and of consequence of inferior was still more decidedly impressed by a large, sion beyond the precincts of a forest road, no-quality. The vegetable physiology, however, square, flat, terrace-roofed building, that now thing can surpass the pleasurable emotion as far as it has been subjected to observation, and then intermingled with the humbler and experienced on opening upon these continued indicates the quality of the timber in the apbetter sorts of edifices. There was no great pastures, spread for many miles, and bounded pearance of the bark and of the foliage, as diversity in the size of the houses, and I after-only by the distant mountains, as they are well as in the localities to which the various wards found no great variety in their internal seen, in these serene climates, distinct, and trees are assigned by nature. convenience; but the humblest of them im- beautifully blending their meek blue colour pressed the visitor with a sense of their roomy with the bright azure of the horizon. Anicomfort and airy coolness. mated nature is not wanting to complete the interest of the picture. Over these plains, or rather these embellished parks, wander a multitude of wild horses and cattle, that enjoy, not divide, the empire of these primeval fields of nature. Amid the teeming harvests of the fields, one might run over the objects enumerated in Bowles's description of South American Scenery, for there are "the parrot flocks darkening the passing sunshine," and "the chrysomel and the purple butterfly, wandering amid the clear blue light," and "the humming-bird, with twinkling wing, spinning

The town extended itself about a mile and a half upward from the shore, and as much again along the sea. The houses, though built without any respect to uniformity, had a pretty equal altitude, and great prevailing similarity. The streets, wide and unpaved, intersected each other at right angles. The shops, which were generally very large, were profusely stored with articles of commerce in the best-arranged order. Their massy entrances, like the gateways of capacious barns, and serving for windows as well as doors,

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TO THE EDITOR OF THE TOURIST.

SIR,-It has been said by a celebrated author, who at the same time was no inconsiderable philosopher, that the proper study of mankind is man. This is, indeed, a maxim to which all either intuitively or by experience

*Bees-wax is an article of extensive commerce,

and honey, perhaps, one of the cheapest commo

dities, of Cuba. It is gathered from the combs of the wild bees that hive in the hollow trees of the forest.

must assent. To detect the secret workings of
the human heart ere yet they have declared
themselves in open action, and to infer, even
with tolerable accuracy, the future conduct
from that which has preceded, are advantages
so eminently desirable, in the ordinary dealings
and transactions of life, that no one can sup-
pose the knowledge of mankind to be useless
and insignificant, and, therefore, neither can
the study of man be idle and unimportant.
As, then, there are few who have not suffered
by forming a wrong estimate of their neigh-
bours, so also there are few who do not eagerly
seek for some theory whereby to assist and
regulate their judgments and observations of
characters in general. Hence the origin of
physiognomy, phrenology, noseology, and all
other ologies and onomies that profess to deter-
mine the talents and dispositions by certain
actual and visible manifestations. Of these,
phrenology and hand-writing-ology are the
inost fashionable, because most recently intro-
duced; but, Sir, I, who am a Septuagenarian,
protest against explosion of every thing that is
old, for, if this practice obtain, I feel that I also
must be blown up.

No. V.

GREEK DRAMA.

clerk, for fifteen years, with fidelity and affec- MORAL AND RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE tion; his hand-writing was bold, ingenuous, and OF THE CLASSICS. straight-forward; his organ of conscientiousness as large as a cocoa-nut; but his nose forged a bill for £500, and carried off the money to America. I respect, I entirely exonerate the individual; any physiognomist in THE epic poetry has been selected for the the world will tell you that it is impossible for more pointed application of my remarks, from a person to be honest who is the proprietor of the belief that it has had a much greater insuch a sinister feature; and, therefore, he fluence on the moral sentiments of succeeding might as reasonably have been persuaded to ages than all the other poetry of antiquity, by fight against his stars as to expect to make a means of its impressive display of individual successful opposition against his nose. Segreat characters. And it will be admitted that condly, a flat, prominent nose is an unlucky the moral spirit of the epic poets, taken togefeature, and is in general indicative of imbe-ther, is as little in opposition to the Christian cility: the more hooked it is, however, the theory of moral sentiments as that of the colbetter; but if you should encounter a speci- lective poetry of other kinds. Some just and men that rises in a gradual straight line, and fine sentiments to be found in the Greek trageflattens towards the extremity, you may rest dies are in the tone of the best of the pagan perfectly satisfied that there are no brains in didactic moralists. And they infuse themthat nose. One of my boys was a victim to a selves more intimately into our minds when proboscis of this nature. From his earliest thus coming warm in the course of passion infancy, from his very cradle, I watched the and action, and speaking to us with the emgrowing evil with all the solicitude of a fond phasis imparted by affecting and dreadful and anxious parent; and sometimes I own events; but still are of less vivid and peneit with a blush-I was even guilty of com- trating charm, than as emanating from the But, to be serious, if you should wish to pressing the disastrous feature with my thumb insulated magnificence of such striking and ascertain the character of any particular indi- and finger: but all in vain; no effort could sublime individual characters as those of epic vidual, the question is, how are you to pro- arrest the course of nature, and day by day I poetry. The mind of the reader does not, ceed? Locke and Bacon would say, Mark could perceive the hideous form becoming from those dramatic scenes, retain for months well the former conduct, of which make a more and more developed. All that remained and years an animated recollection of some patient and accurate analysis; and, when you for me to do was to labour assiduously at the personage whose name constantly recalls the have thus arrived at first principles, by succescultivation of his faculties, and with this view sentiments which he uttered, or with which sive combinations of these elements, you will I devoted more time to his education than I his conduct inspired us. The Greek drama is obtain a perfect solution to the problem. Ano- bestowed on that of all the other members of extremely deficient in both grand and interther exclaims, Get a sheet of his hand-writing; my family put together; but I could never esting characters, in any sense of the epithets if the tails of his Y's are thrown off in a free inoculate the poor boy with a solitary idea, that should imply an imposing or a captivaand sportive manner, be assured that the man is and, even when he was more than eight years ting moral power. Much the greatest number bold and enterprising, of lofty notions, and ex- old, his apprehensions were so dull that he of the persons and personages brought on the cursive imagination; but if they should be made would often make comparisons between things scene are such as we care nothing about, short, squat, and turned up to the right, the that had no analogy whatever. Thus he otherwise than merely on account of the cirwriter must be mean, low-minded, cowardly, would say that he liked two slices of fat bacon cumstances in which we see them acting or and matter of fact. Again, Dr. Spurzheim better than fireworks, and that he loved his suffering. With few exceptions they come cries, Feel his head; while Lavater says, Look mother much more than fifty miles. Snub on the stage, and go off, without possessing us in his face. Now, without presuming to decide noses, or noses having a concavity in the bridge, with either admiration or affection. When, on the merits of these various systems, it must aspiring towards the extremity so as to betray therefore, the maxims or reflections which we be evident that physiognomy is by far the most the nostrils, and altogether somewhat resem- hear from them have an impressive effect, it is convenient, and may be employed when there bling a shoe-horn, arc for the most part warm less from any commanding quality in the peris no opportunity for the exercise of any of the and vivacious. Damon and Pythias had both sons than from the striking, and sometimes others. A stranger comes to me upon import- such noses; so had also Tarquin and Appius portentous and fearful, situations, that the ant business, and I desire some insight into his Claudius; those of Voltaire and La Sage sentiments have their pathos. There are a few character. I can draw no inference from his touched a little on this genus: in short, it is a characters of greater power over our respect past actions, for I know of none; neither can very desirable nose, although it has been assi- and our sympathies, who draw us, by virtue of I ask him to sit down and write a copy: it milated to a pump-handle. Nor is this the personal qualities, into a willing communion would certainly be most grossly indecent, on a only stigma that has been unjustly fastened on with them, at times, in moral principles and first acquaintance, to set to manipulating his snub noses. It has been said that they are emotions. We are relieved and gratified, after skull; but I may without any impropriety, in- conceited and overbearing, and that they are passing through so much wickedness, misfordeed courtesy demands that I should, look at thus formed to render it inconvenient and dif- tune, and inane common-place moralizing, to his countenance. For these reasons I have ficult to pull them. But this is a very mistaken be greeted with fine expressions of justice, geever been a physiognomist, and I would particu- notion, and a gross and unfeeling libel to boot; nerosity, and fidelity to a worthy purpose, by larly recommend every class of your numerous for it is one thing to be contemptuous and persons whom we can regard as living realizareaders to adopt the same course without supercilious, and another thing to turn up your tions of such virtues. It is like finding among delay. I can now speak from the experience nose. A Grecian nose, produced towards the barbarous nations (as sometimes happens) of nearly fifty years; and, were I to live fifty extremity so as to overhang the upper lip, is a some individual or two eminently and unacyears longer, I should doubtless double the sure sign of sound intellect and an intensity countably above the level of their tribe, whose number of facts I have already acquired. As of the reasoning powers. Such noses adorned intelligence and virtues have, by the contrast an encouragement to those who may feel dis- the countenances of Euclid, Archimedes, So- and the surprise, a stronger attraction than posed to receive my advice, permit me to sub-crates, all the Grecian sages, Bacon, Shak- similar qualities meeting us in a cultivated join a few initiatory remarks. And first, of community. But the delight, sometimes noses;-have you, my friends, ever seriously kindled by sentiments of magnanimous or thought of the great importance of noses? gentle virtue, is exceedingly repressed, and Noscitur naso, says the Latin proverb; and often quenched, in the reader of the Greek there is a depth of truth in the observation drama, by the incessant intrusion of a hideous which we should do well to consider. There moral barbarism; especially by the implicaare, indeed, many secrets revealed by the nose tion of the morality with an execrable mythowhich the lips would never acknowledge. logy. There is an odious interference of" the Above all things avoid a flattened aquiline gods," sometimes by their dissentions with one A man of this description once robbed another, perplexing and confounding the rules me of £500. The man was himself as good a of human obligation; often contravening the man as ever breathed; he had served me as best intentions and efforts-depriving virtue

nose.

speare-cum multis aliis—all of whom, it will
be admitted, were certainly no fools.

But, Sir, I am trespassing on your valuable
space without any consideration. I had better
defer the rest of my observations till some
future time.

Your obedient Servant,
NASO, Senior.

of all confidence and resource-despising, frustrating, or punishing it-turning its exertions and sacrifices to vanity or disaster; and yet to be the objects of devout homage, a homage paid with intermingled complaints and reproaches, extorted from defeated or suffering virtue, which is trying to be better than the gods. Nothing can be more intensely dreary than the moral economy as represented in much of that drama. Let any one contemplate it as displayed, for example, in the Prometheus Chained, or the whole stories of Edipus and Orestes. On the whole, I have conceded much in saying, that a small portion of the morality of that drama may have a place with that of the best of the didactic moralists.

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THE intelligence received from Jamaica by the last packet is a fresh assurance of the determination of his Majesty's Government to protect the missionaries and their converts in the enjoyment of their religious rights. The outrageous proceedings of the Colonial Union have been regarded with astonishment and detestation in this country, and many persons have been surprised that the royal authority has not interposed earlier. The infatuation of the colonists has been equalled only by their malignity. Had they possessed a particle of wisdom they must have seen the absurdity of their course, and have been induced gladly to retrace their steps. This was their only hope of escape; but they have madly persisted, till forbearance itself has become exhausted. The unconstitutional character of their proceedings was sufficiently obvious; the displeasure of his Majesty's Government was well known; the signs of the times warned them of their folly; and every wise and virtuous man prayed them to desist. But, deaf to every entreaty, insensible alike to honour and religion, given over to a brutal and reprobate mind, they have added insult to transgression, and open defiance to secret revolt. It is, therefore, with pleasure we learn that the following proclamation has been issued; and we trust the same spirit which dictated its publication will enforce its execution.

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"King's-House, 25th Jan., 1833. “SIR,—I am commanded by his Excellency the Governor to transmit to you, for promulgation within your parish, the enclosed proclamation of his Majesty in Council, against certain societies calling themselves Colonial Church Unions, and, at the same time, to recall to your recollection that one of his Excellency's first acts upon assuming the administration of the government was to forward to you the Attorney-General's opinion on this subject, and impress upon you the propriety of cautioning all persons within your district against entering into any association founded on what was thus declared to be illegal. All the circumstances connected with the origin and objects of these societies have been since reported to the King. His Majesty now, in this marked manner, expresses his displeasure on the subject. His Excellency, therefore, trusts that implicit obedience will be henceforward paid

to the King's commands, and that no further
attempts will be made illegally to molest the
ministers of religion, of any sect or persuasion,
in that free and undisturbed exercise of their
sacred calling which the constitution sanc-
tions; but, should any persons within your
knowledge still persevere in acting in defiance
of his Majesty's proclamation, you are ex-
pected immediately to report the same to his
Excellency, as he will feel it to be his duty,
should they hold any appointments, civil or
military, under the crown, forthwith to deprive
them of the same, that all others concerned in
the proceedings may perceive that neither ac-
tual violence, nor a repetition of illegal threats,
will be allowed to pass unpunished.
"I have the honour to be, Sir, your most
obedient humble Servant,

66

(Signed) "C. YORKE, Secretary."

"By the King.-A Proclamation. "WILLIAM R.

island, that they do not only abstain from
associating themselves with any such society
as aforesaid, but that, according to their seve
ral charges and trusts, they do, to the utmost.
of their respective abilities, and according to
their several trusts, give full effect to the law
for the maintenance of toleration, in matters
of religion, and do co-operate in bringing to
justice all persons who may offend in the pre-
mises: And we do further admonish all our
faithful subjects in our said island, who may
feel themselves aggrieved by any such illegal
proceedings as aforesaid, that they do abstain
from the adoption of any violent or illegal
measures for obtaining redress in the pre-
mises, as they shall answer the same at their
peril; it being our firm purpose and resolution
to use the power in us vested by the law, in
such a manner as may secure effectual protec-
tion to all our subjects, within our said island,
in the peaceable and orderly discharge of their
several lawful callings, and in the enjoyment
of all the rights, privileges, and franchises to
them, or any of them, belonging.
"Given at our Court, at St. James, this third
day of December, One Thousand Eight
Hundred and Thirty-two, and in the third
Year of our Reign."

"GOD SAVE THE KING,"

Whereas, it hath been represented to us that divers of our subjects, resident in our Island of Jamaica, have associated themselves together into certain voluntary societies, under the name of Colonial Church Unions, or other similar designations, and that public meetings of such societies have been holden in different parts of our said island, on which occasions By a private letter, accompanying the above resolutions have been entered into for the for- communication, we learn something of the cible removal from our said island of divers temper manifested by the colonists at the apteachers and ministers of religion, dissenting pearance of this proclamation. "In various from the doctrine or discipline of the Estab- parts of the island the King's proclamation, lished Church of England and Ireland: And with the Governor's despatch, were torn down whereas it hath been further represented to us almost as soon as posted; and placards such that the several resolutions aforesaid have been as these have been put up in several parishes: printed and dispersed throughout the said is--DoWN WITH MULGRAVE-NO SECTARIANS land, to the great disquiet and alarm, not only -INDEPENDENCE OF JAMAICA-NO WHIGSof such religious teachers as aforesaid, and of SUCCESS TO THE COLONIAL UNIONS—and this their several congregations, but of all other in the face of the King's proclamation! The peaceable and well-disposed inhabitants of our daily papers are full of the abuse of the King said island: And whereas such proceedings as and his representative. Our Governor is called aforesaid are contrary to law, and tend to the the BAPTIST-LOVING EARL-the HEARTLESS imminent danger of the public peace in our WHIG-the NAMBY-PAMBY NOVEL WRITER, said island: Now, therefore, we do hereby de- &c. &c. I assure you his Excellency is treated clare and make known to all whom it may with as little ceremony as the missionary, short concern, that we are purposed and firmly re- of personal violence. Although the proclamasolved, in the exercise of our lawful authority, tion calls on the printers not to publish the to maintain within our said island the princi- resolutions of the Colonial Unions, immediples of religious toleration, and to protect and ately the most abusive articles appeared in the defend all our subjects, and others resident papers, laughing at the King, the proclamathere, in the public worship of Almighty God, tion, and the Governor; meetings of the Coaccording to their own consciences, although lonial Union were advertised, and the solemn such worship may not be conducted according declaration of July 28th, 1832, republished. to the doctrines or discipline of the Church of This was only yesterday; what the Governor England and Ireland aforesaid, so long as will do in the business is yet uncertain." such persons shall conform and be obedient to the laws: And we do hereby admonish all persons resident within our said island, that if any attempts shall be made to carry into effect any such resolution as aforesaid, for the forcible removal from our said island of any such teachers and ministers as aforesaid; or if any such society, or any other persons within our said island, shall re-publish any such illegal resolution as aforesaid, that then, and in every such case, we will enforce against all persons presuming so to offend, all such pains and penalties as they may incur by such their of fences: And we do hereby strictly warn and admonish our subjects, and all others resident within the said island, that they do abstain from associating themselves with any society formed, or which may be formed, for any such illegal purpose as aforesaid, as they will answer the contrary to us, at their peril: And we do especially and strictly command all judges, custodes, justices of the peace, and all our officers, civil and military, in our said

One of the newspapers had the audacity to reprint, in the same paper which contained the proclamation, the very resolutions which it interdicted, thus putting his Majesty's authority in direct and open defiance.

THE SWISS HORNS.-It used to be the custom among the herdsmen of Switzerland to watch the setting of the sun. When he had already left the valleys, and was only visible on the top of the snow-capt mountains, the inhabitant of the cottage seized his horn, and, using it like a speakingtrumpet, he turned towards his next neighbours, and called out, "Praise ye the Lord!" The neighbours imitated him in their turn, and thus the words were repeated from Alp to Alp, and the name of the Lord was proclaimed and re-echoed for a whole quarter of an hour. A deep and solemn splendid luminary had entirely disappeared, when the first herdsman said again, Good night," which was repeated, as before, from all the rocky walls of hill and dale, until every one had withdrawn to his resting-place.

silence then ensued, until the last trace of the

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GRANVILLE SHARP.

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purchaser. The Lord Mayor at length discharged Strong, as he had been taken up without a warrant. Mr. Clarkson tells us, "As soon as this determination was made known, the parties began to move off. Captain Laird, however, who kept close to Strong, laid hold of him before he had quitted the room, and said aloud, Then I now seize him as my slave.' Upon this, Mr. Sharp put his hand upon Laird's shoulder, and pronounced these words: I charge you, in the name of the king, with an assault upon the person of Jonathan Strong, and all these are my witnesses.' Laird was greatly intimidated by this charge, made in the presence of the Lord Mayor and others, and, fearing a prosecution, let his prisoner go, leaving him to be conveyed away by Mr. Sharp."

Numerous other cases similar to this subsequently occurred, in all of which Mr. Sharp acted a distinguished part. He was known as the friend of the African, and the cry of the oppressed and perishing frequently met his ear. But though he had been instrumental in freeing several poor Africans from the merciless fangs of their oppressors, he was far from being satisfied. Each case had been determined by its own circumstances, and the decision was greatly dependent on the feelings and interests of the parties by whom it was pronounced. There was, therefore, no security to Africans; no general principle had been assumed as applicable to all similar cases; and Mr. Sharp was in consequence uneasy. Dissatisfied with the legal opinion which had been given by the Attorney and Solicitorgeneral, he applied to Doctor, afterwards Judge, Blackstone, and to several other eminent lawyers; but, obtaining no satisfaction, he nobly determined to devote two or three years to the study of the legal part of the case. His studies were prosecuted with success, and the triumphant result was given to the public in 1769, in a work entitled, "A Representation of the Injustice and Dangerous Tendency of Tolerating Slavery in England." Our limited space precludes criticism, or it would be interesting to point out the benevolence and legal erudition which are combined in this publication.

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other hand, were unwilling to surrender their right of property. In this dilemma they laid their case before the Attorney and Solicitor-General in 1729, and obtained as favourable an opinion as they could have desired. The encouragement thus given by the law officers of the crown emboldened the planters openly to seize the persons of the negroes, and to convey them on board of their ships. A case of this kind called forth the talents and zeal of Mr. Granville Sharp, and thus became mainly instrumental in effecting the abolition of the slave-trade. In 1765, Mr. David Lisle had brought over from Barbadoes Jonathan Strong as his servant; and, having used him in so barbarous a manner as to have rendered him utterly useless, he allowed him to go at liberty to avoid the expense of his maintenance. The disabled African applied to a brother of Mr. Granville Sharp, soliciting medical advice, and at length was cured. During this time Mr. Sharp supplied him with money, and on his recovery obtained him a situation.

GRANVILLE SHARP, the son of Dr. Thomas Sharp, and grandson of Archbishop Sharp, was born in 1734. Of his early life but few memorials are preserved. He was educated for the bar, but did not practise; which is the less to be regretted, as it afforded an opportunity for the development of those qualities which add so mild and honourable a lustre to his more advanced years. On abandoning the legal profession, he obtained a place in the ordnance-office, which, however, he resigned at the commencement of the American war. He then took chambers in the Temple, and devoted himself to a life of study, the happy fruits of which are well known to the philanthropist and scholar. It was during this period of his life he met with the African slave Jonathan Strong, whose condition made a deep impression on his benevolent mind, and awakened that virtuous determination on which he continued to act to the hour of death. In the early part of the eighteenth century, the West India planters and merchants were accustomed to bring negroes to this country in the capacity of servants, and subsequently to re-ship them to the colonies. A notion became prevalent among this degraded class that, by being baptized, they secured freedom, and strenuous efforts were in consequence made to obtain the administration of this Christian rite. When their masters attempted to send them back to the land of bondage, the slaves were accustomed to fly to their godfathers for protection. Much trouble and perplexity were thus induced. The merchants and planters knew not what to do. They were afraid of outraging public feeling by a seizure of their slaves; and, on the

Strong happened one day to meet his inhuman master, who, finding his health to be recovered, determined on repossessing him. He was accordingly seized by two officers, without any warrant, and was conveyed to the Poultry Compter, where he was sold by his master to John Kerr, for thirty pounds. Mr. Sharp having been refused admission to him, waited on the Lord Mayor, and entreated him to send for Strong, and to hear his case. A day was accordingly appointed, when Mr. Sharp attended on behalf of the slave; and David Laird, captain of the vessel in which it was intended to send out Strong, on behalf of Kerr, the

At length the effect of Mr. Sharp's labours began to be felt, and prepared the way for that decision which secured to outraged humanity protection on our soil. Lord Mansfield, there was reason to believe, now began to waver; and, seeing no end of the trials which this species of litigation would induce, was desirous, as was also Mr. Sharp, of trying the next case on some broad ground, which should be applicable to all subsequent ones. When, therefore, the case of James Somerset occurred, in 1769, it was agreed to proceed on the general principle, "Whether a slave, by coming

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