and, remaining in a loose state, form what is usually called a key, upon the top of the reef. The new bank is not long in being visited by sea-birds; salt-plants take root upon it, and a soil begins to be formed; a cocoa-nut, or the drape of a pandanus, is thrown on shore; land birds visit it, and deposit the seeds of shrubs and trees; every high tide, and still more every gale, adds something to the bank; the form of an island is gradually assumed; and, last of all, comes man to take possession.

"Half-way Island is well advanced in the above progressive state; having been many years, probably some ages, above the reach of the highest spring tides, or the wash of the surf in the heaviest gales. I distinguished, however, on the rock which forms its basis, the

sand, coral, and shells formerly thrown up, in
a more or less perfect state of cohesion. Small

against the king, he took up arms in the same cause, and was one of the first who pieces of wood, pumice stone, and other ex- opened the war, by an action at a place traneous bodies which chance had mixed with called Brill, about five miles from Oxford. the calcareous substances when the cohesion He took the command of a regiment of began, were inclosed in the rock, and in some cases were still separable from it without much foot, under the Earl of Essex, and disforce. The upper part of the island is a mix- covered a degree of skill and courage ture of the same substances in a loose state, worthy of his character and his cause. with a little vegetable soil, and is covered with But he was very early cut off by a wound the casuarina and a variety of other trees and which he received in a skirmish with Rushrubs, which give food to parroquets, pigeons, and some other birds; to whose ancestors, it pert, at Chalgrove field. He was struck is probable, the island was originally indebted in the shoulder with two carabine balls, for this vegetation."-Professor Jameson's Illus-which, breaking the bone, entered his tration to Cuvier's Essay on the Theory of the body, and his arm hung powerless and Earth. shattered by his side. He rode off the field alone, and, with great pain and difficulty, reached Thame, where he lingered six days, and expired in the midst of earnest prayers for his country and himself."

"It was thus," says Lord Nugent, "that Hampden died, justifying, by the courage, patience, piety, and strong love of country, which marked the closing moments of his life, the reputation for all those qualities which had, even more than his great abilities, drawn to him the confidence and affections of his own party, and the respect of all. Never, in the memory of those times, had there been so general a consternation and sorrow, at any one man's death, as that with which the tidings were received in London, and by the friends of the Parliament all over the land. Well was it said in the Weekly Intelligencer of the next week, 'The loss of Colonel Hampden goeth near the heart of every one that loves the good of his king and country, and makes some conceive little content to be at the army now that he is gone. The memory of this deceased colonel is such that in no age to come but it will more and more be had in honour and esteem; a man so religious, and of that prudence, judgment, temper, valour, and integrity, that he hath left few his like behind him.' Hampden's character," continues the nomost jealous enemies, Lord Clarendon, ble author, "it would be presumptuous to declares, he carried himself through the say more than what his acts tell. The whole suit with such singular temper and words are good in which it is shortly commodesty that he obtained more credit prised in an inscription remembered by and advantage by losing it than theme, on many accounts, with many feelings king did service by gaining it. Indeed, no- of affection. With great courage and thing more is necessary, in order to convince consummate abilities, he began a noble posterity that Hampden was at once one opposition to an arbitrary court in deof the most extraordinary and one of the fence of the liberties of his country; supbest of men, than to notice the confes- ported them in Parliament, and died for sions and accidental implications of his them in the field.' opponents.

JOHN HAMPDEN.

JOHN HAMPDEN, of Hamden, in Bucks., was born at London, in 1594, and was distantly related to Oliver Cromwell, his father having married the Protector's aunt. In 1609 he was sent to Magdalen College, Oxford; whence, without taking any degree, he removed to the Inns of Court, and made a considerable progress in the study of the law. In the second parliament of King Charles, which met at Westminster, in February, 1625-6, he was elected a member of the House of Commons, and continued to sit through the two next parliaments; but became most notorious in 1636, when he nobly resisted the unjust demand of shipmoney. In consequence of this resistance the fury of the government was levelled against him, and he was accordingly brought to trial at the King's Bench; and, though the decision of that court was against him, yet, as one of his

From the time of this trial he became one of the most popular men in the nation, and a leading member in the Long Parliament. "The eyes of all men,' says Clarendon, " were fixed upon him as their pater patria, and the pilot that must steer the vessel through the tempests and rocks which threatened it." After he had held the chief direction of his party in the House of Commons

Of

His body has been exhumated within these few years, and, notwithstanding the length of time during which it had been under ground, the face was quite perfect; and, what was still more remarkable, it was stated, in the daily prints of the time, that living animals were found in the brain.

* Inscription over the bust of Hampden in the temple of British worthies at Stowe.

MORAL AND RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE | ims of merit and glory, as those of Homer?tion of miseries and slaughter, would set no OF THE CLASSICS.

No. II.

EPIC POETS.-HOMER.

THE part of ancient literature which has had incomparably the greatest influence on the character of cultivated minds, is that which has turned, if I may so express it, moral sentiments into real beings and interesting companions, by displaying the life and actions of eminent individuals. A few of the personages of fiction are also to be included. The captivating spirit of Greece and Rome dwells in the works of the biographers; in so much of the history as might properly be called biography, from its fixing the whole attention and interest on a few signal names; and in the works of the principal poets.

No one, I suppose, will deny, that both the characters and the sentiments, which are the favourites of the poet and the historian, become the favourites also of the admiring reader; for this would be a virtual denial of the excellence of the performance, in point of eloquence or poetic spirit. It is the high test and proof of genius that a writer can render his subject interesting to his readers, not merely in a general way, but in the very same manner in which it interests himself. If the great works of antiquity had not this power, they would long since have ceased to charm. We could not long tolerate what caused a revolting of our moral feelings, while it was designed to please them. But if their characters and sentiments really do thus fascinate the heart, how far will this influence be coincident with the spirit and with the design of Christianity?

Among the poets, I shall notice only the two or three pre-eminent ones of the epic class. Homer, you know, is the favourite of the whole eivilized world; and it is many centuries since there needed one additional word of homage to the prodigious genius displayed in the Iliad. The object of inquiry is, what kind of predisposition will be formed toward Christianity in a young and animated spirit, that learns to glow with enthusiasm at the scenes created by the poet, and to indulge an ardent wish, which that enthusiasm will probably awaken, for the possibility of emulating some of the principal characters. Let this susceptible youth, after having mingled and burned in imagination among heroes, whose valour and anger flame like Vesuvius, who wade in blood, trample on dying foes, and hurl defiance against earth and heaven; let him be led into the company of Jesus Christ and his disciples, as displayed by the evangelists, with whose narrative, I will suppose, he is but slightly acquainted before. What must he, what can he, do with his feelings in this transition? He will find himself flung as far as "from the centre to the utmost pole;" and one of these two opposite exhibitions of character will inevitably excite his aversion. Which of them is that likely to be, if he is become thoroughly possessed with the Homeric passions?

Or if, reversing the order, you will suppose a person to have first become profoundly interested by the New Testament, and to have acquired the spirit of the Saviour of the world, while studying the evangelical history; with what sentiments will he come forth from conversing with heavenly mildness, weeping benevolence, sacred purity, and the eloquence of divine wisdom, to enter into a scene of such actions and characters, and to hear such max

He would be still more confounded by the one, who had not attained the last depravation,
transition, had it been possible for him to have on fire to imitate the principal actors. It would
entirely escaped that deep depravation of feel-excite in a degree the same emotion as the
ing which can think of crimes and miseries sight of a field of dead and dying men after a
with little emotion, and which we have all battle is over; a sight at which the soul would
acquired from viewing the prominent portion shudder and revolt, and earnestly wish that
of the world's history as composed of scarcely this might be the last time the sun should
any thing else. He would find the mightiest behold such a spectacle: but the tendency of
strain of poetry employed to represent ferocious the Homeric poetry, and of a great part of
courage as the greatest of virtues, and those epic poetry in general, is to insinuate the glory
who do not possess it, as worthy of their fate, of repeating such a tragedy. I therefore ask
to be trodden in the dust. He will be taught, again, how it would be possible for a man
at least it will not be the fault of the poet if he whose mind was first completely assimilated
be not taught, to forgive a heroic spirit for to the spirit of Jesus Christ, to read such a
finding the sweetest luxury in insulting dying work without a most vivid antipathy to what
pangs, and imagining the tears and despair of he perceived to be the moral spirit of the poet?
distant relations. He will be incessantly called And if it were not too strange a supposition,
upon to worship revenge, the real divinity of that the most characteristic parts of the Iliad
the Iliad, in comparison of which the Thun- had been read in the presence and hearing of
derer of Olympus is but a subaltern pretender our Lord, and by a person animated by a
to power. He will be taught that the most fervid sympathy with the work-do you not
glorious and enviable life is that, to which the instantly imagine Him expressing the most
greatest number of other lives are made a emphatical condemnation? Would not the
sacrifice; and that it is noble in a hero to pre-reader have been made to know, that in the
fer even a short life attended by this felicity, spirit of that book he could never become a
to a long one which should permit a longer disciple and a friend of the Messiah? But
life also to others. The terrible Achilles, a then, if he believed this declaration, and were
being whom, if he had really existed, it had serious enough to care about being the disciple
been worth a temporary league of the tribes and friend of the Messiah, would he not have
then called nations to reduce to the quietness deemed himself extremely unfortunate to have
of a dungeon or a tomb, is rendered interesting, been seduced, through the pleasures of taste
even amidst the horrors of revenge and destruc- and imagination, into habits of feeling which
tion, by the intensity of his affection for his rendered it impossible, till their predominance
friend, by the melancholy with which he ap- should be destroyed, for him to receive the
pears in the funeral scene of that friend, by only true religion, and the only Redeemer of
one momentary instance of compassion, and by the world? To show how impossible it would
his solemn references to his own impending be, I wish I may be pardoned for making ano-
and inevitable doom. A reader who has even ther strange, and, indeed, a most monstrous
passed beyond the juvenile ardour of life, feels supposition, namely, that Achilles, Diomede,
himself interested, in a manner that excites at Ulysses, and Ajax had been real persons, living
intervals his own surprise, in the fate of this in the time of our Lord, and had become his
fell exterminator; and he wonders, and he disciples, and yet (excepting the mere exchange
wishes to doubt, whether the moral that he is of the notions of mythology for Christian opi-
learning be, after all, exactly no other than nions), had retained entire the state of mind
that the grandest employment of a great spirit with which their poet has exhibited them. It
is the destruction of human creatures, so long is instantly perceived that Satan, Beelzebub,
as revenge, ambition, or even caprice, may and Moloch might as consistently have been
choose to regard them under an artificial dis- retained in heaven. But here the question
tinction, and call them enemies. But this is comes to a point: if these great examples of
the real and effective moral of the Iliad, after glorious character pretending to coalesce with
all that critics have so gravely written about the transcendant Sovereign of virtues would
lessons of union, or any other subordinate have been probably the most enormous incon-
moral instructions, which they discover or gruity existing, or that ever had existed, in the
imagine in the work. Who but critics ever creation, what harmony can there be between
thought or cared about any such drowsy les- a man who has acquired a considerable degree
sons?
Whatever is the chief and grand im- of congeniality with the spirit of these heroes,
pression made by the whole work on the and that paramount Teacher and Pattern of
ardent minds which are most susceptible of excellence? And who will assure me that
the influence of poetry, that shows the real the enthusiast for heroic poetry does not ac-
moral; and Alexander, and Charles XII. quire a degree of this congeniality? But
through the medium of "Macedonia's mad- unless I can be so assured, I necessarily persist
man," correctly received the genuine inspira- in asserting the noxiousness of such poetry.
tion.

If it be said, that such works stand on the same ground, except as to the reality or accuracy of the facts, with an eloquent history, which simply exhibits the actions and characters, I deny the assertion. The actions and characters are presented in a manner which prevents their just impression, and empowers them to make an opposite one. A transforming magic of genius displays a number of atrocious savages in a hideous slaughter-house of men, as demi-gods in a temple of glory. No doubt an eloquent history might be so written as to give the same aspect to such men, and such operations; but that history would deserve to be committed to the flames. history that should give a faithful representa

A

Yet the work of Homer is, notwithstanding, the book which Christian poets have translated, which Christian divines have edited and commented on with pride, at which Christian ladies have been delighted to see their sons kindle into rapture, and which forms an essential part of the course of a liberal education, over all those countries on which the gospel shines. And who can tell how much that passion for war which, from the universality of its prevalence, might seem inseparable from the nature of man, may have been, in the civilized world, reinforced by the enthusiastic admiration with which young men have read Homer, and similar poets, whose genius transforms what is, and ought always to appear, purely horrid, to an aspect of grandeur?

SLAVERY IN AMERICA.

We

203

feet are bound tight to a plank; that the body is stretched out as much as possible, and thus the miserable creature receives the exact num ber of lashes as counted off." The public sale of slaves in the market-place at Charleston occurs frequently. I was present at two sales where, especially at one of them, the miserable creatures were in tears on account of their being separated from their relations and friends. At one of them, a young woman of sixteen or seventeen was separated from her father and mother, and all her relations, and every one she had formerly known. This not unfrequently happens, although I was told and to keep believe that there is a general wish to relations together where it can be done.

The following extract of a letter from a gentleman at Charleston, to a friend of his at New York, published in the New York newspapers while I was there, contains even a more shocking account of the public sale of slaves here:

I was placed in a situation at Charleston, | which gave me too frequent opportunities to We have lately had occasion to notice witness the effects of slavery in its most aggraMrs. Street (the mistress of the the proceedings of that disgraceful body vated state. hotel) treated all the servants in the house in of men who are now imposing on many the most barbarous manner; and this, although benevolent persons in this country; we she knew that Stewart, the hotel-keeper here, mean the American Colonization Society. had lately nearly lost his life by maltreating We will now direct the notice of our a slave. He beat his cook, who was a stout readers to some details of the character fellow, until he could no longer support it. He of slavery in that country. We know of rose upon his master, and in his turn gave him no more humiliating aspect under which such a beating that it had nearly cost him his life; the cook immediately left the house, ran human nature is exhibited than is offered off, and was never afterwards heard of,-it by this part of their national conduct, as was supposed that he had drowned himself. contrasted with their loud professions of Not a day, however, passed without my hearing liberty and equality; unless, perhaps, we of Mrs. Street whipping and ill using her unrefer to the resolutions of the Colonization fortunate slaves. On one occasion, when one Society, and compare them with the de- of the female slaves had disobliged her, she beat her until her own strength was exhausted, scription of an American revival. and then insisted on the bar-keeper, Mr. Fergather the following statements from a highly respectable work lately published remainder of the punishment. Mrs. Street, in auction sales of the negroes. A few days since highly respectable work lately published guson (a Scotchman) proceeding to inflict the Curiosity sometimes leads me to the under the title of "Three Years in North the meantime, took her place in the bar-room. I attended one which exhibited the beauties of America," by Mr. Stuart. In speaking She instructed him to lay on the whip severely slavery in all their sickening deformity. The of the general merits of the work, the in an adjoining room. His nature was repug- bodies of these wretched beings were placed Edinburgh Review calls it "a book of nant to the execution of the duty which was upright on a table, their physical proportions travels, written by an honest, dispassion-imposed on him. He gave a wink to the girl, examined, their defects and beauties noted. A prime lot, here they go!' There I saw the ate, and competent observer; but one father looking with sullen contempt on the who, though educated and accomplished, crowd, and expressing an indignation in his is not of the class or practised in the countenance that he dare not speak ;—and the artifices of travelling authors; one less mother, pressing her infants closer to her bosom anxious to amuse or surprise, or to make with an involuntry grasp, and exclaiming, in himself talked of as clever, or deep, or wild and simple earnestness, while the tears patriotic, than to exhibit an unvarnished chased down her cheeks in quick succession, I can't leff my children!-I won't leff my view of facts as they arose, and to pour children! But on the hammer went, reckless tray, in plain and simple language, the alike whether it united or sundered for ever. results of an attentive and discriminating On another stand I saw a man apparently as course of observation on men and things, white as myself exposed for sale. I turned nothing extenuating, nor aught setaway from the humiliating spectacle. ting down in malice.' And again, "His object was to give a fair account of the country, without either exaggerating or concealing the good or bad qualities of its inhabitants; and we think he has been eminently successful."

The accounts which Mr. Stuart gives of the behaviour of the whites towards the blacks in the Carolinas, Georgia, and other southern states, are alike disgraceful to the Americans, and affecting to humanity. Every possible effort is made, not to instruct, but to exclude them from instruction. The blacks are prohibited from attending the schools kept by white persons; and, in 1823, the grand jury of Charleston proclaimed as a "nuisance the numbers of schools kept within their city by persons of colour;" expressing their belief that a city ordinance prohibiting, under severe penalties, such persons from being public instructors, would meet with general approbation." Such an order was of course soon after issued! In perfect keeping with this unprincipled conduct is their general treatment of their slaves. His first statement has reference to Charleston.

So far as respects the slaves, they are even still in a worse situation; for, though their evidence is in no case admissible against the whites, the affirmation of free persons of colour, or their fellow slaves, is received against them.

who understood it and bellowed lustily, while
he made the whip crack on the walls of the
room. Mrs. Street expressed herself to be quite
satisfied with the way in which Ferguson had
executed her instructions; but, unfortunately
for him, his lenity to the girl became known
in the house, and the subject of merriment,
and was one of the reasons for his dismissal
before I left the house. But I did not know
of the most atrocious of all the proceedings of
this cruel woman until the very day that I
quitted the house. I had put my clothes in
my portmanteau when I was about to set out;
but, finding it was rather too full, I had diffi-
culty in getting it closed to allow me to lock
it; I therefore told one of the boys to send me

one of the stoutest of the men to assist me. A
great robust fellow soon afterwards appeared,
whom I found to be the cook, with tears in his
eyes;-I asked him what was the matter? He
told me that, just at the time when the boy
called for him, he had got so sharp a blow on
the cheek-bone, from this devil in petticoats,
as had unmanned him for the moment. Upon
my expressing commiseration for him, he said
he viewed this as nothing, but that he was
leading a life of terrible suffering;-that about
two years had elapsed since he and his wife,
with his two children, had been exposed in the
public market at Charleston for sale,that he
had been purchased by Mr. Street,—that his
wife and children had been purchased by a dif-
ferent person, and that, though he was living
in the same town with them, he never was
allowed to see them; he would be beaten
within an ace of his life if he ventured to go
to the corner of the street.

"At another time I saw the concluding scene of this infernal drama. It was on the wharf. A slave-ship from New Orleans was lying in the stream, and the poor negroes, handcuffed and pinioned, were hurried off in boats, eight at a time. Here I witnessed the last farewell,-the heart-rending separation of every earthly tie. The mute and agonizing embrace of the husband and wife, and the convulsive grasp of the mother and the child, who were alike torn asunder-for ever! It was a

living death,-they never see or hear of each Tears flowed fast, and mine other more.

with the rest."

Charleston has long been celebrated for the severity of its laws against the blacks, and the mildness of its punishments towards the whites Until the late war, for maltreating them. there were about seventy-one crimes for which slaves were capitally punished, and for which the highest punishment for whites was imprisonment in the penitentiary.

A dreadful case of murder occurred at Charleston in 1806. A planter, called John Wherever the least symptom of rebellion or insubordination appears at Charleston on the Slater, made an unoffending, unresisting, slave, be bound hand and foot, and compelled his part of a slave, the master sends the slave to the gaol, where he is whipped or beaten as the companion to chop off his head with an axe, master desires. The Duke of Saxe Weimar, and to cast his body, convulsing with the agoin his travels, mentions that he visited this nies of death, into the water. Judge Wild, who tried him, on awarding a sentence of imgaol in December 1825; that the "black overseers go about every where armed with cow-prisonment against this wretch, expressed his hides; that in the basement story there is an apparatus upon which the negroes, by order of the police, or at the request of the masters, are flogged; that the machine consists of a sort of crane, on which a cord with two nooses runs over pulleys; the nooses are made fast to the hands of the slave and drawn up, while the

regret that the punishment provided for the offence was insufficient to make the law respected,-that the delinquent too well knew that the arm which he had stretched out for the destruction of his slave was that to which

he alone could look for protection, disarmed as he was of the right of self-defence.

But the most horrible butchery of slaves which has ever taken place in America, was the execution of thirty-five of them on the lines near Charleston, in the month of July 1822, on account of an alleged conspiracy against their masters. The whole proceedings are monstrous. Sixty-seven persons were convicted before a court, consisting of a justice of the peace, and freeholders, without a jury. The evidence of slaves not upon oath was admitted against them, and, after all, the proof was extremely scanty. Perrault, a slave, who had himself been brought from Africa, was the chief witness. He had been torn from his father, who was very wealthy, and a considerable trader in tobacco and salt on the coast of

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Africa. He was taken prisoner, and was sold, I
and his purchaser would not give him up,
although three slaves were offered in his stead.
The judge's address, on pronouncing sentence THE PSALMS, Metrically and Historically
of death on this occasion, on persons sold to
slavery and servitude, and who, if they were
guilty, were only endeavouring to get rid of it
in the only way in their power, seems mon-
strous. He told them that the servant who
was false to his master would be false to his
God, that the precept of St. Paul was, "to
obey their masters in all things," and of St.
Peter, "to be subject to their masters with all
fear," and that, had they listened to such To Mr. A. Charlwood, General Agent for the sale of
doctrines, they would not have been arrested
by an ignominious death.

SINGULAR ENCOUNTER WITH A LIONESS. THIS is a representation of an occurrence which took place in the Tower of London, and is strikingly illustrative, not only of the courage of the individua concerned, but also of the native superiority of the moral courage of man to the strength and ferocity of the inferior animals. The tale is well told in an elegant publication entitled "The Tower Menagerie."

BRITISH COLLEGE OF HEALTH, KING'S
CROSS, NEW ROAD, LONDON.
MORISON'S UNIVERSAL VEGETABLE
MEDICINE.

Morison's Pills.
SIR,-Gratitude to God," from whom all blessings
flow," has induced me to give publicity to my case and
cure, On Tuesday, the 18th day of September, I was
seized with that dreadful disorder, called the Cholera
Morbus, in the following manner: violent cramp in my
legs and thighs, and very rapidly approaching my body,
excruciating pains all over me, violent purging, a sub-
stance like gruel was all that came from me; I was ex-
tremely sick; my brother thought I must die unless I
obtained immediate relief; he went to Mr. Farrow's,
your agent, in Magdalen street, and got a box of No. 2. I
took ten pills dissolved, but the cramp still increased; in
half an hour, ten more, my legs were put in warm water,
and afterwards wiped dry, and put into hot blankets; the
pills operated both ways, and I soon found perfect ease; I
enjoyed a very good night's rest; but the next day I was
seized with a swelling of the body and extreme hardness;
four more of No. 2 pills were given me; the disorder
brought me so low that my life was almost despaired of,
but taking a little nourishment, and with the blessing of
God on the means used, I am now recovered.
I remain, Sir, yours respectfully,
PETER STRATFORD.

Norwich, Old Cat and Fiddle Yard,

October 2nd.

To Mr. Charlwood.

Sir, I can never be sufficiently thankful to the Father of Mercies, and Morison's Vegetable Medicine, as the means used for my recovery, under a violent attack of Cholera. On the night of the 17th of September, I was taken with cramps so violently, that I required several

persons to hold me; I was also very sick, and my bowels

exceedingly relaxed; I had eleven pills of No. 2 dissolved and given me, and in the course of the night I took eight more, which operated powerfully, and entirely removed am happy to say that I am now entirely restored to health. SARAH BROOKS. Norwich, opposite the Three Maltsters,

pain. I continued taking small doses for a few days, and

St. Paul's, Oct. 1st.
In the above two cases the parties are willing to satisfy

any person of the truth thus stated, that may please to call

on them, or on Mr. Farrow Magdalen-street; who is also at liberty to refer to four other persons that have been cured of the same complaint, by Morison's Medicines, in the same neighbourhood, but do not wish their names to

Walker's, Lamb's-conduit-passage, Red-lion-square; Mr.

Mr. Haslet's, 147, Ratcliffe-highway; Messrs. Norbury's,

of the lion, that, for a considerable time after her arrival in England, she was so tame as to be allowed frequently to roam at large about the open yard; and even long after it had been judged expedient that this degree of liberty should no longer be granted, her disposition was far from exciting any particular fear in the minds of her keepers. As an instance of this, we may mention that when on one "It cannot be doubted that the lighter occasion, about a year and a half ago, and slenderer shape of the lioness, and she had been suffered, through inadverther consequently greater activity, tend, in ence, to leave her den, and when she was an especial manner, to the formation of by no means in a good temper, George be made public. that lively and sensitive character by Willoughway, the under keeper, had the which all her actions are so strongly boldness, alone, and armed only with a marked; but there is another cause, no stick, to venture upon the task of driving less powerful than these, which operates her back into her place of confinement; with peculiar force, in the vivid excitabi- which he finally accomplished, not, howlity of her maternal feelings, which she ever, without strong symptoms of resistcherishes with an ardour almost unparal-ance on her part, as she actually made leled in the history of any other animal. three springs upon him, all of which he From the moment she becomes a mother, was fortunate enough to avoid. the native ferocity of her disposition is renovated, as it were, with tenfold vigour; she watches over her young with that undefined dread of danger to their weak and defenceless state, and that suspicious eagerness of alarm, which keeps her in a constant state of feverish excitation; and woe be to the wretched intruder, whether man or beast, who should unwarily, at such a time, approach the precincts of her sanctuary! Even in a state of captivity, she may have been previously subjected to the control of her keeper; she now loses all respect for his commands, and abandons herself occasionally to the most violent paroxysms of rage.

"Of this the individual lioness now in the Tower affords a striking example. We have already observed, in our account

APHORISMS.

SLEEP, the type of death, is also, like that which
hell, and is excluded from heaven.-COLTON.
it typifies, restricted to the earth. It flies from

To know a man, observe how he wins his ob-
fect, rather than how he loses it; for, when we
fail, our pride supports us: when we succeed, it

betrays us.- -Ib.

Civil freedom is not a thing that lies hid in the depths of abstruse seience. It is a blessing and a benefit, not an abstract speculation; and all the just reasoning that can bear upon it is of so coarse ties of those who are to enjoy and those who are a texture as perfectly to suit the ordinary capacito defend it.-BURKE

The empire exercised by Satan over man is to be regarded, not as the power of a prince, but as that of an executioner.-CHARNOCK.

Surely he is not a fool that hath unwise thoughts, but he that utters them.-Br. HALL.

The "Vegetable Universal Medicines" are to be had at the College, New Road, King's Cross, London; at the Surrey Branch, 96, Great Surrey-street; Mr. Field's, 16, Airstreet, Quadrant; Mr. Chappell's, Royal Exchange; Mr. J. Loft's, Mile-end-road; Mr. Bennett's, Covent-gardenmarket; Mr. Haydon's, Fleur-de-lis-court, Norton-falgate; Brentford; Mrs. Stepping, Clare-market; Messrs. Salmon, Little Bell-alley; Miss Varai's, 24, Lucas-street, Commercial-road; Mrs. Beech's, 7, Sloane-square, Chelsea; Mrs. Chapple's, Royal Library, Pall-mall; Mrs. Pippen's, 18, Wingrove-place, Clerkenwell; Miss C. Atkinson, 19, New Trinity-grounds, Deptford; Mr. Taylor, Hanwell; Mr. Kirtlam, 4, Bolingbroke-row, Walworth; Mr. Payne, 64, Jermyn-street; Mr. Howard, at Mr. Wood's, hair-dresser, Richmond; Mr. Meyar, 3, May's-buildings, Blackheath; Mr. Griffiths, Wood-wharf, Greenwich; Mr. Pitt, 1, Cornwall-road, Lambeth; Mr. J. Dobson, 35, Craven-street, Strand; Mr. Oliver, Bridge-street, Vauxhall; Mr. J. Monck, Bexley Heath; Mr. T. Stokes, 12, St. Ronan's, Deptford; Mr. Cowell, 22, Terrace, Pimlico; Mr. Parfitt, 96, Edgware-road; Mr. Hart, Portsmonth place, Kennington-lane; Mr. Charlesworth, grocer, 124, Shoreditch; Mr. R. G. Bower, grocer, 22, Brick-lane, St. Luke's; Mr. S. J. Avila, pawnbroker, opposite the church, Hackney; Mr J. S. Briggs, 1, Brunswick-place, Stoke Newington; Mr. falgate; Mr. J. Williamson, 15, Seabright-place, Hackneyroad; Mr. J. Osborn, Wells-street, Hackney road, and Homerton; Mr. H. Cox, grocer, 16, Union-street, Bishopsgate-street; Mr. T. Walter, cheesemonger, 67, Hoxton Old Town; and at one agent's in every principal town in Great Britain, the Islands of Guernsey and Malta; and throughout the whole of the United States of America.

T. Gardner, 95, Wood-street, Cheapside, and 9, Norton

N. B. The College will not be answerable for the consequences of any medicines sold by any chymist or druggist, as none such are allowed to sell the "Universal Medicines."

Printed by J. HADDON and Co.; and Published by J. CRISP, at No. 27, Ivy Lane, Paternoster Row, where all Advertisements and Communi. cations for the Editor are to be addressed.

THE establishment of Town-halls, or, as they are called in French, Hotels de Ville, Hotels des Communes, or Maisons Communales, in the towns and cities of the continent was, probably, simultaneous with the granting of the charters which conferred upon the inhabitants freedom and privileges, and may be dated from about the commencement of the twelfth century. At this period every town was subject to some lord, who, when his pecuniary exigencies necessitated it, granted, for a stipulated price, a charter which gave a code of fixed sanctioned customs, and a set of privileges, always including municipal or elective govern

ment. The institution of these free cities | tinuance, from the time of the Romans,
and boroughs was one of the contributing of a municipal magistracy, and the pri-
causes of the decay of the feudal spirit, vilege of internal regulation, of which
and the total abolition of villenage. To they assert the French and Gothic con-
Louis the Sixth has been commonly re- querors left it in possession, as also that
ferred the granting of some of the earliest it exercised its franchises during the ages
charters of community; one to the city of feudalism. That it possessed a muni-
of Laon was granted in 1112, and to cipal government in the earliest period of
Amiens in 1114. The example was gra- its history was established, by the dis-
dually followed, until the end of the covery in 1711 of an inscription, showing
thirteenth century, when the custom pre- that, in the reign of Tiberius, an associated
vailed throughout France.
body, under the denomination of Nautes,
or Naviculairis, erected an altar to Esus,
Jupiter, and Vulcan; that they possessed
the privilege of the trade by water, and
had the regulating of the navigation of

The origin of the municipal rights of
Paris, as they existed before the first re-
volution, is involved in much obscurity.
The French historians claim for it a con-