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OBSERVATIONS ON MAGNETISM.

BY DR. WILKINSON, OF BATH.

Of the four active agents in Nature, viz. Light, Electricity, Caloric, and Magnetism, the science of the last has made the least progress. The principle of magnetism, as to its influence on iron, was known many centuries anterior to the Christian æra; and, being supposed by Thales as resembling vitality, it appears that Plato, Aristotle, and Pliny, who mentioned it, were satisfied with this supposition.

Its polarity was not discovered till the twelfth century but who applied it to the great purpose of navigation is not known; it is a point contested by the Italians, the French, and the Venetians. The English lay no claim to the invention of the compass: they have the honour of suspending the box which holds the needle. Mr. Norman in 1576 first remarked that the north end of a needle, when magnetised, has a tendency to incline so as to form an angle below the horizon, called the dipping of the needle; which varies in different places, and in the same place at different times. Thus, at London in 1576, the angle of inclination with respect to the horizon was 71° 50′; in 1718, between 749 and 75. The more important discovery was made by Sebastian Cabot, in 1500; viz. the variation of the needle; the great value of which may be properly appreciated, by particularising its incalculable advantage in navigation. The course of a ship on the surface of our globe is a great circle; and the

should have been as to electricity, had every material substance equal conducting powers. though, from the observations of Delaroche, The same reasoning applies to caloric. Althat the atoms of all the simple chemical eleBerard, Dulong, and Petit, we may consider ments have equal capacities for caloric, yet, in arrangements exactly accord. Also with retheir infinite variety of combinations, no two spect to light, the undulatory system, which is more generally received, leads to the supposition that the ethereal luminous matter is so between the particles of all material bodies, diffused, as not only to occupy the intervals but also the substance itself; to allow of its impulses, each particle must be in juxtaposioptical phenomena lead to the calculation of tion: if, with Dr. Herschell, we suppose that red light, the number of undulations in one there being 37,640 undulations in one inch of second of time will amount to 468 billions. From the experiments of Savart it appears that the ear can distinguish 24,000 vibrations in one second and contemplating sounds as vibrations similar to pendulous bodies, it is in the wing of a gnat to produce its particular easy to calculate that the number of vibrations buzzing note will at least be 5,000 in one second. How many particles of hydrogen may is transmitted 3,000 feet in one second through be placed in the length of one inch! yet sound this gas; and to produce this sound, and to continue the communication, each distinct particle must have an oscillatory motion, with the transmission of its acquired impulse to the no other change of place than is requisite for contiguous particle.

tion, or the perturbations of the elliptic motions Whether the principle of universal gravitaof the planets, are referable to any material

course steered is, that she makes the same angle with the meridians over which she passes: if a vessel sails due north or south, she evidently describes a great circle of the sphere or part of such a circle; or if due east or west, she cuts all the meridians at right angles in almost every instance, her course is oblique to these principal points, and under subject of interesting inquiry. Dr. Halley's such circumstances, by means of the compass, she can make the same angle with the meri- theory of magnetic variation appears to addians over which she passes, and the line de-mit of an explanation upon the ingenious scribed is that curve known to mathematicians Geological System of Cordier. by the name of the nautical spiral or rhumb

line.

Till within these few years, magnetism was supposed to be a principle confined to ferruginous bodies. The late brilliant electro-magnetic experiments have demonstrated the universality of this principle, except in iron, which alone constitutes an imperfect conductor of this surprising agent. From the agency of galvanism on copper wires, we are induced to suppose that magnetism is more superficially distributed than electricity; yet we are not justified by experiments in stating, that its power is regulated by the extent of metallic surface. It is the most delicate test of galvanism we possess: and, by late experiments, its reaction on electricity has elicited a galvanic spark. Perhaps the most astonishing experiment is that lately made by Professor Sillman, of America. Many hundred yards of insulated copper wire (viz. covered with silk), wapped round a large horseshoe magnet, and the two ends of the wire so arranged as to form the circuit in a galvanic battery, the disturbed magnetism, in its transit to its state of equalization, supported near a ton weight. Here we observe an agent, whose weight is inappreciable; whose material resistance is never experienced; yet, under certain conditions, capable of counteracting such extensive force of gravitation.

Had it not been for iron being an imperfect conductor, we should for ever have remained ignorant of the existence of such a principle as magnetism; and in the same state we

agent, or to motion alone, would constitute a

announced a Series of Lectures on ElectroIt is with sincere pleasure that I observe Magnetism, by Mr. Addams. For perspicnity Mr. Addams is not excelled by any lecturer. in explanation and dexterity in manipulation, To him every person in this city fond of scientific research, ought to feel great obligations, for importing and concentrating the discoillustrating them by an apparatus always supeveries made in different parts of the world, and riorly constructed.

REMARKABLE ESCAPE OF CHARLES THE SECOND.

Or the parents of Richard Cogan, an anecdote still more remarkable is handed down by the family. They were originally from Ireland, where they possessed good property, which was much injured in the wars of Charles I. Upon the Irish massacre, they took refuge in England, and with the wreck of their fortune purchased Coaxden and Lodge, two estates situated between Chard and Axminster, the former of which is still possessed by one of their descendants. Here they were seated at the time of the battle of Worcester, when, the royalists being entirely defeated, Prince Charles, afterwards King Charles II., escaped in disguise, and for some weeks eluded his pursuers, until he found means to depart the country. Having gone to Lyme for that purpose, the people, who were mostly disaffected to him, soon got scent of it, which obliged him to make a hasty retreat. Closely pursued on all

sides, he took refuge at Coaxden, and, entering the parlour where Mrs. Cogan was sitting alone, threw himself upon her protection. It was then the fashion, as it was long afterwards, for ladies to wear large hoops; and as no time was to be lost, the soldiers being at his heels, she hastily concealed him under this capacious article of her dress. Mrs. Cogan was in her affections a royalist, but her husband belonged to the opposite party, and was then out upon his estate. Observing the approach of the soldiers, he made towards his house, and entering where the lady was sitting. Affecting surprise with them, they all walked into the room at the intrusion, the men immediately announced their business, stating that Prince and as he must be concealed upon the preCharles had been traced very near to the house, mises, they were authorized to make a strict search for him. Assenting with apparent readiness to their object, Mrs. Cogan kept her seat, whilst her husband accompanied the men into every room; and, having searched the premises in vain, they took their departure, Mr. Cogan going out with them. Being now retion, the lady provided for the security of the leased from their singular and perilous situafugitive, until it was prudent for him to depart; and having furnished him with provisions and ney to Trent, and from thence to Brighthelma change of apparel, he proceeded on his jourstone, then a poor fishing town, from whence he embarked for France. Clarendon, who has given an interesting narrative of his peregrinais well authenticated. After he had reached tions, has omitted the above adventure, but it the continent, Charles rewarded the lady's and locket, having his arms on the reverse. fidelity by sending her a handsome gold chain This relic was long preserved in the family, ed it away for plate with a Jew at Exeter. until the last possessor unfortunately exchangRepenting of this step, an attempt was made a few days afterwards to recover it back again, but it was then too late; the purchaser having had melted it down for the gold. The chain reported, whether truly or otherwise, that he was long and massy, and is within the recoland Times of De Foe. lection of some of the family.-Wilson's Life

THE FAIR THIEF. BEFORE the urchin well could go, She stole the whiteness of the snow; And more that whiteness to adorn, She stole the blushes of the mornStole all the sweets that ether sheds On primrose buds and violet beds. Still to reveal her artful wiles, She stole the Graces' silken smiles; She stole Aurora's balmy breath, And pilfered orient pearls for teeth. The cherry, dipt in morning dew, Gave moisture to her lips and hue. These were her infant spoils, a store To which in time she added more. At twelve she stole from Cypria's queen Her air, and love-inspiring mienStole Juno's dignity, and stole From Pallas sense to charm the soul. Apollo's wit was next her prey; The next the beam that lights the day; She sung amazed the Syrens heard, And to assert their claims appearedShe played the muses from the hill Wondered who thus had stole their skill. Great Jove approved her charms and art, And t'other day she stole my heart. If, lovers, Cupid, are thy care, Exert thy influence on the fair; To trial bring her stolen charms, And let her prison be my arms.

Earl of Egremont to his Wife.

TO THE EDITOR OF THE TOURIST.

RESPECTED FRIEND,-Enclosed is the copy of a letter I sent into the north, in reply to a friend who requested my sentiments on the subject of the Colonization Society.

As the circulation of The Tourist has much increased since the publication of the valuable article in No. IX., perhaps it might aid the cause to insert this letter, I remain, very respectfully, J. C.

London, First Month, 22nd, 1833. MY DEAR FRIEND,-I received thy kind note, in which thou askest what we think of Elliott Cresson's scheme. In reply, we have good authority for doubting the glowing accounts of the comfort of the colony of Liberia; and it appears in some instances to be as fatal to the American coloured constitution as Sierra Leone is to the European. Looking at the plan in all its bearings we think James Cropper does it justice when he terms it a diabolical scheme. They set out with what we think an anti-Christian principle,—the white and coloured never can amalgamate, therefore they must be transported. How long will it take them to accomplish this work? The Society has existed now about fifteen years, during which time they have sent out an average of about two hundred per annum; but the number of those they propose to expatriate is considerably above two millions, and their natural increase about fifty-six thousand annually. This absurdity, as a plan of abolition, needs no comment-it speaks for itself. Would Elliott Cresson have met with any countenance in this country, if the Society had not been represented as one the object of which was ultimate entire abolition? But the Society, which is partly composed of slave-owners, hold very different language in America. Instead of proposing abolition, they tell the slave-owner that he has no occasion to complain of them, because the tendency of their measures will be to secure his possession of the slave. Thus, in their Fourteenth Report, page 12, "And the slave-holder, so far from having just cause to complain of the Colonization Society, has reason to congratulate himself that in this institution a channel is opened up, in which the public feeling and public action can flow on without doing violence to his rights." And again, Fifteenth Report, page 26, they say, "If none were drained away, slaves became inevitably and speedily redundant, &c., &c.; when this stage had been reached, what course or remedy remained? Was open butchery to be resorted to, as among the Spartans with the Helots; or general emancipation and incorporation, as in South America; or abandonment of the country by the masters? There was but one way; and it was to provide and keep open a drain for the excess of increase beyond the occasion of profitable employment."

unless the Colonization Society should, as they term it, afford a "drain for the overplus." In some parts they have been breeding them for trade between the states; and now a prospect the purpose of carrying on an internal slaveof retributive justice begins to open before their eyes; the American planters tremble in their beds; and many sensible people apprehend the approach of that awful scourge, a servile war.

The free people of colour, who are computed at considerably above three hundred thousand, have met at Baltimore, Philadelphia, New Bedford, New York, and many other places, and passed resolutions to the effect, that the Colonization Society have, by widening the breach between them and the whites, "given to prejudice a ten-fold vigour," increased persecution, and cruelly added to their sufferings. In the New York address they say, "The Friends have been the last to aid the system pursued by the Society's advocates. And we say, for we feel it, that in proportion as they become colonizationists, they become less active and less friendly to our welfare as citizens of the United States." After stating that they will not go unless the Colonization Society should compel them, by making them miserable, they say, "We are content to abide where we are. We do not believe things will always remain the same. The time must come when the rights of all will be appreciated and acknowledged. God hasten that time! This is our home, and this our country; beneath its sod lie the bones of our fathers; for it some of them fought, bled, and died. Here we were born, and here we will die."

The supporters of the Society say, it checks the slave-trade; but past experience sorrowfully proves, that colonies on the coast of Africa, from the facility they afford for the purchase of goods which are exchanged for slaves, materially aid this infernal traffic. For proof of this, both as regards Sierra Leone and Liberia, read the appalling disclosures contained in parliamentary papers, No. 364, Slave-Trade, Sierra Leone, &c., printed by House of Commons, April 6th, 1832, page 11. No; the slave-trade will never be abolished while slavery remains. Judging of the future by the past, the effects of the colony will be to promote the slave-trade. The Society has already increased the sufferings and embittered the lives of the free coloured people; and in proportion to the extent of its operations it must rivet the chain upon the poor defenceless slave. I am, Yours, &c.,

TO THE EDITOR OF THE TOURIST.

J. C.

with that now. But I am letting my tongue run too fast. What I meant to write to you about is, this unfortunate drop of water that Do, I beg of you, dear Mr. Editor, let me have appeared in the front of your paper yesterday. a line or two from yourself, if nobody else should be disposed to attend to my request, in your next paper, saying whether or no you have seen this very drop of water with your own eyes; for, if you really assure me, that all the water I use is full of such creatures, I must go back to my old way. You must know, Mr. Editor, that, for some little time past, I have been a member of the Temperance Society; I always put a leetle spirits into my tumbler, just enough to take off the rawness of the water; but since I signed the book I have left it off entirely. But, if all the water I use contains such a quantity of living creatures as your drop, I must take my name off the book at once, and do as I did before, mix just a thimbleful of spirits in my tumbler of water. I cannot go on swallowing such a quantity of living creatures-eels, caterpillars, and all sorts of reptiles; but worse than all, near the bottom, on the left hand, are what appears to me to be the very Siamese Twins that were made a show of some time ago. Why, really, Mr. Editor, if this is water, one is swallowing a whole family of living children in every tumbler-full. Do pray relieve my mind on this subject. If you have any fault to find with my spelling, be kind enough to correct it. I shall subscribe myself according to the way in which I am called among my acquaintance, and remain, your friend and constant reader,

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We really are at a loss for words in which to express our concern at the interruption we have unintentionally occasioned, in the equanimity of our venerable correspondent. We hasten, however, to set her fears at rest, by assuring her that the various classes of animals which we represented, and which she has so graphically described, are found in water taken from stagnant ponds, and also in spring water into which vegetable matter has been introduced and suffered to decompose.-We can confidently assure her, that in pure spring water no such creatures are found to exist-except, perhaps, when its "rawness" is qualified in the way in which she mentions. In this latter case, we cannot tell her what murders, revolutions, and bereavements she may have been the means of effecting.

We cannot conclude without thanking her for the very complimentary allusions she has made to our Magazine, and expressing one good wish in return; viz. that in the interval of hesitation and alarm which has occurred

between her letter and our reply, she has given the Temperance Society the benefit of her

doubt.

MR. EDITOR,-I hope you will excuse this freedom from one of my sex, but The Tourist has been a source of so much pleasure to me, ever since it first came out, that I feel something very like old acquaintance with you. I am a lone old woman, confined much to the house, by bodily infirmity. hard upon sixty, as well as myself, and can, You are, I expect, therefore, feel for one who depends upon an daily comfort. The Tourist is a paper exeasy chair and a newspaper for much of her actly to my mind-it takes in so many subjects; and then it so warmly takes the part of And caitiffs rule, by sordid lusts engross'd. those poor creatures abroad, who are driven to state in which labour is scarce in proportion work like horses, and are bought and sold like Forget the higher aims for which I've strain'd,

The American and British slave-trades were both abolished twenty years ago; during which time their slave population has about doubled, and ours has awfully decreased. This is an established fact, which brings against our planters the fearful charge of blood; of which we ourselves shall not be clear if we cease faithfully to plead the cause of the oppressed. If slavery ever be profitable it must be in a

to the demand; but the increase of the American slaves is producing such a redundance of labour, as must, in a commercial point of view, shortly compel them to grant emancipation,

any one that I have yet seen, that I like half so many sheep or oxen, that I do not know so well. Before you came out, Mr. Editor, I used to read the Penny, but I have quite done

COLONIAL EXILE. My country! when I think of all I've lost, In leaving thee to seek a foreign home, I find more cause, the farther that I roam, To mourn the hour I left thy favour'd coast: For each high privilege, which is the boast And birth-right of thy sons, by patriots gain'd, Dishonour'd dies, where right and truth are chain'd,

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I may, perhaps (each generous purpose cross'd),
But my heart must be calmer, colder yet,
Calmly resign the hopes I priz'd the most,
And learn cold cautions I have long disdain'd:
Ere England and fair freedom I forget!

Pringle's Ephemerides.

T

THE SETTER DOG.

WHEN Autumn smiles all beauteous in decay,
And paints each chequered grove with various hues,
My setter ranges in the new-shorn fields,

His nose in air erect; from ridge to ridge
Panting he bounds, his quartered ground divides
In equal intervals, nor careless leaves

One inch untried. At length the tainted gales
His nostrils wide inhale; quick joy elates
His beating heart, which, awed by discipline
Severe, he dares not own; but cautious creeps,
Low-cowering, step by step; at last attains

His

proper distance; there he stoops at once, And points with his instructive nose upon The trembling prey. On wings of wind upborne The floating net unfolded flies; then drops, And the poor fluttering captives rise in vain.

CONTRACTION BY COLD. Useful and ingenious application of the prin ciple.-Some years ago it was observed at the Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers, at Paris, that the two side-walls of a gallery were receding from each other, being pressed outwards by the weight of the roof and floors; several holes were made in each wall, opposite to one another, and at equal distances, through which strong iron bars were introduced, so as to traverse the chamber. Their ends outside of the wall were furnished with thick iron discs, firmly screwed on. These were sufficient to retain the walls in their actual position; but to bring them nearer together would have surpassed every effort of human strength. All the alternate bars of the series were now

heated at once by lamps, in consequence of which they were elongated. The exterior disc being thus freed from the contact of the walls, they could be advanced further on the screwed ends of the bars. On the bars projecting on the outside of the walls from the elongation, the discs were screwed up; on removing the lamps, the bars cooled, contracted, and drew in the walls. The other bars became, in consequence, loose, and were then also screwed up. The first series of bars being again heated, the process was repeated; and by several repetitions, the walls were restored to their former position. The gallery still exists with its bars, to attest the ingenuity of its preserver, M. Malard.

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From Somerville's Field Sports.

HOLIDAY PRESENT.

Just Published, price od.,

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A LETTER to THOMAS CLARKSON, by

JAMES CROPPER. And PREJUDICE VINCIBLE; or, the Practicability of Conquering Prejudice by better means than by Slavery and Exile; in relation to the American Colonization Society. By C. STUART. Liverpool: Egerton, Smith, and Co., Lord Street. BRITISH COLLEGE OF HEALTH, KING'S CROSS, NEW ROAD, LONDON. MORISON'S UNIVERSAL VEGETABLE MEDICINE.

CURE OF NERVOUS FEVER.

To Mr. Edwards,

Sir,-Having been for the last six months in possession of good health, and, indeed, better health than ever I remember to have enjoyed previous to a dreadful attack which I experienced last November, of low nervous fever, I feel it my bounden duty, after returning thanks to Almighty God for my happy recovery, in gratitude for your kind attention, to make this acknowledgment of the very great benefit I received from the use of Mr. Morison's Liquid Vegetable Universal Medicine. My sister tells me I took the liquid, being so ill and weak at the time she sent for you as to be unable to take the pills, and you were sent for, in consequence of the medicine I had previously taken not giving me any relief. Indeed, I was so ill that I don't recollect what passed; but my sister tells me that I had nearly lost my hearing, and could only speak with great difficulty, and that, by your advice, the medicines were administered to me in very strong doses; and, in four days, such was the effect the medicine had on me, that my sister, and every one that saw me, became convinced of my speedy recovery, which very soon, by the aid of Morison's Medicines, was accomplished. It is, therefore, my wish that this may be made public, that the afflicted, in the worst of cases, inay not despair. I beg to offer my best thanks to Mr. Morison for the invention of the Medicine, and am, Sir,

Your very obliged humble servant,
ANN CLARKE.

Hertford, September 3rd, 1832.

CAUTION TO THE PUBLIC. MORISON'S UNIVERSAL MEDICINES having superseded the use of almost all the Patent Medicines which the wholesale venders have foisted upon the credulity of the searchers after health, for so many years, the town druggists and chemists, not able to establish a fair fame on the invention of any plausible means of competition, have plunged into the mean expedient of puffing up a "Dr. Morrison" (observe the subterfuge of the double r), a being who never existed, as prescribing a "Vegetable Universal Pill, No. 1 and 2," for the express purpose (by means of this forged imposition upon the public), of deteriorating the estimation of the "UNIVERSAL MEDICINES" of the "BRITISH COLLEGE OF HEALTH."

TINSTRUCTING DRAWING-BOOK; containing tence), none can be held genuine by the College but those

Just Published, price 15s., half-bound, HE YOUTH'S NEW LONDON SELFupwards of One Hundred Engravings, illustrative of Landscape Scenery, Picturesque Architecture, Marine Views, Animals, and the Human Figure: arranged in a on the Drawing of each Subject. To which is added a Series of Progressive Lessons, with copious Instructions Practical System of Perspective, adapted to the capacity of Juvenile Learners, and a concise Description of GreTOCK, Author of the " Decorative Painter's Guide," "Ilcian, Roman, and Gothic Architecture. By N. WHITlustrations of York, Surrey, Sussex," &c.

London: Published by G. VIRTUE, 26, Ivy Lane, Paternoster Row.

FOR FENDERS, FIRE-IRONS, KNIVES, &c.
FAMILIES FURNISHING may effect an

immense SAVING, by making their purchases, for ready money, at

RIPPON'S OLD ESTABLISHED CHEAP FUR-
NISHING IRONMONGERY WAREHOUSE,
63, Castle street East, Oxford Market,
(At the corner of Castle-street and Wells-street,)
where every article sold is warranted good, and exchanged
if not approved of.

ings, 128. per pair; Ivory-handled oval-rimmed Table
Tea Urn, 30s.; Plated Candlesticks, with Silver Mount
Knives and Forks, 40s. the set of 50 pieces; Fashionable
10s.; Green Fenders, with brass tops, 25.; Fire Irons, 2s.
Iron Fenders-Black, 18s. Bronzed, 21s.; Brass Fenders,
per set; Polished Steel Fire Irons, 4s. 6d. per set; Brass
Fire Furniture, 5s. 6d. per set; Block-tin Dish Covers,
8s. 6d. per set; Copper Tea Kettles, to hold one gallon,
78.; Bottle Jacks, 85. 6d.; Copper Warming Pans, 68.;
Brass Candlesticks, Is. 4d. per pair: Britannia-metal Tea
Pots, 13. 4d. each; Japanned Tea Trays, 1s.; Waiters,
23.; Bread Trays, 3d.; Japanned Chamber Candlesticks,
with Snuffers and Extinguisher, 6d.; Snuffers and Tray,
6d.; Black-handled Steel Table Knives and Forks, 2s. 9d.
the half-dozen: Copper Coal-scoops, 10s.; a newly in-
venter Utensil for cooking Potatoes, superior to those
boiled, steamed, or roasted, price 5s., 6s., and 7s.; Copper,
Iron, and Tin Saucepans and Stewpans, together with
every article in the above line, cheaper than any other
House in London.

For Ready Money only, and no abatement made.

KNOW ALL MEN, then, that this attempted delusion must fall under the fact, that (however specious the prewhich have "Morison's Universal Medicines" impressed upon the Government Stamp attached to each box and packet, to counterfeit which is felony by the laws of the land.

The "Vegetable Universal Medicines" are to be bad at the College, New Road, King's Cross, London; at the Surrey Branch, 96, Great Surrey-street; Mr. Field's, 16, Airstreet, Quadrant; Mr. Chappell's, Royal Exchange; Mr. Walker's, Lamb's-conduit-passage, Red-lion-square; Mr. J. Loft's, Mile-end-road; Mr. Bennett's, Covent-gardenmarket; Mr. Haydon's, Fleur-de-lis-court, Norton-falgate; Mr. Haslet's, 147, Ratcliffe-highway; Messrs. Norbury's, Brentford; Mrs. Stepping, Clare-market; Messrs. Salmon, Little Bell-alley; Miss Varai's, 24, Lucas-street, CommerChapple's, Royal Library, Pall-mall; Mrs. Pippen's, 18, cial-road; Mrs. Beech's, 7, Sloane-square, Chelsea; Mrs. Wingrove-place, Clerkenwell; Miss C. Atkinson, 19, New Trinity-grounds, Deptford; Mr. Taylor, Hanwell; Mr. Kirtlam, 4, Bolingbroke-row, Walworth; Mr. Payne, 64, Jermyn-street; Mr. Howard, at Mr. Wood's, hair-dresser, Richmond; Mr. Meyar, 3, May's-buildings, Blackheath; Mr. Griffiths, Wood-wharf, Greenwich; Mr. Pitt, 1, Cornwall-road, Lambeth; Mr. J. Dobson, 35, Craven-street, Strand; Mr. Oliver, Bridge-street, Vauxhall; Mr. J. Monck, Bexley Heath; Mr. T. Stokes, 12, St. Ronan's, 96, Edgware-road; Mr. Hart, Portsmouth-place, KenningDeptford; Mr. Cowell, 22, Terrace, Pimlico; Mr. Parfitt, J. Avila, pawnbroker, opposite the church, Hackney; Mr. ton-lane; Mr. Charlesworth, grocer, 124, Shoreditch; Mr. R. G. Bower, grocer, 22, Brick-lane, St. Luke's; Mr. S. T. Gardner, 95, Wood-street, Cheapside, and 9, NortonJ. S. Briggs, 1, Brunswick-place, Stoke Newington; Mr. falgate; Mr. J. Williamson, 15, Seabright-place, HackneyHomerton; Mr. H. Cox, grocer, 16, Union-street, Bishopsroad; Mr. J. Osborn, Wells-street, Hackney road, and Town; and at one agent's in every principal town in Great gate-street; Mr. T. Walter, cheesemonger, 67, Hoxton Old Britain, the Islands of Guernsey and Malta; and throughout the whole of the United States of America. sequences of any medicines sold by any chymist or druggist, N. B. The College will not be answerable for the conas none such are allowed to sell the "Universal Medicines."

Printed by J. HADDON and Co.; and Published by J. CRISP, at No. 27, Ivy Lane, Paternoster Row, where all Advertisements and Communications for the Editor are to be addressed.

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THIS place, which appears to have risen from the ruins of the ancient Legeolium, a Roman station in the vicinity, now Castleford, was by the Saxons called Kirby, and after the conquest obtained the name of Pontfract, from the breaking of a bridge over the River Aire, while William, Archbishop of York, and son of the sister of King Stephen, was passing over it, attended by an immense crowd, who escorted him on his return from Rome. Though not itself a Roman station, it was probably a place of inferior importance connected with Legeolium, as the Watling-street passed through the park, near the town, and vestiges of a Roman camp were distinctly traceable previously to the recent enclosure of waste lands. During the time of the Saxons, to whom some historians attribute

the building of the town, Alric, a Saxon chief, erected a castle here, which having been demolished, or suffered to fall into decay, was repaired, or more probably rebuilt, by Hildebert de Lacy, to whom, at the time of the conquest, William granted the honour and manor of Pontefract. In the reign of Edward II., the castle being then in the possession of Thomas, Earl of Lancaster, who had revolted against the king, on account of his partiality to Piers Gaveston, was besieged and taken; and the earl being soon after made prisoner, by Andrew de Hercla, at Boroughbridge, was brought to Pontefract, where, being condemned by the king, he was beheaded, and several of the barons who had joined his party were hanged. Having been canonized, a chapel was erected on the spot of his

decapitation, and, in honour of his memory, dedicated to St. Thomas. His descendant, the renowned John of Gaunt, retired to this castle in the reign of Richard II., and fortified it against the king; but a reconciliation taking place through the medium of Joan, the king's mother, no further hostilities ensued. Henry de Bolingbroke, Duke of Hereford, then an exile in France, exasperated by the king's attempt to deprive him of the duchy of Lancaster and honour of Pontefract, to which he had succeeded by the death of his father, and having received an invitation from some of the principal nobility, landed at Ravenspur in this county, and being joined by the Lords Willoughby, Ross, D'Arcy, Beaumont, and other persons of distinction, with an army of sixty thousand men, a

of the liquorice they produce. This arti-
cle is extensively cultivated here, and the
manufacture of it into cakes, commonly
known by the name of Pomfret cakes, is
carried on to a considerable extent.

TEMPERANCE SOCIETIES.

the use of spirits, and have become members of some of these societies. Already do we begin to feel the beneficial effects of this great combination of moral force, in the manifest diminution of pauperism and crime, in the improvement of the condition of the labouring classes of the community, and in the extension of the boundaries of the kingdom of the ever-blessed Redeemer; and while the desolating pestilence, which has recently visited this city and many other parts of the state, has swept off its hundreds and its thousands of those who were in the habitual use of ardent spirits, the members of our Temperance Societies have almost uniformly escaped.

With the expression of a well-founded hope that the blessings of temperance may continue to spread through every land, until the demon world, I have the honour to be, gentlemen, of intemperance shall be banished from the

battle ensued, which terminated in the deposition and imprisonment of the king, and the exaltation of the duke to the throne, by the title of Henry IV. Richard, after his deposition, was for some time confined in this castle, where he was inhumanly put to death. Henry frequently resided in it, where he held a parliament, after the battle of Shrewsbury; and, in 1404, signed the truce between England Extract of the Minutes of the Committee of the British and Foreign Temperance Society, and Scotland. Scroop, Archbishop of held at Exeter Hall, 1st January, 1833. York, having raised an insurrection, in which he was joined by the Earl of NorMr. J. T. Marshall, from the State of New thumberland, for the dethronement of the York, attended this Committee, and produced king, was by treachery made prisoner, the following very encouraging and interestand being brought hither, where Henrying letter from the Hon. Reuben H. Walworth, at that time resided, was sentenced to President of the New York State Temperance Chancellor of the State of New York, and death and executed. Queen Margaret, Society:during the absence of the king in Scotland, resided in this castle, and was delivered of her fifth son at Brotherton, in GENTLEMEN,-The British and Foreign the immediate vicinity, having been taken Temperance Society having associated my ill while on a hunting excursion. After name with those of its honorary members, I the battle of Agincourt, in the reign of have taken the liberty to introduce to your Henry V., the Duke of Orleans and acquaintance Mr. J. T. Marshall, a distinseveral French noblemen of the highest Mr. M. visits England partly on private busiguished friend of temperance, from this state. rank, whom that monarch had taken pri-ness, but more particularly to aid the operations soners, were confined in the castle; and, in the year following, the young King of Scotland, who had been taken prisoner on his voyage to France, was confined here till the commencement of the fol- takes out with him, and will furnish to your 26th of February next, in all places throughout

lowing reign.

During the war between the houses of York and Lancaster, this castle was the prison of numerous noblemen, of whom several were put to death within its walls. Earl Rivers, who had been kept a pri

Albany, State of New York,
Nov. 12th, 1832.

of the American Temperance Society, and the
executive committee of the New York State
Temperance Society, in the great work of
benevolence in which they are engaged. He

Society, a number of recent and interesting
publications and documents on the subject of
temperance, from which you will be able to
ascertain the progress and present state of
this great moral reformation on this side of
the Atlantic. You will see, by the circular
of the American Temperance Society of the
21st of September last, that it is proposed to

Yours, with respect, (Signed) R. H. WALWORTH, President of the New York Temperance Society. To Messrs. J. Capper, J. H. Ramsbotham, T. Hartley, and N. E. Sloper, Secretaries of the British and Foreign Temperance Society.

Resolved, That this Committee expresses its acknowledgments to the American Temperance Society for the gratifying manner in which the communication has been conveyed; and, cordially entering into the plan which has been suggested, recommends effectual means to be used for holding meetings on the

England where Auxiliary Societies have been formed, or in which may be found a few benevolent individuals sufficiently informed on this subject to feel the importance of taking early measures to spread the principles of Temperance Societies.

Resolved, That the Secretaries take early

soner here by the Duke of Gloucester, have simultaneous meetings of all the friends measures to furnish a copy of Chancellor Wal

whose designs he had ineffectually at-
tempted to oppose, was put to death in hamlet in the United States on the last Tuesday
of temperance in every village, town, city, and
the castle, together with Sir Richard Grey of February next; and it would be highly
and Sir Thomas Vaughan. In 1461, gratifying to the friends of temperance in
Edward IV., with an army of forty thou-America if similar meetings of the friends of
sand men, fixed his head quarters here, temperance in England, Scotland, and Ire-
whence he marched against the Lancas-land, could be held on the same day. Nothing
terians; the two armies met at Towton, philanthropist, while engaged in the benevolent
could be more encouraging to the heart of the
where the battle took place, and nearly work of rescuing his fellow men from the de-
thirty-seven thousand men were left dead grading vice of intemperance, from temporal
on the field. After the union of the and eternal ruin, than the reflection that a
houses of York and Lancaster, in the million of hearts, both in Europe and Ame-
person of Henry VII, that monarch rica, were at the same moment animated by
visited the castle in the second year of the same spirit, and beating in unison with
his reign it was honoured also by a
visit from Henry VIII., in 1540; from
James I., in 1603 and 1617, on his pro-
gress to Scotland; and from Charles I.
in 1625.

Of this castle, so memorable for its connexion with the most interesting periods of English history, and which consisted of numerous massive towers, connected by walls of prodigious strength, and fortified by its situation on the summit of an isolated rock, only a small circular tower remains.

his own.

been organized in twenty-one of the United State Temperance Societies have already States of America, and in connexion with the American Temperance Society as a general head; and in the state of New York alone, where the State Society was organized but a little more than three years since, we have already more than 1100 auxiliary societies in the several counties, cities, towns, villages, and common school districts, containing more than 160,000 members pledged to the principle of total abstinence from the use of ardent spirits. Among this number will be found the greatest part of our most respectable and influential The environs of this place are exceed- citizens, judges, legislators, and magistrates; ingly beautiful, and adorned with several and, what is still more gratifying, in reference noblemen's seats. The gardens and nurto the future, nearly all of our respectable series here are famous for the excellence | bad in this respect, have totally abandoned young men, whose habits were not previously

tee thereon, to the Secretaries of the Temworth's letter, and the minute of this Commitperance Societies in Glasgow, Edinburgh, Dublin, and Belfast, and on the continent of Europe.

ON HEARING A LARK SINGING IN
LONDON.

SWEET bird! it well may touch the heart
Thy lively song to hear,
Since thou and freedom dear must part
To please a listless ear.

A withered turf, a water-glass,
A cage, but ill supply

The teeming field, the dewy grass-
The temple of the sky.

Though blithe and careless seem thy notes,
For one thus held in thrall,

To Fancy's ear they speak of thoughts
Of sadness in their fall!

No more thou wing'st thy warbling way
(From mate and nestlings torn),
To pour, at eve, thy vesper lay,

Or matin hymn, at morn!

No more thou build'st thy little bower,
As wont in days gone by,
When Spring unveils the virgin flower,
To wake the zephyr's sigh!

A captive 'midst the dull turmoil,
Of crowds to lucre given,

No more thou❜lt cheer the peasant's toil,
And lead his thoughts to heaven!
R****.

Aberdeen.

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