cut down the rent to $80 per annum. We must retrench in the article of food, but the reduction here must not be too great, because a certain amount and quality are absolutely necessary to keep the family in good working condition. It will cost us $250 at least. Then we must dress plainly; we must use simple, strong woollen goods. This will enable us to reduce this expenditure to $180. Thus all the household expenses are revised, and while enforcing previous lessons, these new discussions give to them a pleasant variety. These careful and well digested reviews of the various phases of domestic economy are exceedingly attractive to the pupils, in part, doubtless, because they can ventilate the theorieswhich nearly every young woman cherishes in her heart of domestic life.

In this manner a young woman becomes so thoroughly acquainted with the demands and details of domestic economy that she has well defined ideas, based upon reality and reflection. Far from encouraging the husband or father-the purchasing power of whose income she knows-in extravagance, or in the waste of money in some particular direction, to the diminution of other necessary comforts, she will be prepared to resist temptation herself, and to give sufficient reasons why the income should not be misdirected.

Instead of looking upon marriage as a New Jerusalem, where troubles cannot intrude, she is prepared to bear her share of the great responsibilities and to assume a portion of its ever-increasing cares. Thus the woman becomes self-poised, firm in character, ready to adapt herself to the varying changes of fortune, and to meet with courage the vicissitudes of life. Her children will also be taught that frugality and economy, with the careful use of clothing and household goods, furnish the only true way to prosperity.

Is not the average woman, when thus thoroughly equipped with a large store of practical information, better fitted to be a successful wife and mother, than if her time had been taken up exclusively with the study of geography, mathematics, grammar, and history? will she not be better prepared to avoid the danger of bankruptcy of her husband, and the terrible and harrowing course of “ keeping up appearances,” in which every comfort is sacrificed to the supposed requirements of social position ?

We all know that the happiness of married life is worn out by the ever-recurring annoyances of little things. Empty pots are filled with contention," is a proverb, in substance, of many nations, and the divorce courts are often called in as a last resort and a most terrible one they are—when the struggle between impecuniosity on the one hand, and desires for extravagant expenditures on the other, have turned the love of early days into gall and wormwood.

In view of these facts, so common that they must have come under the observation of all, it is to be hoped that these features of special female education will receive full and fair discussion, so that these new studies, with such modifications as experience sball suggest, may be introduced into our high schools and academies for advanced female pupils.

We are the more certain that these methods are deserving of recognition and adoption, because the schools of the city of Gotha enjoy a high reputation upon the continent. The seminary for the

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education of male teachers and the common schools, under the zealous care of school director, Dr. Mobius, and the Kindergarten seminary, under Dr. Kohler, have earned so great a reputation that pupils from Greece, Russia, Hungary, and England, in increasing numbers, are being matriculated. This reputation for thorough and useful training is, moreover, based upon an unselfish devotion and a love for the cause, as rare as it is delightful.*

With the foundation thus indicated, it is easy to see how a young woman may be prepared to make the most of her resources; and not less, but all the more fully, should she be trained who has thousands, instead of hundreds, at her command, and whose duty it manifestly is to employ and adequately repay the labor of others less favored. Equally with the poorest does she need to be taught how to order her home without waste, discord, or confusion; to use upon it the fine artistic taste developed by the highest culture, and to apply scientific principles to the relief of necessary labor from what is mere drudgery.

In several of the institutions deriving their support from the grant of Congress, these principles are so far recognized as to require that their benefits shall be equal to both sexes, though not necessarily alike. A school of domestic science is one of the departments of the Illinois Industrial University, and in Nebraska the remunerative labor system encourages the young women to carry on the housework under competent supervision, in a way that does not retard their intellectual progress. “It is just as feasible to give practice in cooking with pleasure and profit to the pupil, as it is to give laboratory practice in chemistry, and no more expensive.'

Many of the specialties which should be adequately provided for in an agricultural college are especially adapted to fit woman for her position as an industrialist, such as bee-keeping, silk culture, the culture and preservation of small fruits, floriculture, and the related industry of extracts and perfumes, dairy management, poultry management, etc., etc. Through the efforts of women in the Grange it is to be hoped an influence may be brought to bear upon our educational system; introducing such changes as are needed to fit the daughters of California for wife or motherhood; which, by making each of them the mistress of some industrial art, will, perchance, enable them to keep a roof

over their heads in widowhood, and which will honorably secure the single woman from the temptations of dependence. What is true of employments related to agriculture is equally true of the adaptation of many in the mechanical range, which, under a wise re-distribution of labor, would naturally be assigned to

A paying knowledge of drawing, painting, engraving, of photography and stenography, and of telegraphy, will be given to “our girls ” in the College of Mechanic Arts whenever the true design of the Congressional endowment is realized.

women.

CHAPTER XXVIII.

PAPER MONEY AND A PROTECTIVE TARIFF.

"I do hereby invite all farmers east and west, all Grangers north and south, and all other true men, :o unite with me in raising a cry that shall pierce the dulled ears of our rulers-an lionest cry for an honest dollar."-Professor A. L. Perry, before Nebraska Agricullural Society. False LIGHTS–GENERAL PRINCIPLES--WHAT CURRENCY IS-LEGISLATION RE

QUIRED--PROFESSOR PERRY'S VIEWS -- DIALOGUE BETWEEN BONAMY PRICE AND THE NEW YORK CAPITALISTS-ORIGIN OF TARIFF8_EFFECTS OF PROTECTION UPON AGRICULTURAL INDUSTRY-TARIFFS TAKE BUT NEVER GIVE.

A TRUE, clear and comprehensive definition of the terms in daily use, in which the various relations of money are considered, is the first step toward an understanding of the many problems connected with our system of finance.

We have brought together, in this chapter, several of the most recent and pertinent discussions upon our currency, and nearly related subjects. Many of our writers upon political economy are more like astrologers, than astronomers or teachers of true science; they are seeking for a philosopher's stone, which will transmute not only the baser metals, but rags into gold. We have endeavored to make such selections from eminent authorities as shall least confuse the mind of the reader.

Mr. Charles Sears lays down the following propositions concerning money:

Material wealth is a symbol of social power. Equitable distribution of wealth through equivalent exchange is evidence of social health. Equivalent exchange is the natural law of exchange and is essential to the permanence of society. Money is a representative sign of wealth-à symbol of common title by which ownership of property is transferred. It is evidence of property; the equivalent of exchange. Therefore, the true basis of monetary issue is property;

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not one commodity only, as gold, nor credit, nor population, but all commodities—the entire taxable property of the commonwealth. Money having this basis would be representative money, the money of the people, the sovereign money. The volume of money required for producing, utilizing and exchanging property is necessarily determined by the same law which governs production and exchange, viz., demand for use. Enough money for equivalent exchange is the law of volume. Therefore, arbitary limitation of the volume of money is a violation of the natural law of exchange, and is void of right, as would be a like limitation of production and exchange. Arbitrary limitation of the volume of money has been the principal measure of class power to secure the monopoly of money; a necessary result of such limitation has been forced credits. Credit is the immediate parent of bankruptcy, and periods of bankruptcy have been the harvest times of the money monopolists. Therefore, arbitrary limitation of money issue should cease.

The right of monetary issue is a sovereign right, to be held and maintained by the people for the common benefit. The delegation of this right to corporations is the surrender of the central attribute of sovereignty; is void of constitutional sanction; is conferring upon a subordinate irresponsible power and plenary dominion over industry and commerce. Therefore, the people should resume their right over the issue and circulation of money.

Value is determined by agreement between parties to exchange, and the final standard of value is use. Gold is pot the standard of value, but like other commodities, its value depends upon its power of exchange.

The legal dollar is a certain measure or counter of value. Its weight, twenty-five and eight tenths grains of gold, nine tenths fine, is the standard weight and quality of the monetary unit.

The volume of gold and the purchasing power of the dollar vary widely, as do those of other commodities. The use of gold in payment of interest upon national debt, and in adjusting balances of trade between nations, confer upon it the character of universal or international money. These uses, use in the arts and private hoarding, absorb nearly the entire volume, leaving little available for domestic exchange, and are reasons conclusive against making gold the sole basis of national or domestic money.

Promissory notes are evidences of debts. Such notes are not money, and the attempt to circulate them as money is an attempt to evade the force of the natural law, which has necessarily resulted in failure. Such notes were spurious tokens, and their proffered use as money should be prohibited.

A currency is inflated when the volume issued exceeds that of its basis. The so-called “specie basis currency" notes, promissory of specie payment, have been issued " nominally in the ratio of four dollars currency to one dollar coin, supposed to be in bank; but, in fact, six dollars of currency to one dollar of coin.” The paper currency of the past, therefore, has been inflated to the extent of five hundred per cent.

A currency is redeemable when all of it can be redeemed in the substance signified or thing promised; therefore, with only one dollar of coin to redeem six dollars of promissory notes, the specie basis currency was always an irredeemable currency, and has so proved upon the general demand for liquidation whatever may have been the disproportion of coin to currency, five sixths of it in later years having been pure fiction, analogous to certificate for large sums against which there is no deposit. This currency was never the equivalent of exchange. It represented corporate monopoly, and its issue was a fraud, which has wrought destruction to the values of labor, property and commerce; therefore, the authority to issue such inflated, irredeemable, fraudulent currency should be abrogated.

Certificates of actual specie deposits are the only honest, redeemable specie basis currency. The exchange of property for representative money is equivalent exchange; is giving specie property for a title to any property of equal value; is redemption of such money in the substance represented; is accomplishing the primary object of money. The redemption of such money by government for taxes and dues, is equitable public redemption. The optional interchange of representative money, and public bonds bearing equitable interest will be the regulator of currency volume, and prevent artificial expansion and contraction. It will leave the currency free to expand and contract in accordance with the industrial demand. If at any time the volume be insufficient, bonds will be surrendered for money; while any temporary excess of money will be retired in favor of bonds, so that only the volume required for active use will be kept in circulation, and the speculative centers will not be gorged with idle money.

Evils specially incident to our finances, industries and commerce, are due to the want of a rational theory of monetary issue, a simple system of financial administration. The erroneous assumption that gold is the standard of value, and the consequent futile attempts to maintain a four-fold paper currency at par with gold, and the creation of an overwhelming national monopoly by surrendering to corporate power the public right of issuing currency, have made the empirical interference of government with the natural laws of production and exchange, a constant necessity, ending in perpetual failure.

Acts of Congress are required as follows: An act instituting a complete domestic monetary system, providing in such act for the issue of public currency representative of property and redeemable on demand in public bonds, and for the issue of public bonds, pay. able on demand and in public currency; such currency to be legal tender, non-interest bearing money, and receivable at par for all public dues, and such bonds to bear interest not to exceed three and sixty-five hundredths per cent. per annum, and the bonds and currency to liquidate other forms of the public debt. An act repealing all grants of authority to corporations, associations, or individuals to issue money. An act to prohibit the issue of notes promissory of specie payment, to circulate as money, other than certificates of specie deposit.

Professor Arthur L. Perry, of Williams College, a well known teacher, and authority on Political Economy, says: