thing from the subject if need be, and that the king is judge of that need." This scheme evidently strikes at the foundation of all religion, natural and revealed. It tends not only to subvert the authority of Scripture, but to destroy God's moral government of the world. It confounds the natural differences of good and evil, virtue and vice. It destroys the best principles of the human nature; and instead of that innate benevolence and social disposition which should unite men together, supposes all men to be naturally in a state of war with one another. It erects an absolute tyranny in the state and church, which it confounds, and makes the will of the prince or governing power the sole standard of right and wrong.

Such principles in religion and politics would, as it may be imagined, raise adversaries. Hobbes accordingly was attacked by many considerable persons, and, what may seem more strange, by such as wrote against each other. Harrington, in his "Oceana," very often attacks Hobbes; and so does sir Robert Filmer in his "Observations concerning the Original of Government." We have already mentioned Bramhall and Clarendon; the former argued with great acuteness against that part of his system which relates to liberty and necessity, and afterwards attacked the whole in a piece, called "The Catching of the Leviathan," published in 1685; in which he undertakes to demonstrate out of Hobbes's own works, that no man, who is thoroughly an Hobbist, can be "a good Christian, or a good commonwealth's man, or reconcile himself to himself." Tenison, afterwards archbishop of Canterbury, gave a summary view of Hobbes's principles, in a book called "The Creed of Mr. Hobbes examined, 1670;" to which we may add the two dialogues of Dr. Eachard between Timothy and Philautus, and Dr. Parker's book, entitled "Disputationes de Deo & Divina Providentia." Dr. Henry More has also in different parts of his works canvassed and refuted several positions of Hobbes; and the philosopher of Malmesbury is said to have been so ingenuous as to own, that "whenever he discovered his own philosophy to be unsustainable, he would embrace the opinions of Dr. More." But the two greatest works against him were, Cumberland's book "De legibus Naturæ," and Cudworth's Intellectual System:" for these authors do not employ themselves about his peculiar whimsies, or in vindicating revealed religion from his exceptions and cavils, but VOL. XVIII. C

endeavour to establish the great principles of all religion and morality, which his scheme tended to subvert, and to shew that they have a real foundation in reason and nature.

There is one peculiarity related of Hobbes, which we have not yet mentioned in the course of our account of him-his dread of apparitions and spirits. His friends indeed have called this a fable. "He was falsely accused," say they, "by some, of being afraid to be alone, because he was afraid of spectres and apparitions; vain bugbears of fools, which he had chased away by the light of his philosophy." They do not, however, deny, that he was afraid of being alone; they only insinuate, that it was for fear of being assassinated; but the fact probably was, that he had that tenacity of life which is observable in men whose religious principles are unsettled. Upon the whole, we may conclude, with the intelligent Brucker, that Hobbes was certainly possessed of vigorous faculties, and had he been sufficiently careful to form and improve his judgment, and to preserve his mind free from the bias of prejudice and passion, would undoubtedly have deserved a place in the first class of philosophers. The mathematical method of reasoning which he adopted, greatly assisted him in his researches; but he was often led into error, by assuming false or uncertain principles or axioms. The vehemence with which he engaged in political contests biassed his judgment on questions of policy, and led him to frame such maxims and rules of government, as would be destructive of the peace and happiness of mankind. An arrogant contempt of the opinions of others, an impatience of contradiction, and a restless ambition to be distinguished as an innovator in philosophy, were qualities which appear to have contributed in no small degree to the perversion of his judgment. It is also to be remarked, that though he had the precept and example of lord Bacon to guide him, he neglected the new and fertile path of experimental philosophy. So little was he aware of the value of this kind of knowledge, that he censured the royal society of London, at its first institution, for attending more to minute experiment than general principles, and said, that if the name of a philosopher was to be obtained by relating a multifarious farrago of experiments, we might expect to see apothecaries, gardeners, and per- . fumers rank among philosophers.

A list of the works of this remarkable man, in the order

5.

of publication, seems not unnecessary to close our account of him, 1. His "Translation of Thucydides," Lond. 1628, and 1676, fol. reprinted in 2 vols. 8vo. 2. "De Mirabilibus Pecci," a Latin poem, Lond. 1636, 8vo, 1666, 4to. 3," Elementa philosophica seu politica de Cive," Paris, 1642, 4to, Amst. 1647, 12mo. 4. "An Answer to sir William Davenant's Epistle or Preface to Gondibert," Paris, 1650, 12mo, afterwards printed with Gondibert. "Human Nature; or the fundamental elements of policy," Lond. 1650, 12mo. 6. "De Corpore Politico; or the Elements of the Law," Lond. 1650, 12mo. 7. "Leviathan; or the matter, form, and power of a Commonwealth," ibid. 1651, and 1680, fol. 8. "A Compendium of Aristotle's Rhetoric, and Ramus's Logic." 9." A Letter about Liberty and Necessity," Lond. 1654, 12mo. This was answered by Dr. Laney and bishop Bramhall. 10. "The Questions concerning Liberty, and Necessity, and Chance, stated and debated between Mr. Hobbes and Dr. Bramhall, bishop of London-Derry," Lond. 1656, 4to. 11. "Elementorum Philosophiæ sectio prima de Corpore," ibid. 1655, 8vo; in English, 1656, in 4to. "Sectio secunda," London, 1657, 4to; Amsterdam, 1668, in 4to. 12. "Six Lessons to the professors of mathematics of the institution of sir Henry Savile," ibid. 1656, 4to, written against Mr. Seth Ward, and Dr. John Wallis. 13. "The Marks of the absurd Geometry, rural Language, &c. of Dr. John Wallis," ibid. 1657, 8vo. 14. " Examinatio et emendatio Mathematicæ hodiernæ, sex Dialogis comprehensa," ibid. 1660, 4to; Amsterdam, 1668, 4to. 15. "Dialogus Physicus, sive de Naturâ Aeris," Lond. 1661, 4to; Amsterdam, 1668, 4to. 16." De Duplicatione Cubi," London, 1661, 4to; Amsterdam, 1663, 4to. 17. "Problemata Physica, una cum magnitudine circuli," Lond. 1662, 4to; Amsterdam, 1688, 4to.. 18. " De principiis et ratiocinatione Geometrarum, contra fastuosum professorem," Lond. 1666, 4to; Amsterdam, 1668, 4to. 19. "Quadratura Circuli, cubatio sphæræ, duplicatio cubi; unà cum responsione ad objectiones geometria professoris Saviliani Oxoniæ editas anno 1669." Lond. 1669, 4to. 20." Rosetum Geometricum, sive propositiones aliquot frustra antehac tentatæ, cum censurâ brevi doctrinæ Wallisiana de motu,' London, 1671, 4to, of which an account is given in the Philosophical Transactions, No. 72, for the year 1671. 21. Three Papers presented to the royal society against

Dr. Wallis, with considerations on Dr. Wallis's Answer to them," Lond. 1671, 4to. 22. "Lux Mathematica, &c. censura doctrinæ Wallisianæ de Libra: Rosetum Hobbesii," Lond. 1672, 4to. 23. "Principia et Problemata aliquot Geometrica ante desperata, nunc breviter explicata et demonstrata," London, 1674, 4to. 24. Epistola ad Dom. Anton. à Wood, Authorem Historiæ et Antiquitat. Universit. Oxon. :" dated April the 20th, 1674, printed in half a sheet on one side. "It was written to Mr. Wood," says Wood himself, "upon his complaint made to Mr. Hobbes of several deletions and additions made in and to his life and character (which he had written of him in that book) by the publisher (Dr. Jo. Fell) of the said Hist. and Antiq. to the great dishonour and disparagement of the said Mr. Hobbes. Whereupon, when that history was finished, came out a scurrilous answer to the said epistle, written by Dr. Fell, which is at "the end of the said history." In this Answer Dr. Fell styles Mr. Hobbes, "irritabile illud et vanissimum Malmsburiense animal;" and tells us, that one Mr. J. A. had sent a magnificent eulogium of Mr. Hobbes drawn up by him, or more probably by Hobbes himself, in order to be inserted in the Hist. et Antiq. Univers. Oxon.; but the editor finding in this eulogium a great many things foreign to the design of that work, and far from truth, he suppressed what he thought proper. 25. "A Letter to William duke of Newcastle, concerning the Controversy had with Dr. Laney, bishop of Ely, about Liberty and Necessity," Lond. 1670, 12mo. 26. "Decameron Physiologicum; or ten dialogues of natural philosophy, &c." London, 1678, 8vo. To this is added "The Proportion of a strait line to hold the Arch of a Quadrant." 27. His last words and dying Legacy:" printed on one side of a sheet of paper in December 1679, and published by Charles Blunt, esq. from the "Leviathan," in order to expose Mr. Hobbes's doctrine. 28. His "Memorable Sayings in his books and at the table;" printed on one side of a broad sheet of paper, with his picture before them. 29. "Behemoth: The History of the Civil Wars of England from 1640 to 1660," Lond. 1679, 8vo. 30. "Vita Thomæ Hobbes," a Latin poem written by himself, and printed at London in 4to, in the latter end of December 1679; and a fortnight after that, viz. about the 10th of January, it was published in English verse by another hand, at London 1680, in five sheets in folio. The Latin copy was

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reprinted and subjoined to "Vitæ Hobbianæ Auctarium." 31. Historical narration of Heresy, and the punishment thereof," London, 1680, in four sheets and an half in folio; and in 1682 in 8vo. This is chiefly extracted out of the second chapter De Hæresi of his Appendix to the Leviathan. 32. "Vita Thomæ Hobbes," written by himself in prose, and printed at Caropolis, i. e. London, and prefixed to "Vitæ Hobbianæ Auctarium," 1681, 8vo, and 1682, 4to. 33. "A Brief of the art of Rhetoric, containing in substance all that Aristotle hath written in his three books of that subject," 12mo, without a date. It was afterwards published in two books, London, 1681, in 8vo, the first bearing the title of "The Art of Rhetoric," and the other of "The Art of Rhetoric plainly set forth; with pertinent examples for the more ready understanding and practice of the same." To which is added, 34. “Ă Dialogue between a philosopher and a student of the Common Laws of England." Mr. Barrington in his Observations on the Statute of Treasons, says it appears by this dialogue, that Hobbes had considered most of the fundamental principles of the English law with great care and attention. 35. "An Answer to archbishop Bramhall's Book called The catching of the Leviathan," London, 1682, 8vo. 36. "Seven philosophical Problems, and two Propositions of Geometry," London, 1682, 8vo, dedicated to the king in 1662. 37. "An Apology for himself and his Writings." 38. "Historia Ecclesiastica carmine elegiaco concinnata." Aug. Trinob. i. e. London, 1688, 8vo. 39. "Tractatus Opticus," inserted in Mersennus's "Cogitata PhysicoMathematica," Paris, 1644, 4to. 40. "Observationes in Cartesii de primâ Philosophiâ Meditationes." These objections are published in all the editions of Des Cartes's "Meditations." 41. "The Voyage of Ulysses; or Homer's Odysses," book 9, 10, 11, 12. London, 1674, in 8vo. And 42. "Homer's Iliads and Odysses," London, 1675 and 1677, 12mo. '

HOBBIMA (MINDERHOUT), a very eminent painter, is supposed to have been born about 1611, at Antwerp; but the master from whom he received his instruction is not known. He studied entirely after nature, sketching every

1 Biog. Brit.-Gen. Dict.-Burnet's Own Times.-Life prefixed to Wood's Annals, 4to, p. 18.-Ath. Ox. vol. II.-Leland's Deistical Writers Letters from the Bodleian Library, 3 vols. 8vo, 1813.-D'Israeli's Quarrels of Authors, vol. III. p. 1-89.