NAW SERIES. NO 17-Vos. XI.] BALTIMORE, DEC. 28, 1822. [No. 17—Vol. XXIII. WHOLE NO. 589

THE PAST- THE PRESENT FOR THE FUTURE.

EDITED AND PUBLISHED BY H. NILES, AT $5 PER ANNUM, PAYABLE IN ADVANCE,

We are of those who believe it wrong to com-Montford Stokes, the present member. Six or se mence the discussion of a subject, unless a disposi. ven ballots were had before a choice was made. tion is manifested to regard what may be tempe. It is strangely intimated that the presidential rately urged on either side or party at issue-hence election had something to do with this contestwe have several times inserted addresses and essays perhaps not; for it has been said that the late in direct opposition to our own opinions about na election of a senator from Maryland had a rela tional industry, well knowing that those opinions tion to the presidency, which we do not believedo not constitute facts; and, being requested, we never having heard the fact suggested until we saw now publish the political part of Dr. Jones' address it in print in the Washington Gazette. But the to the Nottoway Agricultural society: on which we truth is, that the presidential election is running may, respectfully, offer some remarks hereafter. into things that have no rightful connection with it, out of which much evil will probably be pro». duced.

It is by this practice that, as we believe, the pub lic reason is best consulted, and the people most Lawerfully induced to act on important subjects and occasions-hearing the argument and knowing the intent of both parties to any matter, they feel an interest in it which they could not otherwise have.

SILK GOODS. A writer in a Boston paper, urging the levy of a tax or duty of 25 per cent. ad valorem on silk goods, instead of the present rate of 15 per cent, says that such goods to the value of An article in reply to one of the points as $1,318,237, have been imported at that place alone, sumed by the Boston "Merchant," in the last Rein the three first quarters of the present year. The GISTER, has been received-but too late for inser-duty thereon at 15 per cent. is 231,441 dollars--at tion in the present slicet.

THE DOCUMENTS, We commence a publication of the documents which accompanied the president's message, and shall select out of the volume such as we believe to be most needful to the pub. lic intelligence, it not being in our power to give the whole in extenso. In this proceeding, the pre sident appears to have adopted a new plan, and one, (we think), that will prevent many calls for information on subjects of interest to the nation and its representatives, and save a great deal of ime and trouble.

25, it would amount to 385,736; difference 154,295. It is not probable that this advance on the duty would affect the consumption at all; and it would have some little tendency to equalize the amount of the taxes paid by the rich and the poor, many articles that have become necessaries through custom, are taxed at the rate of fifty per cent. ad. val.

COUNTERFEIT MARKS. The Delaware Watchman has an article which notices the importation of a quantity of goods ticketed thus-"Indigo blues, manufactured by J. Steele & Co Philadelphia." But the colors are fugitive, and the goods of an inferior quality. The name of J. G. Oliver, of PhiladelTREASURY REPORT. We present the annual trea-phia, is given in the importer. This is right-pubsury report-a paper which, after the message of lic opinion will do all else that is necessary. A rethe president, always claims the first attention of cord should be kept of all persons who thus injure the nation. Its length has materially interfered the reputation of our manufacturers to defend with the proposed contents of this sheet and ex-the people--and the list should be repeatedly pub cluded many small articles.

THE PIRATES. Com. Porter is already in motion -be arrived in Baltimore on Thursday evening last week, and, as it were before any one knew hog was here, he had purchased and sent off to rfolk, all the light vessels designed to act against the pirates--they sailed in less than 48 hours after he reached this city. The next day he proceeded to the north in search of a steam-boat.

UNITED STATES' BANK. Nicholas Biddle and John Connolly, of Philadelphia, H. Eckford, of New York, E. I. Dupont, of Delaware, and John McKim, of Baltimore, have been appointed directors of this bank, on the part of the government.

NEXT PRESIDENT. An unsuccessful attempt has been made, at a meeting of the legislature of Ohio, to nominate a person to be supported for the next presidency. It was decided by a majority of three votes, that it was inexpedient to go into any nomination, at that time.

NORTH CAROLINA. John Branch has been elect ed a senator of the United States, for six years from the 4th of March next, by a small majority, over VOL. XXIII,-17.

lished, that their names may become as familiar to every one, as that of Arnold was in the revolution.

CIDER. The Portsmouth Journal states that the society of Shakers in Canterbury, N. H. have, with. in three weeks, sold ten barrels of cider in Boston, for which they received one hundred dollars in cash. Good common cider has been selling in the same town for one dollar a barrel. Such is the difference between good and very good!

Here is shewn the difference between pro duction and perfection. The expense of carrying the indifferent cider to market is as great as that of the good-if that cost is 25 cents per barrel, it acts upon the value of the former so as to reduce it one fourth; but the reduction of the value of the latter is only a fortieth part. It is thus that thousands of articles, the produce of our country, are of little value for the want of a home market, or such a degree of improvement as will support the cost of transport to a distant one.

COMMITTEES. The Albany Daily Advertiser remarks, that though the state of New York has thirty members in congress, not one of them is a presiding member of a standing committee in either branch of the national legislature.

VIRGINIA. Able writers in the Richmond "En-jealousy of the little barren eastern countries at the quirer," are calling the attention of the people to progress of the large and luxuriant west-this the question "what shall be done for the universi-jealousy has effect through the operation of the ty?" and inviting the legislature to place its hopes wretched provision in the constitution of the state, in the western counties. These are matters of which may be said to give legislative representagreat interest to the people of that state. They tion to a second growth of dwarf pine trees in one are drained of many tens of thousands of dollars section as to a growth of freemen in the other, adopt. every year for the education of their youth, yet ing the British Old Sarum principle and abusing they have a "literary fund" that might, and ought, every rule of equity and honesty known amongst to raise up every needful establishment within them- men. All attempts to raise up the west, by giving to selves. They have a back country equal to any in the people those rights which our fathers took up the world-but that country has always been ne- the sword to obtain in 1776, have been resisted by glected, and the freemen who inhabit it are denied the little eastern counties, feeling power and foran equality of rights with those of the eastern sec.getting right, though one in the west, in regard to tion of the commonwealth. population, wealth and physical force, ought to The reason of these things I attempted to shew have the weight of half a score of them. Some of in the 21st volume of this work, page 201. My re- these almost deserted counties have hardly 200 marks on that occasion, I know, offended the pride free white males in them above the age of 26 years of many Virginians, though they acknowledged the--yet they send two members to the legislaturejustice of all that I said-and so pride acted against how prolific must they be in statesmen! The greattruth. The fact is, as I then said, that, "unhappily, est county in the state has no more than two delethe splendid talents of the accomplished and learn- gates. Now look again at New York-her back ed men which she abounds, have been more ap- counties, that were a wilderness a little while ago, plied to discuss and settle abstract questions of now contain almost as many people as the whole right, than to accomplish positive benefits." An state of Virginia, her slaves included! But Newable and eloquent report about the university or York has legislated as well for the western as for concerning the literary fund, has been more regard- the southern counties, and the whole have prospered than the practical operation of the university or ed under the equal care of a liberal and enlightencareful application of that fund. It is just exactly ed policy. Virginia must look to the west-she the difference between talking and acting. How must do justice to the west, and release the people are the resources of the small state of Connecticut thereof from their political bondage, by which she to be compared with those of Virginia?--yet Yale will obtain practical men in her councils--or be college has 400 students, and the youths of Virginia content to take a very inferior rank in the grade of are sent from home to be educated! The capital the states, in every respect. of her literary fund is not less than 1,250,000 dollars The people of Virginia are proud--but their -what might not be done with this if her legisla-pride does nothing. It is mere pride--that will ac. tors and people were resolved to do? Her fund for knowledge the truth of the preceding remarks, internal improvements amounts to more than a mil- and yet be displeased because they are made-lion and a half-but what internal improvement has though it is evident that a desire for the prosperity been made?-though year after year they have been of the state, (and nothing else), could have prosurveying and reporting. They have been longer en-duced them. It is our wish, for the good of the gaged in those things than New York will require whole, that every state may be the rival of its to mix the waters of the Lake of the Woods with neighbor in the performance of whatever tends to those of the Atlantic, and cast those of the Hudson ameliorate or improve the condition of societyinto the St. Lawrence. Is not this true?-and yet and we have been so long accustomed to regard look at the present state of the literary institutions the whole republic, that no possible advancement of New York; they are, in every way, of a superior in these things in any part of it, can excite our character, from horn-book learning to the most ex-jealousy or fail to meet with our approbation, such alted branches of science, all raised up and sup- as it is, to the full extent of its worth. ported by practical legislation. And, if we com. As has before been observed, much that applies pare Virginia with the eastern states, how stands to Virginia in her fraud on the representative printhe case in respect to those matters? How vast the ciple, applies to Maryland-the city of Baltimore, difference between application and exposition--that pays at least one fourth of the taxes and conpractice and theory! tains a fourth of all the efficient population of the sfate, has a fortieth part of the legislative power of the state of Maryland. How can we laugh, that, because Old Sarum, which is now without a house or a resident inhabitant, sends two members to the British parliament, while London with more than a million of people sends only four, or Manchester, with 120,000, sends none? The consequence is. that every census shews a reduction of political power in Maryland. Freemen will seek the place where liberty has her home and equality prevails.

If the western parts of Virginia had been regarded as they ought; if they had received common justice from the hands of the legislature of the state, we agree with the writer in the "Enquirer," that she might have had "thirty representatives in congress instead of her present humble number of twentytwo." The table published in the last volume of this work, page 346, should rouse the exertion and provoke the liberality of the legislators of Virginia Let us make an abstract of that table as applicable

take in this kind of relief-it requires no Common wealth's bank as its handmaid. It's all a real trans

TO THE EDITOR.

mand, and weavers' shuttles and reeds are to be seen in the streets of all our towns, in the hands of farmers and others that have purchased them for action.-Chronicle. their own use. Several factories for carding and spinning cotton are building. The people begin Cumberland Ford, Ky. Nov. 14, 1822. to think seriously on the subject of domestic ma- SIR: At this time, there have passed this place, nufactures, and have a great disposition to encou- 45,421 live hogs for market-say they are worth 7 rage them. [Here a compliment is paid to the RE-dollars each, which, in my opinion, is a moderate GISTER which we shall not repeat]. The young calculation, amounts to 317,947 dollars. 5,446 Pennsylvanian, (see page 118), shews correct think horses and mules, at an average of 80 dollars ing--such pens ought not to remain unemployed. each, makes 435,680 dollars. Only 236 stall-fed The blessings of thousands of intelligent and think steers, as yet, say worth 40 dollars each, makes 9,440. ing freemen accompany you and your correspon-Two or three thousand hogs, I hear, are on the dents in your labors. European notions, as given road to be added to the above list; which, when ar in their books on political economy, must be cor-rived, you shall have the correct amount at the rected and the public mind set right, before our year's end. If only 2,000 comes, they will add to workshops can be brought across the Atlantic. The the amount 14,000 dollars more, making in all, (at great reform is going on--we look to you as an in- the lowest calculation of mine), 777,067 in good mostrument to keep it in progression. What has beney. I trust the time is not very distant, when Kencome of our old friend, the author of the "meaning tucky will restore her credit, and there will be no of words," &c. He was doing much good--and, more rehef measures prayed for, nor stop laws for the sake of his country, I hope that be will re- passed; which have so much disgraced one of the sume his pen. I cannot see how any reasonable most prolific and rich states in the union, whose and unbiased mind can resist his evidences and ar-sons are bold and enterprizing, beyond any, I be guments," &c. lieve, in the world.

ANOTHER KENTUCKY CORRESPONDENT

FOREIGN NEWS. We had a number of items prepared for this paper, but must omit all except those inserted below:

writes as follows-which, as the subject-matter is so great a rarity, we cannot refuse to lay it before our readers, for their consideration. This gentle. Turkey. The Turks are again driven out of the man thinks justly and has acted nobly. Would Morea, after a series of engagements in which they that all else might believe that money was neces-lost great numbers of men. In one of those batsary to the carrying on of our business! tles, near Corinth, they left 3,000 men on the field, Mr. Niles. I enclose you a $5 note of the Val-among whom was Ali Pacha, formerly grand vizier ley bank of Virginia, in advance for my next year's-the pacha of Thessaly was made prisoner. After Register. Times are getting a little better with this the Turks separated, and several of their corps us. This note only cost me $10 of our currency, were destroyed-all killed or made prisoners. In and there is a probability that exchange will be Candia, also, the barbarians have been defeated, and much lower. It would be to my interest to wait were shut up in the fortresses. Another naval vicand buy at a lower rate to send to you; but I know tory, gained by the Greeks, is mentioned. you must have cash or quit your business, and it is better for each customer to lose a little than for you to lose thousands."

SOUTH CAROLINA. The following petition, of one of the Catawba tribe of Indians, was lately presented to the legislature of this state.

"To the councils of South Carolina.

A French paper reports that Alexander had declared his intention of changing his system in regard to the Turks, and of employing "force to compel the barbarous government of Constantinople to make concessions."

The war with Persia still goes on--a Turkish army, of 50,000 men, had been defeated near Trebisond, which had been entered by the Persians, who I am one of the lingering embers of an almost are also said to be in possession of Mesopotamia, extinguished race--our graves will soon be our ha- Armenia, &c. It was reported that they were adbitations. I am one of the few stalks that still re-vancing on Anatolia, and that many Turkish towns main in the field, when the tempest of the revolu tion is past. I fought against the British for your sake--the British have disappeared, and you are free: yet, from me, the British took nothing-nor have I gained any thing by their defeat. I pursue the deer for my subsistence-the deer are disap. pearing, and I must starve. God ordained me for the forest, and my habitation is the shade-but the strength of my arm decays, and my feet fail in the chase. The hand which fought for your liberty, is now open for your relief. In my youth, I bled in battle that you might be independent-let not my heart, in my old age, bleed for the want of your commisseration. (Signed)

PETER HARRIS."

KENTUCKY, Richmond, Nov. 22. The letter we published to-day, from our correspondent on the state road, is quite gratifying to all who feel a deep interest in the prosperity and credit of Kentucky. The best law.givers we have ever had to relieve the country of the heavy debt she has been long groaning under, are those whose industry rears our stock and carries it to market. There is no mis

on the Black sea had revolted. Other places in Syria, as well as Aleppo, have greatly suffered by earthquakes-in that unfortunate city only one ha bitable house is said to be left standing!--20,000 persons were killed and an "immense number wounded." Two thousand houses, generally small, were lately destroyed by fire at Constantinople. The plague has appeared in many parts of the empire. The Russian army, that was falling back from the Turkish frontier, had received orders to maintain its position. An extraordinary divan was lately held at Constantinople, at which notes were agreed upon to the ministers of Austria, France and Prussia, explaining the reasons of the sultan for refusing a renewal of the ancient relations of the Porte with Russia. The Wechabites are again in arms, and lately destroyed and carried off a whole caravan, proceeding from Mecca to Medina, killing from 9 to 10,000 Turks. "In the midst of the disasters, says a letter from Constantinople, the Turks crowd their mosques and predict the dissolution of their empire," May their predictions be realized!

Colombia. A despatch from Morales, dated the 4th Nov. states that, on the preceding day, near

Garabuya, he had had a battle with a body of the government from which we seceded. We threw enemy, consisting of 1200 infantry and 100 cavalry; and that, after a hard fight, the "rebels" were sur rounded and completely defeated, leaving 1,000 muskets, 800 prisoners with 36 officers, 100 dead and 160 wounded, two colors and all their stores in his hands.

Agricultural Societies of Virginia. equally untrammelled by the officious interference

The following is an extract from one of the papers directed to be published by the delegation of the United Agricultural societies of Virginia, at the meeting held at Petersburg, on the 7th instant. It is from an address delivered to the Nottoway society, by its president, Dr. James Jones, on the 20th November, 1822.

tence that all may indirectly come in for a share of the benefit. It is to this latter principle we trace that policy which, in all ages, has led to the estab lishment of despotic governments, and, from the practical operations of which, particularly in the hierarchical institutions of England, we were driven into successful opposition to that power."

With sentiments like these, addressed to the understandings and justice of congress, we will not doubt of success in reclaiming that body to a course of correct and legitimate and constitutional policy, at least so long as that body shall be composed of a majority of those who represent the laboring and productive interest of the country, in contradistinction from speculative interest.

it off on account of the mischiefs produced by that course of policy in the mother country.—Our government was made by the whole for the whole, and no exclusive privilege can be conferred, but as a reward of services rendered to the public. Let us all alone. We demand only protection in our persons and in our property-leave private individual enterprize to its own guidance and direction, of government in the form of restriction or of a pretended fostering care. Pursue your legislative career under the constitutional prescriptions of a definite and specified power, not by the unwarranted inferences of a loose construction of general phra ses. Give to all an equal participation in the blessings of free government, by adopting a system of It has fallen to my lot, (and I deem it a fortunate general policy; not by local, partial legislation, for incident in my life), to present to the national le-a particular interest, with the false insidious pregislature one of the first memorials which that bo dy has ever received in defence of the rights of agriculture, in opposition to the monopolizing claims and pretensions of the manufacturing interest of the United States. The firm and dignified tone of remonstrance, with the forcible appeal to the good sense and justice of congress, contained in those memorials, I doubt not, had the effect, in a great degree, to arrest that body in one of the most bane ful systems of policy that ever disgraced any nation, professing to be governed by impartial laws, based upon the principle of equal rights; a system of policy which would lay prostrate at the feet of the most insignificant and inconsiderable interest in this nation, the whole of that course of administration by which we have grown to renown, to wealth, The great mischiefs attendant upon all the goto prosperity, and to a dignified rank among the vernments that have ever existed, have arisen from nations of the earth; a policy which would drive an officious, meddling, disposition, in those who this nation from a course of measures pointed out to govern, to regulate every thing in society. This, her by the unerring hand of nature, which bas however, should not be considered extraordinary stamped upon our geographical chart, in indelible in those governments which were made exclusively characters, "that agriculture and commerce should for the benefit of the few privileged orders; because be the principal occupations of our people." This without such universal and constant superintendfoul spirit of monopoly, of local and partial legisla ance and regulation, they could not wield and tion, so frequently and so fatally insinuating itself manage the machinery to the purposes intended by into our legislatures, whether in the form of pro-its formation. Hence has originated in despotisms tecting duties, to encourage domestic manufac- the bold assumption of a power, not only to regutures, or of privileged chartered incorporations, of tate the high and important concerns of conscience, whatever description, remains yet to be exercised in the form of establishments of religion and test from its unhallowed hold upon our institutions, by acts, but, also, the more insignificant and petty conthe all-pervading and all controuling influence of cerns of private domestic economy. But, in the public opinion. This influence, embodied in a new United States, where we have proceeded upon a form, and derived from a source hitherto silent and belief that man is competent to self government, it overlooked, bas already begun the work of refor- would be natural to suppose that political power mation in this behalf. The agricultural interest, should abstain from all interference with the afthroughout the United States, have, at length, dis- fairs of society, except so far as to exercise a salutacovered in what way it has happened that all ry parental power of protecting the weak against other interests have mounted over their heads the strong, and restraining and coercing the viinto the favor and patronage of government; cious, the refractory and the violent, at the same to their manifest injury and gross injustice. They time allowing all to pursue their own happiness in too have indulged the feelings and obeyed the im- their own way, strictly regarding the rights of their pulses of the "Esprit de Corps:"-They have follow- neighbors. Whatever political measure shall deed the example set them by the commercial and tract either from the profits or the respectability manufacturing interest, by embodying themselves, of any avocation in society, must necessarily do it and, as a distinct separate interest, have addressed an injury; nor is it less true that, whenever goverthe government in language manly, independent, ment shall lend its fostering aid to any particular and disinterested. "We ask you, say they' "for branch of industry, it will, therefore, give it an im no favor, no exclusive privilege, no charter of in pulse which may force it ahead of others, not so facorporation. We call to your recollection the in-vored. For many centuries preceding the revolu struments by which our independence was achiev- tion in France, the royal favour and patronage ed. It was the yeomanry of the country, nurtured were exclusively bestowed upon the church and the and cherished in the lap of rural occupation: From their bosoms the republican spirit was transfused into our political institutions. Monopoly, privileg. ed orders, chartered rights were the bane of that

army: and, by amalgamating these two interests with the hereditary nobility of the country, it was not surprising that all honor, as well as emolument, attached exclusively to them. The consequence

was that agriculture, commerce and manufactures, the interest and the future prosperity of the state, being viewed and treated merely as subservient are all deeply interested. and auxiliary to the promotion and aggrandize.

ment of these other leading interests, became dis.religious liberty cannot be said to exist under any Religious liberty does not exist in Maryland, for reputable and unprofitable, and were pursued ex-government, where men are not permitted to wor clusively by those only, who, in the fashionable ship God in the manner most agreeable to the dic slang of the times, were termed the ignoble, the vultates of their own consciences, or what is the same gar, the rabble, &c.

thing, denied the enjoyment of civil rights, and rendered incapable of holding any office civil, military or judicial, except they acknowledge their belief in a particular system of religion.

The history of other governments in Europe, which, like France, have had a feudal origin, would furnish instances equally apposite to our purpose, which is to shew the all pervading influence of po- The constitution of Maryland was framed at an litical power in directing the destines of man in early period of the revolution--when ancient prethis world. Nor is it important, as to results, judices had a strong influence over the mind, when whether such power is exercised under the title it was considered as going far in the work of reof a republic, or of an aristocracy, or of a mo- formation, to declare that there should be no estab narchy. The effects will always be the same, if lished church in the state, and it certainly requir the causes are of the same nature. It matters not, ed great exertions to effectuate that object, for in as to results, whether the great laboring inte- Maryland as well as in other states, even the chrisrest is ground to dust by the operation of a tythe tian sects, Catholics particularly, had formerly to churchmen, under the specious and imposing been proscribed, and we may at once see how pretext of supporting the hallowed institutions of strongly these prejudices influenced the minds of religion, or whether it be done by the operation the wise and worthy framers of our constitution, of chartered privileges, in the more dangerous, when in one breath they declare, "that it is the (because less intelligible and more insidious), form duty of every man to worship God in such a man-. of protecting duties for the support of manufac-ner as he thinks most acceptable to him." And in tures, and charters to banking institutions. He the next, that it was only professing christians who must, indeed, be a short-sighted politician, and un- were entitled to protection in their religious liacquainted with the plainest and most obvious prin-berty.*

ciples of political economy, who does not preceive

that all such monopolies derive their support from the people of the United States had time to give, When the revolutionary war was at an end, and the class of productive labor. Equivalents, it is the principles of government, and of civil and reli true, are promised: It is said that labor shall find in gious liberty a fair and a full examination; when the those chartered bodies a surer and more conve-immortal Washington and his illustrious compeers, nient market for its productions; but, with these selected from every state in the union, met in confalse pretences in their mouths, the politicians of vention to frame a constitution, which was ratified Great Britain have gone on, for more than a century, in the practice of a system whose monstrous effects begin now to develope themselves in the bankruptcy and ruin of nearly a moiety of their laboring population.

mously declared, that "no religious test shall ever by the people of the United States, they unani. be required as a qualification of any office or public trust, under the United States." Such a declaration, at such a time, and from such an assem. Whilst, then, gentlemen, as a society, we keep blage, comprising a greater share of talents, vir. steadily in view the important subject of agricul. tue, and patriotism, than our own, or perhaps any tural improvements, by communicating the results other country will ever again exhibit, calls loudly of experiments and of practice, and by a mutual for our admiration. They broke the last link of interchange of opinions, let us equally guard and religious tyranny, and put an end to the dominion protect the rights of agriculture, by joining with of superstition-the free, sovereign and indepenour brethren throughout the United States when.dent people of the United States, echoed and reever the occasion shall call for it, in a mild, but firm and manly, tone of remonstrance against every branch of our goverment policy, which shall be found to operate injuriously to agriculture, and, of course, ought to be considered as partial, unjust and oppressive.

Religious Liberty.

LEGISLATURE OF MARYLAND.

House of Delegates, Dec. 18, 1822.

echoed the noble sentiment-"No religious test shall ever be required"-even Maryland joined in the general acclamations, and hailed the glad tidings with joy; and we find the names of a McHenry, a Jenifer, and a Carroll, attached to that instrument under which the United States have risen to glory and greatness.

The only state constitution which imposes a re. striction in any degree similar to that of Maryland, is that of Massachusetts, which was also adopted during the revolutionary war, and even that is only applicable to a few offices. The state of Maine, which formed part of Massachusetts, and was re

Mr. Thomas Kennedy delivered the following re-ceived into the union a few years past, has made report:

The committee appointed to bring in a bill entitled, an act to extend to the citizens of Maryland, the same civil rights and religious privileges that are enjoyed under "the constitution of the United States," respectfully ask leave to report,

it a part of her constitution, that no religious test shall be required as a qualification for office. The adjoining state of Delaware was the first to follow the footsteps of Washington in this respect, and to use the same words in her constitution as in that of the United States. Tennessee, Ohio, Illinois and Alabama have all incorporated the same decla That they have taken the subject into their seri-ration in theirs-and all the other states have reous consideration, and it is a subject of far greater cognized religious liberty as a "natural unalienable importance than may at the first glance be imagined; it is a subject in which the honor, the character,

*Declaration of rights, article 33.