Albania Past and Present

Vlora in our own days, Namyk Kemal Bey the philosopher, Admiral Miaulis, the illustrious commanders Marko Bochari, Odysseus Andrucho, the female Admiral Bubulina, Francesco Crispi, Prime Minister of Italy, and a host of other celebrated men whose names would fill entire pages of this book, not to mention the earlier contributions to Rome, such as Diocletian, the great organizer of the Roman Empire, Constantine the Great, Julian the Philosopher who attempted to revive the worship of the Pelasgic Gods of his native country in the new capital of the Roman Empire, Constantinople, St. Jerome, the translator of the Scriptures, Pope Sylvester, and Pope Clement XI (1700-1721) who put an end to Jansenism by the famous bull Unigenitus, the country and the people, we say, who have given so many illustrious names to the history of the world will not surely fail to provide for their own national needs. It is impossible to suppose that the people among whom the memory of George Castriota Scanderbeg is as alive as ever will languish for any considerable length of time.

It is undeniable that Albania is to-day only a desolate and devastated country; and this is exactly what is expected to spur the enterprise and activity of the ruling class of the land. It is likewise undeniable that in her present condition Albania needs some kind of assistance and protection against the aggressive dispositions of her neighbors. Divided as these neighbors are, the only thing that unites them is the desire, common to them all, to do injury to Albania.

Testing psychologically the mentality of the Al

banian people it will be found that there is no orderly and decent way to govern Albania save through the Albanians themselves. The moral influence of the acknowledged leaders of the people is likely to prove more potent and efficacious than the physical force of an alien government, foisted on pugnacious and unwilling subjects. In this case, martial law and wholesale executions would be the chief weapons which the alien government would be obliged to resort to in moments of crises. La belle affaire! as M. Gabriel Hanotaux exclaims, having in mind this prospect.

REFERENCES

AUBRY, E., Albania on the Balkan Chess-Board, Asiatic Review, Vol. 6, (beg. with p. 242), April, 1915.

BRAILSFORD, H. N., Macedonia; Its Races and Their Future, pp. 277289.

DURHAM, M. E., The Albanian Question, Contemporary Review (beg. p. 386), October, 1917.

PINON, RENÉ, La Question albanaise, Revue des deux mondes, Vol. 54, pp. 792-826.

INDEX

Abdul Hamid II, 63, 65; his pol-
icy toward Albania, 64, 215;
Albanians rise against, 65;
Greeks imitate his officials, 95.
Achilles, Albanian form of, 14.
Acland, Mr., British Under-Sec-

retary for Foreign Affairs, re-
plies to questions, 134.
Ahmed Fuad Pasha, of Egypt,
candidate, 123; opposed by
Provisional Government, 124.
Akropolis, newspaper of Athens,

on the Albanian frontiers, 167.
Albania, original settlers of, 3;
in the Caucasus, 3; origin of
the term, 21.

"Albanian Brigands," 38, 191.
Albanian Cause, discredited,
(1912), 84.

Albanian Islands, 25 n., 206.
Albanian League, The, 50-53,
211-216; importance of, 51,
212-213, results of its ac-
tivities, 53, 213-216; opposes
the Montenegrins, 52-53;
struggles against the Turks,
53-54, 213; outwardly sup-
pressed, 56-57; Mirdita in, 194.
Albanian Patriots, The, policy
of, 62-63, 69; treatment by
the Greek military authorities,
116; prominent, 214; accom-
plishments of, 216–223.
Albanian People, The, origin of,
3-5; unbroken existence and
traditions of, 10; effects of the
Turkish conquest on, 36-38;
numerical strength of, 186;
divisions, 187; national char-
acteristics, 188; educating,

213-223.

Albanian Policy, 62-63, 69.
Albanian Schools, prohibited by

Turkey, 58, 214; prohibition
relaxed and then renewed, 59,
214-215; religious differences
ignored in, 225, 226.

Albanians of America, The, 227-
233; obliterate religious lines,
230; contributions of, 232–233.
Albanians of Greece, The, 24, 205-
207.

Albanians of Italy, The, 36-37,
207-209.

Albanians, in the Greek Revolu-
tion, 48 and n.

Alessio, Congress of, 31; burial
place of Scanderbeg, 33.
Alexander the Great, 12, 14.
Ali Pasha, of Janina, battles
against the Pasha of Scutari,
42; becomes Pasha of Janina,
43; character of, 43-44; rela-
tions with Napoleon and other
Powers, 45; stirs commotions
in Greece, 47; patronizes lead-
ers, 48.
Ambassadors, The Conference of,
see Conference of London.
America, The Albanians of, see
The Albanians of America and
United States.

American School, at Korcha, 139
Andrucho, Odysseus, 48, 241.
Anjevin Albanian Kingdom, 23.
Antiquities, 8-9; "twentieth cen-
tury," 132.
Appian Way, 16.
Arberia, 208.

Arbresh, 208.

Area, of Albania, 169.
Arghyrocastro, remains of, 8;

seat of Albanian League, 51;
assigned to Albania, 119;
nearly captured by the Alba-
nians, 142; Albanian independ-
ence proclaimed at, 161, 196.
Armstrong, Secretary to the
Prince of Wied, 138.
Aryan Immigrants, Albanians
descendants of the earliest, 3.
Asia Minor, Greeks imported into
Southern Albani from, 115.
Athena (Minerva), Albanian

form of, 6.
Autonomy, Albanian struggle for
autonomy, 61-63; preparing
for, 61-62; the winning of, 69.
Austria, troops in Albania, 39;
intervenes in Albania, 79-85;
reasons for intervention, 81-
82; discredits Albanian cause,
83-84; rôle in the Scutari
crisis, 101; attitude in the
election of the Prince, 123-124;
delegation from, 137; repre-
sented in the Palace of the
Prince, 138; hostility with
Essad Pasha, 144; occupies
Northern and Central Albania,
158-159; evacuates Albanian
territories, 162; commercial
relations with Albania, 178-
179; mistrusted by the Alba-
nians, 218.

Bagdad Railway Project, Al-
bania in the, 82.
Balfour, A. J., declares deci-

sions of the London Conference
abrogated, 235.

Balkan Alliance, The, formed as

a result of the successes of the
Albanians, 74-75; attitude of
the Albanians toward, the, 76.
Balkan Allies, The, attitude to-
ward Albania of, 76-77; in-
vade and occupy most of Al-
bania, 77-78; ignore proclama-
tion of independence, 79-80;
territorial claims of, 91, 92-93.
Balkan Revue, quoted, 179.

Goths, 20; Serbians, 20; Nor-
mans, 21; Bulgarians, 20-21,
22.
Barbarich, Eugenio, quoted, 207.
Bardhyllus, King of Illyria, 11.
Bekir Agha Grebenaly, Turkish
Major in plot against Albania,
128-129.

Bektashis, sect of the, 204.
Berat, Normal School of, 225.
Berlin, Congress of, provisions of,
the, 50-51; modifications of the
treaty, 52, 211-212.

Bessa, violated, 148, 150; nature
of the, 192, 193.

Beys, become leaders of opinion,
197.

Beys and Pashas, expropriated,
174.

Bishop, Greek, 140.

Bismarck, in the Congress of Ber-
lin, 50, 53.

Biblical Society, British, 213.
Bochari, Marko, 28 and n., 241.
Bojana, River, 171; navigable,

184.

Bolsheviki, reveal Secret Treaty
of London, 235.
Borova, Incident of, 116.
Bosnian Refugees, settled
Central Albania, 147, 195.
Boston (Massachusetts), first
Albanian newspaper estab-
lished in, 228; establishment
of the Orthodox Albanian
Church in, 229.
Boundary Commission, South-
eastern, appointed by the Lon-
don Conference, 100; starts on
its journey, 112; official pro-
ceedings of the, 113; at Kor-
cha, 117; at Kolonia and Bo-
rova, 118.
Bourbon-Orleans, see Ferdinand-
François, Duc de Montpensier.

Bourchier, J. D., on the Alba-
nians of Greece and Italy, 25,
n.; on the frontiers of Albania,
168, 169.

Brailsford, H. N., on the future
of Albania, 234, 236, 240.
Brindisi, terminus of the Appian
Way, 16.

Bubulina, female Admiral in the

Greek Revolution, 48, 241.
Bulgaria, Albanian societies in,
57, 216; claims the Vilayet of
Monastir, 74; delegation from,
137; sends Minister to Du-
razzo, 138; invasion of Alba-
nia by Bulgarian troops, 158-
159; Albanian colony in, 210.
Burney, Vice-Admiral Sir Cecil,
occupies Scutari, 102, 127; re-
tires, 130.

Byron, Lord, on the natural
beauties of Albania, 167, 169;
on the Albanians, 189.
Byzantine, domination and in-
fluence, 19-20.

tari, 47; invaded by the Serb-
ians, 77; uprising of (1914),
146-150; causes of the upris-
ing, 149-150; "The Govern-
ment of Central Albania," 156;
extent of, 168; landowners ex-
propriated by peasants in, 149,
174; forests of, 180; social
conditions in, 195; pseudo-
Moslems in, 204.
Chamber of Deputies, Turkish,
discussion on Albania in the,
67.

Clans, parallel drawn by Byron,
189; organization of, 193.
Clergy, Greek, in Southern Al-
bania, 98; Roman Catholic in
Northern Albania, 194; na-
tional clergy, 223.

Childe Harold, on the natural
beauties of Albania, 167.
Chimarra, 23, 34; mountains of,
170.

Commerce, and articles of, 177-
180.

Commissioners, see Boundary
Commission.

Communications, 183-184.
Comnenus, Michael, founder of
the Despotat of Epirus, 22.
Concessions, made to the Alba-
nians by Turkey, 68-69; made
by the Provisional Govern-
ment, 120-121.

Conference of Ambassadors, see
Conference of London.
Conference of London, The, 86-
104; menace of European war
led to, 86; recognition of Alba-
nian independence by, 87-88;
decisions reached by compro-
mises, 88, 89; its decisions de-
clared abrogated, 235.
Congress of Alessio, 31.
Congress of Berlin, provisions of
the, 50-51; modifications of the
treaty, 52, 211–212.

Constantine the Great, native of
Illyria, 17, 241.

Conversion, to Islamism, 39;
reasons for, 201-202.

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