Gen- and that learned author's discussion in Cyc., where, for example, he says: the complaint of the plaintiff, Moss. Several legal propositions of consequence are argued by the litigants. It is proper to refer to them, but, for reasons which will hereinafter appear, it is unnecessary to decide all of them. The first of these legal disputes arises over the construction of the statute (Civ. Code, § 309) which makes the participating directors "jointly and severally liable to the corporation, and to the creditors thereof, to the full amount of the In some "Sec. 4265. Most of the statutes simply make the directors contracting such excessive debts liable therefor to the creditors of the company, meaning, of course, to the persons in whose favor such debts were contracted. cases it is not distinctly so expressed; but in they are liable to those creditors, because, when such cases the implication, of course, is that it is said that a man is liable for a debt, the meaning is that he is liable to the person to whom the debt is due." Thompson's Com. on Corp. "Most of the statutes in terms make the directors liable to creditors, meaning, it must be assumed, to a creditor in favor of whom such excessive indebtedness was contracted." 10 Cyc. 879. Further it is argued that Hornor v. Henning and other cases limit with scrupulous care the language of their opinions, and declare only "that this liability constitutes a fund for the benefit of all the creditors who are entitled to share in it," and that those only are entitled to share who have actually suffered or who may be thought actually to have suffered by reason of the incurring of the excess indebtedness; that is to say the creditors of such excessive indebtedness. This view it is said was the interpretation put upon Hornor v. Henning by Mr. Justice Lurton, but recently of the United States Supreme Court, in Allison v. Coal Creek, etc., Co., 87 Tenn. 60, 9 S. W. 226, and this construction has been adhered to in Moulton v. Connell, etc., Co., 93 Tenn. 377, 27 S. W. 672, and Trademan Publishing Co. v. Knoxville, etc., Co., 95 Tenn. 634, 32 S. W. 1097, 31 L. R. A. 593, 49 Am. St. Rep. 943. This is the first of the legal propositions, interesting in itself, whose decision is unnecessary to this adjudication. For the purposes of this discussion and decision only, the question will be resolved in favor of appellants' contention. debt contracted." By appellants it is contended that the language of the law itself and the decisions of the courts upon similar laws establish this right of action in any creditor of the corporation. Not only, it is urged, does the law make no distinction between the creditors, but, in giving the right of action to "the creditors," by force of its own language gives it to all of them, and this construction gains further assurance from the fact that the same right of action is given to the corporation; that the recovery therefore is in the nature of a recovery of a trust fund into the treasury of the corporation for the benefit, not of a selected class of creditors, but for the benefit of all the creditors. In support of this view are cited, with others, the cases of Low v. Buchanan, 94 Ill. 76; Woolverton v. Taylor, 132 Ill. 197, 23 N. E. 1007, 22 Am. St. Rep. 521; National Bank v. Dillingham, 147 N. Y. 603, 42 N. E. 338, 49 Am. St. Rep. 692; Thacher v. King, 156 Mass. 490, 31 N. E. 648; Green v. Whitehead, 5 Pa. Dist. R. 613; Hornor v. Henning, 93 U. S. 228, 23 L. Ed. 879; and finally our own cases of WinThe next is the contention of respondents chester v. Mabury, 122 Cal. 525, 55 Pac. 393, that section 456 of the Civil Code contains and Winchester v. Howard, 136 Cal. 441, 64 a specific grant of power, with the result Pac. 692, 69 Pac. 77, 89 Am. St. Rep. 153. that the limitation upon incurring indebtedOur own cases dealt with the provision of law ness declared in section 309 does not apply found in section 3, art. 12, of our Constitu- to that kind of a railroad indebtedness aution, making directors of corporations joint-thorized by section 456, so that a corporaly and severally liable to the creditors and tion which has incurred the bonded indebtedstockholders for all moneys embezzled or mis- ness authorized by section 456 for the purappropriated. These decisions declared that poses of construction, etc., may still incur the remedy in such an action for the enforce- the indebtedness contemplated by 309 up to ment of this constitutional provision is by the amount of the "subscribed capital stock." a bill in equity in which all the creditors In opposition to this appellants insist that of the corporation are entitled to be repre- section 456 does not contain a grant of power sented, precisely as in the judgment recover- to incur indebtedness independent of and ed all are entitled to share, and appellants in excess of that limited by section 309, but argue upon principle that the same construc- that the two sections are to be considered totion should be given to the section of the gether and harmonized. So doing, it is plain, Code upon which this action is based. By so appellants argue, that the primary purrespondents it is contended that the very pose and object of section 456 was to confer plain meaning of the section is that the di- power upon public corporations which, withrectors shall be liable only to the persons out statutory authority, they lacked, namely, in whose favor such debts were contracted, the power to mortgage their property and and reference is made to the first edition of franchises, a power which, because of the tions, they did not possess at common law,, tenance of the action; that the action is in and do not now possess without statutory equity, and therefore could not be for the authority. 3 Thompson, Corp. (2d Ed.) § enforcement of a penalty or forfeiture, which 2534; Eliott, Railroads, § 67; 3 Cook on equity abhors; consequently there can be no Corp. (7th Ed.) § 780. In Market St. Ry. Co. penalty or forfeiture within the meaning of v. Hellman, 109 Cal. 571, 42 Pac. 225, and the law; that the law is remedial, and is to Boyd v. Heron, 125 Cal. 453, 58 Pac. 64, the be interpreted as creating a fund for the construction of these two sections, it is said, benefit of the corporation and its creditors is distinctly laid down in harmony with ap-growing out of the dereliction of duty of the pellants' contention. Here again we have directors who are thus made, as it were, but indicated the controversy, and pass it sureties for these debts; that the penalty is over without decision, saving that for the prescribed by section 566 of the Penal Code. purposes of this case only further discussion Once more, though for the purposes of this will be had under the view most favorable decision only, adopting the view of appellants, to appellants, namely, that the law limits the that this action will lie without a pleading of total indebtedness of a corporation to the special loss and damage to plaintiff growing amount of its capital stock. out of the violation of section 309, neverthe[1, 2] The next controverted proposition less it must be added that the moment the between these parties litigant is over the na-element of compensation for loss is eliminatture and character of section 309. Is it in ed the statute itself becomes highly penal in its nature penal, or is it in its nature remedial? This question demands somewhat more detailed consideration than we have felt it necessary to give to the foregoing propositions, and yet again it should be said that, for reasons which will plainly appear, even the determination of this question is not vital to the decision of this case. Respondents' argument upon the nature of this statute may be summarized as follows: Of two permissible constructions of a statute, that which avoids a penalty will be preferred to the other which exacts it. Ukiah Guaranty Co. v. Curry, 148 Cal. 256, 82 Pac. 1048. This statute is susceptible of construction as a remedial statute, but, if so, under a remedial statute all that is permitted is compensation to make good a loss; that this, in truth, is the construction put upon the exact language of section 309, which was adopted in precise words as the law of South Dakota. The Supreme Court of Vermont, having occasion to discuss and construe the South Dakota statute, thus declares: "That statute clearly is not penal either in its letter or intent, but it grants a right of action to private persons who have suffered pecuniary injury in consequence of certain officers of corporations violating the statute to recover damages of those officers, the extent of whose liability is the amount of the pecuniary loss sustained by such private persons-creditors of the corporation." Farr v. Briggs, 72 Vt. 225, 47 Atl. 793, 82 Am. St. Rep. 930. If this construction is the sound one, and is to prevail, then the demurrers were properly sustained, and appellants' appeals are lost; for it is certain that their complaints do not charge, nor attempt to charge, upon any specific loss or damage sustained by plaintiff and intervener by reason of the corporate indebtedness in excess of the capital stock which these directors created. Needless to say, appellants therefore combat this construction of the statute, and, while insisting that it is remedial in character, also insist that proof of loss growing out of the contracts, or of damage to the creditors arising therefrom, is not at all essential to the main its nature, and the argument of appellants that it may still be considered purely as a remedial statute is without force. The fact that the action may be treated as in the nature of a creditors' bill brought on behalf of plaintiff creditor and all others, and that it thus addresses itself to the equitable side of the court, has not the slightest weight in determining the nature of the statute, and no more weight has the invocation of the familiar maxim that equity abhors penalties and forfeitures. The question might have been of consequence in the older administration of jurisprudence where the courts of law and equity were wholly separated, but it ceases to be of consequence under our system, and even under the English system since its Reformed Judicature Act has come into effect. All redress and relief is administered in one forum and by one judicial officer. chancellor he revolts at enforcing a legal penalty, he will doff his chancellor's robes and lay aside his great seal, and donning the judicial ermine will enforce the penalty (with or without his jury as the case may be), resuming the regalia of his chancellorship for the purpose of making equitable disposition of the fund. So that, if in truth this statute does exact a penalty, no embarrassment will be found in the court's enforcing it. And that this statute becomes highly penal in character the moment there is eliminated from it the consideration of compensation for loss is at once apparent. What is meant by a statutory penalty was defined in Los Angeles v. Ballerino, 99 Cal. 593, 32 Pac. 581, 34 Pac. 329, to be: If as "One which an individual is allowed to recover against a wrongdoer, as a satisfaction for the wrong or injury suffered, and without reference to the actual damage sustained." Section 14 of the general corporation law of 1850 (St. 1850, p. 348) is, for the purpose of this consideration, substantially the same as section 309 of the present Civil Code. It declared: "The total amount of the debts which any incorporated company shall owe, shall not at any time exceed the amount of the capital stock | directors' liability, and this in a case in actually paid in; and in case of any excess, which not only no loss has been incurred, but the directors, under whose administration the same may have happened, except those who have caused their dissent therefrom to be entered at large on the minutes of the said directors at the time, and except those who were not present when the same did happen, shall, in their individual and private capacities, jointly and severally be liable for such excess to the said corporation, and in the event of its dissolution, to any of the creditors thereof to the full amount of such excess.' In Irvine v. McKeon, 23 Cal. 472, this court said: "This statute provides for making one person individually liable for the debts of another. ** Like other statutes which create a forfeiture or impose a penalty, it is to be strictly construed." The fact that a statute may have a remedial phase is not at all inconsistent with its being of highly punitive character. The decisions holding that under statutes similar to ours the recovery is not strictly a penalty have to do with the technical definitions of penalty, and with the statutes of limitations governing actions to enforce penalties. Willcox v. Edwards, 162 Cal. 455, 464, 123 Pac. 276, Ann. Cas. 1913C, 1392. Huntington v. Attrill, 146 U. S. 657, 13 Sup. Ct. 224, 36 L. Ed. 1123, upon which appellants rely as supporting their contention that section 309 is a remedial, and not a penal, statute, is explained by Judge Gilbert in Patterson v. Thompson (C. C.) 86 Fed..85, who shows that the question before the Supreme Court was solely whether such statutes are penal laws in the sense in which the word is used in international law. The same statute under consideration in Huntington v. Attrill was again before the Supreme Court of the United States in Park Bank v. Remsen, 158 U. S. 337, 15 Sup. Ct. 891, 39 L. Ed. 1008, and it was distinctly declared to be in its nature a penal statute, as had previously been held in Chase v. Curtis, 113 U. S. 452, 5 Sup. Ct. 554, 28 L. Ed. 1038. But that this statute is of a highly penal character the moment it is construed as making the directors liable for the full amount of the excess debts which they may have authorized, regardless of loss or damage which may have been occasioned by their acts, does not we think call for lengthy discussion. The directors of an oil company which has exhausted its capacity to incur debts enter into a contract on behalf of the corporation for the digging of an oil well for $50,000. Upon success or nonsuccess depends the future of the corporation. If the well "comes in," the corporation immediately becomes solvent and prosperous. If it is a "dry hole," the corporation is bankrupt. The venture saves the life of the corporation. Oil is discovered, and prosperity follows. Yet, under the terms of this act, as construed by appellants, the corporation itself may recover from these directors the contract price of $50,000, and even the well borer need not look to the corporation for where the excessive contract has proved of incalculable value to the corporation itself. Examples need not be multiplied. We have pointed out that Irvine v. McKeon, supra, judicially declares the penal nature of this statute. Moore v. Lent, 81 Cal. 502, 22 Pac. 875, dealing with the same statute, quotes Irvine v. McKeon approvingly, and declares: "While such laws are to be commended, as in the interest of creditors and fair dealing, they are penal in their nature, and should be strictly construed." Many other courts have adopted the same view of their own similar enactments. Patterson v. Thompson (C. C.) 86 Fed. 85; Huntington v. Attrill, supra; Park Bank v. Remsen, supra; Chase v. Curtis, supra; Brown v. Clow, 158 Ind. 403, 62 N. E. 1006; Savage V. Shaw, 195 Mass. 574, 81 N. E. 303, 122 Am. St. Rep. 272, 12 Ann. Cas. 806. See same case, 12 Ann. Cas. 806, where it is noted that the majority of jurisdictions hold such statutes to be penal. While the soundness of this court's decision in Irvine v. McKeon has been declared in Steam Engine Co. v. Hubbard, 101 U. S. 188, 25 L. Ed. 786; Snell v. Bradbury, 139 Cal. 379, 73 Pac. 150; Sav. & Loan Soc. v. McKoon, 120 Cal. 177, 52 Pac. 305; Moore v. Lent, supra; Mitchell v. Hotchkiss, 48 Conn. 9, 40 Am. Rep. 146; State Sav. Bank V. Johnson, 18 Mont. 440, 45 Pac. 662, 33 L. R. A. 552, 56 Am. St. Rep. 591; and Savage v. Shaw, 195 Mass. 571, 81 N. E. 303, 122 Am. St. Rep. 272, 12 Ann. Cas. 806. Nothing in Winchester v. Howard, supra, is in conflict with this; in the first place, because the directors, under section 3, art. 12, of the Constitution, which section was the foundation of the action, are liable solely for loss sustained by embezzlement and misappropriation-a liability involving loss, and thus entirely different in character from that which appellants contend is imposed by section 309. Moreover, the court is at pains to point out that the constitutional enactment did not enlarge the liability imposed upon these trustees under the rules of common law, saying that no one contends that their liability "extends to damages resulting from mere negligence not resulting in some misappropriation nor a loss through bad management or incompetency or mistake," and saying further, "No officer, omitting for the nonce the suretyship, is made liable for any act or to any greater extent than he was liable before the constitutional amendment." And for a final word upon the equitable phase of the matter no court has found difficulty in reconciling the jurisdiction of equity over similar statutes, which the courts unhesitatingly hold to be penal in character. Merchants' Bank, etc., v. Stevenson, 10 Gray (76 Mass.) 232; Id., 7 Allen (89 Mass.) 489; Tradesman Publishing Co. v. Knoxville Car. Co., 95 Tenn. 634, 32 S. W. 1104, 31 L. R. A. 593, 49 Am. St. ferred by section 309 was a statutory right pure and simple, having no foundation in contract, nor any existence at common law. National Bank v. Dillingham, 147 N. Y. 603, 42 N. E. 338, 49 Am. St. Rep. 692. N. Y. 603, 42 N. E. 338, 49 Am. St. Rep. 692. | right of action against these directors conIn all of these jurisdictions it is held that a creditors' bill is the proper method to establish rights under like statutes, and in all of them the statutes themselves are declared to be penal in their nature. Indeed, the whole matter may be summed up in the statement that, even if section 309 be remedial so far as the creditor is concerned, it is highly punitive so far as the directors are concerned. [3, 4] While we thus conclude that in this action we are dealing with section 309 in its penal aspect, that determination is, as we have before intimated, not vital to the final proposition pressed by respondents upon our attention, which proposition is that section 309, in so far as it affects this action and the right to maintain and prosecute it, has been repealed, and that with the repeal this action itself must fall. The Public Utilities Act went into force on March 23, 1912. Stats. and Amendments to the Codes, Extra Sess. 1911, p. 18. By the terms of that act (section 52b): "The commission may authorize issues of bonds, notes or other evidences of indebtedness, less than, equivalent to or greater than the authorized or subscribed capital stock of a public utility corporation, and the provisions of sections 309 and 456 of the Civil Code of this state, in so far as they contain inhibitions against the creation by corporations of indebtedness, evidenced by bonds, notes or otherwise, in excess of their total authorized or subscribed capital stock shall have no application to public utility corporations." In the event that the corporation issues any stock or stock certificate or bond, note, or other evidence of indebtedness in noncon formity with the order of the commission, or contrary to the provisions of the act, it is subject to a penalty of not less than $500 nor more than $20,000 for each offense (section 52e), and every officer, agent, or employé knowingly authorizing, directing or aiding in any such issue "shall be guilty of a felony." Manifestly these provisions work radical changes in the pre-existing law declared in section 309. Now, no longer do the assenting directors suffer any momentary penalty. It is the corporation which is to suffer; but, upon the other hand, no longer are the aiding and assenting directors guilty of a misdemeanor. They are guilty of a felony. The judgment in this action was entered on the 15th of April, 1912. This later law was in force upon that date, and had been in force since the 23d of March, 1912. That this change in the law destroyed absolutely appellants' right further to prosecute their action, whether that action be in its nature penal or remedial, no possible doubt can be entertained. True it is that the new law does not repeal sections 309 and 456 of the Civil Code in toto, but it does repeal them absolutely so far as they apply to that class of public utility corporations to which the Ocean Shore Railway Company belongs, and it contains no clause saving pending litigation or imperfect and inchoate rights. The [4] There can be no question in this state of the power of the Legislature to destroy such inchoate and unvested rights; for section 327 of the Political Code expressly declares that: "Any statute may be repealed at any time except when it is otherwise provided therein. Persons acting under any statute are deemed to have acted in contemplation of this power of repeal." Says Thompson (2 Thompson, Corp. [2d Ed.] § 1331): "Courts are not required to adopt the theory that these statutes are penal to justify the holdings that the repeal of such a statute without reservation destroys any unenforced rights of a creditor. Such holdings can be justified on the equally sound doctrine that the repeal of a statute which gives a cause of action destroys the right, and any pending action based on such statute is abated by such repeal." Therefore it is that we say that it does not become of vital consequence in this consideration whether the statute be viewed as penal or remedial. The principle is that declared in Curran v. Owens, 15 W. Va. 208, in the following language: "A right of action, which does not exist at common law, but depends solely upon statute, falls with the repeal of the statute without a been carried into judgment." saving clause * unless that right has Such is the decision of this court in Napa State Hospital v. Flaherty, 134 Cal. 315, 66 Pac. 322, where an earlier law had made the father liable for the support of his insane adult son while confined in a state asylum. A later statute covering the whole field did not in terms repeal the earlier one, but was merely silent on the question of the father's liability. After the later statute had gone into operation the Napa State Hospital brought its action against Flaherty to compel him to support his insane adult son. Here was clearly the case of a remedial stat ute. This court, in holding the father not liable, declared as follows: lant's counsel in their opening brief, that the "If we were to concede, as claimed by appelentire act of 1889 was repealed by the act of 1897-and this court has very strongly so intimated in People v. King, 127 Cal. 574 [60 Pac. 351-then the right to recover of defendant is lost. It is a rule of almost universal application, that, where a right is created solely by a statute, and is dependent upon the statute alone, and such right is still inchoate, and not reduced to possession, or perfected by final judgment, the repeal of the statute destroys the remedy, unless the repealing statute contains a saving clause. Sutherland on Statutory Contation of Statutes, § 478, and cases in notes. struction, $$ 162, 163; Endlich on the InterpreIt was said by Tindal, C. J., in Kay v. Goodwin, 6 Bing. 576, 4 Moore & P. 341, that the effect of repealing a statute is 'to obliterate it as completely from the records of the Parliament as if it had never passed, * * except for the purpose of those actions which were commenced, prosecuted, and concluded whilst | London, 3 Burr. 1455, 97 English Reprint, it was an existing law."" 924. To like effect in People v. Bank of San It follows herefrom that the demurrers Luis Obispo, 159 Cal. 65, 112 Pac. 866, 37 were properly sustained, and the judgments L. R. A. (N. S.) 934, Ann. Cas. 1912B, 1148, appealed from are therefore affirmed. it is said: "These cases have been cited as fairly typifying the extremes of judicial determination, and as expressing the reasons upon which their rules of decision are based. In the case of penalties and crimes the repeal operates to defeat all actions pending. In case of a statute conferring civil rights or powers the repeal operates to deprive the citizen of all such rights or powers which are at the time of the repeal inchoate, incomplete, and unperfected. In the case of statutes conferring jurisdiction the repeal operates by causing all pending proceedings to cease and terminate at the time and in the condition which existed when the repeal became operative. In cases of judgment pending upon appeal, the rule of decision is that the proceedings abate and the judgment falls." In Flanigan v. Sierra County, 196 U. S. 553, 25 Sup. Ct. 314, 49 L. Ed. 597, discussing a California law, the Supreme Court of the United States says: "The general rule is that powers derived wholly from a statute are extinguished by its repeal. * And it follows that no proceedings can be pursued under the repealed statute, though begun before the repeal, unless such proceedings be authorized under a special clause in the repealing act." And to the same effect are all of the cases in this state. McMinn v. Bliss, 31 Cal. 122; Lamb v. Schottler, 54 Cal. 319; Spears v. County of Modoc, 101 Cal. 303, 35 Pac. 869; Anderson v. Byrnes, 122 Cal. 272, 54 Pac. 821; City of Sonora v. Curtin, 137 Cal. 583, 70 Pac. 674; Wheeler v. County of Plumas, 149 Cal. 782, 87 Pac. 802. Says Mr. Justice Gray in New London Northern R. R. Co. v. Boston, etc., R. R. Co., 102 Mass. 386: We concur: ANGELLOTTI, C. J.; SHAW, J.; MELVIN, J.; SLOSS, J.; LAWLOR, J. WILCOX v. WILCOX. (L. A. 3521.) (Supreme Court of California. Jan. 28, 1916.) 1. MARRIAGE 58-ANNULMENT-Grounds. In an action to annul a marriage, findings that prior to the marriage, and as an inducement thereto, and to the conveyance of certain property by plaintiff to defendant before the marriage defendant had represented herself as an unmarried woman, when in fact there was a former husband living from whom she had not been divorced, and had fraudulently represented that she had always been of a moral character, was a nurse and would be a kind and dutiful wife, would not sustain a judgment annulling the marriage. 58.] [Ed. Note.-For other cases, see Marriage, Cent. Dig. §8 115-123; Dec. Dig. 2. DEEDS 70 CONVEYANCE TO WIFE BY HUSBAND-CANCELLATION-GROUNds. Finding of such false representations, held not to sustain a judgment setting aside the plaintiff's conveyance of real property to the wife after the marriage. Dig. 88 165-182; Dec. Dig. 70.] 3. DEEDS 160-CONVEYANCE TO WIFE BY Where a husband conveyed realty to defendant in the belief that she was his lawful property would be kept as a home for them both, wife and induced by her representation that the and that she would not incumber it without his consent, her act in subsequently increasing a mortgage lien from $2,000 to $3,000 without his consent, did not destroy its character as a home. [Ed. Note. For other cases, see Deeds, Cent. Dig. $$ 505-517; Dec. Dig. 160.] "The conclusive answer to this argument is that a statute which wholly repeals an earlier one, either expressly or by implication, with out any saving clause, makes it ineffectual to support any proceedings, whether not yet begun or pending at the time of its passage, and not already prosecuted to final judgment vest-4. ing absolute rights. The books are so full of cases illustrating this principle that the only difficulty is in making a selection." cancel a conveyance of realty by plaintiff to deIn an action to annul a marriage, and to fendant, any findings of undue influence on the part of defendant in obtaining the conveyance entirely outside the issues made by the pleadings, will be disregarded. [Ed. Note.-For other cases, see Trial, Cent. Dig. §§ 935-938; Dec. Dig. 396.] 5. DEEDS 211 - HUSBAND TO WIFE-UN DUE INFLUENCE. The mere relation of husband and wife does not constitute prima facie evidence of undue influence as against the wife to whom the husband has conveyed realty. Without further multiplying quotations it may be said that the principle is of universal application, as is plainly established by Vance v. Rankin, 194 Ill. 625, 62 N. E. 807, 88 Am. St. Rep. 173; Van Inwagen v. City of Chicago, 61 Ill. 31; Taylor v. Strayer, 167 Ind. 23, 78 N. E. 236, 119 Am. St. Rep. 469; Louisiana v. Mayor of New Orleans, 109 U. S. 285, 3 Sup. Ct. 211, 27 L. Ed. 936; Cope v. Hampton County, 42 S. C. 17, 19 S. E. 1018; Bennett v. Hargus, 1 Neb. 419; Butler v. Palmer, 1 Hill (N. Y.) 324; Wilson v. Head, 184 Mass. 515, 69 N. E. 317; Yeomans v. Heath, 185 Mass. 189, 70 N. E. 1114; When a marriage has been shown in eviSurtees v. Ellison, 9 B. & C. 750, 109 Eng- dence whether regular or irregular, and whatlish Reprint, 278; Kay, Assignee, v. Good-ever the form of proof, the law raised a strong presumption of its legality. win, 6 Bing. 576, 130 English Reprint, 1403; [Ed. Note. For other cases, see Marriage, Rex. v. Justice of the Peace for the City of Cent. Dig. §§ 58-69, 79; Dec. Dig. 40.] [Ed. Note.-For other cases, see Deeds, Cent. Dig. §§ 637-647; Dec. Dig. 211.] 6. MARRIAGE 40-PRESUMPTION OF LEGAL ITY. |