...foreign policy benefits. There is no set formula for deciding when the Due Process Clause requires that economic injuries caused by public action be...concentrated on a few persons. Penn Central Transp. Co. v. City of New York, 438 US 104, 124 (1978). Essentially ad hoc factual inquiries have been considered...

...unconstitutional taking of private property. Just last Term, we reaffirmed that "this Court has generally 'been unable to develop any "set formula" for determining...disproportionately concentrated on a few persons.' Rather, it has examined the 'taking" question by engaging in essentially ad hoc, factual inquiries...

...quite simply, has been unable to develop any 'set formula' for determining when 'justice and fairness1 require that economic injuries caused by public action...disproportionately concentrated on a few persons." In this court, the limitation in para (xxxi) has not been thought hitherto to apply to a regulatory...

...Rehnquist's succinct statement of the general jurisprudence of the Takings Clause: [T]his Court has generally "been unable to develop any 'set formula' for determining...disproportionately concentrated on a few persons" . . . Rather, it has examined the "taking" question by engaging in essentially ad hoc, factual inquires...

...has generally "been unable to develop any 'set formula1 for determining when 'justice and fairness1 require that economic injuries caused by public action...disproportionately concentrated on a few persons" . . . Rather, it has examined the "taking" question by engaging in essentially ad hoc, factual inquires...

...by statements like that of Justice Brennan in Penn Central Transportation Co. v. City of New York:* "[T]his court, quite simply, has been unable to develop...disproportionately concentrated on a few persons."' This is not to suggest that there have not been attempts lo derive a "set formula" that the courts...

...statements tike that of Justice Brennan in Penn Central Transportation Co. v. City of New York:' "[ l']his court, quite simply, has been unable to develop any...disproportionately concentrated on a few persons."' This is not to suggest that there have not been attempts to derive a "set formula" that the courts...

..."set formula" for determining when "justice and fairness" require that economic injuries caused hy public action be compensated by the government, rather...disproportionately concentrated on a few persons. 57 See, eg, Pumpclly v. Green Ray and Mississippi Canal Co., 80 US 166 (1871) (destruction of private...

...v. New York City, supra, at 124. As THE CHIEF JUSTICE has written: "(T]his Court has generally Tbeen unable to develop any "set formula" for determining...disproportionately concentrated on a few persons.' [Penn Central Transportation Co. v. New York City, 438 US], at 124. Rather, it has examined the taking' question...

...444 US 164, 100 S.Ct. 383 (1979), and confirmed in the Keystone decision: This court has generally been unable to develop any set formula for determining...disproportionately concentrated on a few persons. Rather, it has examined the 'taking' question by engaging in essentially ad hoc factual inquiries which...