Indiana.-Shireman v. Second Nat. Bank of New Albany, Ind. App. 124 N. E. 712.

Iowa.-Banker's Iowa State Bank v. Mason Hand Leather Co. (1902), 90 N. W. 612, 121 Iowa 570; Farmers Loan & Tr. Co. v. Brown (1917), 165 N. W. 70.

Kansas-Lill v. Gleason (1914), 142 Pac. 287; German-American State Bank v. Watson (1917), 163 Pac. 637, 99 Kans. 686; First Nat. Bank v. Stroup (1919), 177 Pac. 836.

Kentucky.-Sales v. Martin, 173 Ky. 616, 191 S. W. 480; Owensboro Sav. Bank & Tr. Co.'s Receiver v. Haynes (1911), 136 S. W. 1004 Young v. Exchange Bank of Ky., 152 Ky. 293, 153 S. W. 444, Ann Cas. 1915B, 148.

Louisiana.-N. & C. Newman, Limited v. Pellerin (1910), 125 La. 67, 51 So. 70; Commercial Nat. Bank v. Sanders (1916), 71 So. 891; First State Bank v. Davis (1916), 139 La. 723, 72 So. 185; Schaffter v. Irwin (1916), 139 La. 92, 71 So. 241.

Maine. Kerr v. Dyer (1917), 102 Atl. 178.

Maryland.-Weant v. Southern Tr. & Dep. Co. (1910), 112 Md. 463, 77 Atl. 289; Jamesson v. Citizen's Nat. Bank (1917), 99 Atl. 994, 130 Md. 75; Bergen v. Tremble (1917), 101 Atl. 137; Black v. Bank of Westminster, 96 Md. 399, 54 Atl. 88.

Massachusetts.-Rowe v. Bowman (1903), 183 Mass. 488, 67 N. E. 636; East Bridgewater Sav. Bank v. Bates (1906), 191 Mass. 110; Lowell v. Bickford (1909), 201 Mass. 543, 88 N. E. 1; Nesson v. Miller (1910), 205 Mass. 515; Neal v. Scherber (1911), 207 Mass. 323, 39 N. E. 628; Union Tr. Co. v. McGinty (1912), 212 Mass. 205, 98 N. E. 679; Neal v. Wilson (1913), 213 Mass. 336, 100 N. E. 544; Conners v. Sullivan (1915), 108 N. E. 503; Miller v. Levitt (1917), 115 N. E. 431; Middleborough Nat. Bank v. Cole, 191 Mass. 168, 77 N. E. 781.

Michigan.-Ensign v. Dunn (1914), 148 N. W. 343; East Side Tr. & Sav. Bank v. McGinnis (1917), 163 N. W. 949.

Minnesota. Bank of Montreal v. Bucher (1916), 157 N. W. 1070. Missouri.-Osborne v. Frederick, 134 Mo. App. 449, 114 S. W. 1045; First Nat. Bank of Jefferson City v. Asel (1910), 154 Mo. App. 228; Lehnhard v. Sedway (1911), 160 Mo. App. 83, 141 S. W. 430; Citizen's Bank of Senath v. Douglass (1913), 161 S. W. 601; Golden Banking Co. v. Munn, 184 Mo. App. 515, 170 S. W. 448; Golden City Banking Co. v. Morrow (1914), 179 S. W. 448; Overland Auto Co. v. Winter (Mo. App.), 180 S. W. 561; Cox v. Hagy (1916), 184 S. W. 494; Eaves v. Keeton (1917), 193 S. W. 629; Bank of Dexter v. Simmons (1918), 204 S. W. 837; Kage v. Oates (1919), 208 S. W. 126; Bank of Melyville v. Lee (1919), 208 S. W. 143.

Montana. First Nat. Bank of Hilger v. Lang (1918), 174 Pac. 597; Merchants, etc., Bank v. Smith, 196 Pac. 523.

Nebraska.-Citizens Bank v. Frederickson (1909), 83 Neb. 755; State Bank of Omaha v. Huffman (1916), 160 N. W. 115.

New Jersey.-Gerli v. Nat. Mill Supply Co. (1909), 78 N. J. L. 1, 73 Atl. 252; Morris Co. Brick Co. v. Austin (1910). 79 N. J. L. 273, 75

Atl. 550; Clark v. Barthold (1915), 87 N. J. L. 255, 93 Atl. 699; First Nat. Bank v. Dorvall, 89 N. J. L. 298, 98 Atl. 476.

New York.-Pryor v. Storke (1899), 37 A. D. 364; Citizens Nat. Bank v. Lilienthal (1899), 40 A. D. 609; Howard v. Van Gieson (1900), 56 A. D. 217; Fleitman v. Ashley (1901), 60 A. D. 201; Strickland v. Henry (1901), 66 A. D. 23, 73 N. Y. Supp. 121; Nat. Citizens Bank v. Toplitz (1903), 81 A. D. 593, 81 N. Y. Supp. 422; Roseman v. Mahoney (1903), 86 A. D. 377, 83 N. Y. Supp. 749; Packard v. Windholz' (1903), 40 Misc. 347, 84 N. Y. Supp. 666; affirmed 88 A. D. 365 (1902); Simpson v. Hefter (1904), 42 Misc. 482, 87 N. Y. Supp. 243; Batterman v. Butcher (1904), 95 A. D. 213, 88 N. Y. Supp. 685; Oppenheim v. Reigal Cigar Co. (1904), 90 N. Y. 355; Blag & Eng. Co. v. Nor. Bank, 206 N. Y. 400; Met. Pr. Co. v. Springer (1904), 90 N. Y. Supp. 376; Hover v. Magley (1905), 48 Misc. 430; 96 N. Y. Supp. 925; Westheimer v. Helmbold (1905), 109 A. D. 854; Schlesinger v. Kelly (1906), 114 A. D. 546, 99 N. Y. Supp. 1083; Nat. Bank of Newport v. Snyder Mfg. Co. (1907), 117 A. D. 370, 102 N. Y. Supp. 478; Smith v. State Bank (1907), 104 N. Y. Supp. 750, 54 Misc. 550, 104 N. Y. Supp. 750; English v. Schlesinger (1907), 55 Misc. 584, 105 N. Y. Supp. 989; The Gansevort Bank of N. Y. v. Gilday (1907), 104 N. Y. Supp. 271, 53 Misc. 107; Sabine v. Paine, 151 N. Y. Supp. 735, 161 A. D. 9, affirmed 223 N. Y. 401, 119 N. E. 849; Durbrow v. Swedish Iron & Steel Corp, 158 N. Y. Supp. 701, 95 Misc. Rep. 160; Haddock, Blanchard & Co. v. Haddock (1908), 192 N. Y. Supp. 499, 82 N. E. 682, 103 N. Y. Supp. 584; Cominsky v. Coleman, 114 N. Y. Supp. 875; Witteman v. Glass (1909), 117 N. Y. Supp, 940; Bruck v. Lambeck, 118 N. Y. Supp. 494, 63 Misc. Rep. 117; Uvalde Asphalt Paving Co. v. Nat. Trading Co. (1909), 135 A. D. 391, 120 N. Y. Supp. 11; Easton Furniture Mfg. Co. v. Caminez (1911), 131 N. Y. Supp. 157; Blanchard v. Blanchard (1911), 201 N. Y. 134, 94 N. E. 630, 133 A. D. 937, affirming s. c., 133 A. D. 937 (1909), without opinion; Easton Mfg. Co. v. Caminez (1911), 146 A. D. 436; Martin L. Hall v. Todd (1912), 139 N. Y. Supp. 111; Building & Engineering Co. v. Northern Bank of N. Y. (1912), 206 N. Y. 400; Jacobus v. Jamestown Mantel Co., 211 N. Y. 154, 105 N. E. 210; Spencer & Co. v. Brown (1913), 143 N. Y. Supp. 994; Neponset Nat. Bank v. Dunbar (1913), 143 N. Y. Supp. 174, 158 A. D. 5; Cleary v. Dykeman (1914), 146 N. Y. Supp. 611; Abbott v. Le Provost (1915), 151 N. Y. Supp. 616; Grannis v. Stevens (1916), 111 N. E. 263, 216 N. Y. Supp. 583; Brayer v. Edell (1917), 163 N. Y. Supp. 989; Kennedy v. Heyman (1918), 167 N. Y. Supp. 311.

New Mexico.-First Sav Bank & Tr. Co. v. Flowinoy (1918), 171 Pac. 793.

North Carolina.-Brown Carriage Co. v. Dowd (1911), 71 S. E. 721. North Dakota.-First St. Bank of Eckman v. Kelly (1915), 152 N. W. 125; First Nat. Bank of McClukly v. Meyer (1915), 152 N. W. 567. Ohio.-Richards v. Market Ex. Bank (1910), 81 Ohio St. 348, 55 Ohio Law Bull. 20.

Oklahoma.-Bank of Carrollton, Miss., v. Latting (1913), 130 Pac. 144; Ladd v. Ardmore State Bank, 43 Okla. 502, 143 Pac. 170; Hodgins v. Ń. W. Finance Co., 46 Okla. 95, 148 Pac. 717; Fue v. Peoples Bank & Trust Co. (1916), 156 Pac. 683; Oklahoma Bank v. Seaton (1918), 170 Pac. 477.

Oregon.-White v. Savage (1906); 48 Oreg. 604, 87 Pac. 1040; Cellers v. Meachem (1907), 49 Oreg. 186, 104 L. R. A. (N. S.) 133; Lumbermen's Nat. Bank of Portland v. Campbell (1912), 61 Oreg. 123, 121 Pac. 427; Hunter v. Harris (1912), 63 Oreg. 505, 127 Pac. 786; Noble v. BeemanSpaulding-Woodwar Co. (1913), 65 Ore. 93, 131 Pac. 1006; Farmers' State Bank of North Powder v. Forsstroni (1918), 173 Pac. 935.

Pennsylvania.-Chambers v. McLean (1903), 24 Pa. Super Ct. 567; Diffenbacher's Estate (1906), 31 Pa. Super. Ct. 35; Federal Nat. Bank v. Cross Creek Co. (1908), 220 Pa. St. 39, 68 Atl. 1018; Ott v. Seward (1908), 221 Pa. 630; Wolfgang v. Shirley (1913), 239 Pa. 408; 86 Atl. 1011; Manlini v. Serrano (1914), 28 Phil. Rep. 640; Cox & Sons Co. v. Northampton Brewing Co., 245 Pa. 418, 91 Atl. 859, Ann Cases 1916A.; Ross v. Eyre (1918), 103 Atl. 894; Edward E. Buhler Co. v. Childester (1919), 105 Atl. 52.

Rhode Island.-Wilbour v. Hawkins (1915), 38 R. I. 119, 94 Atl. 856; Lee v. Benjamin (1918), 102 Atl. 713.

Tennessee.-Farmers & Merchants Bank v. Bank of Rutherford (1905,). 115 Tenn. 64, 88 S. W. 939; Nolan v. H. E. Wilcox Motor Co. (1917), 195 S. W. 581; Noelan v. Wilcox Motor Co. (1917), 195 S. W.

581.

Texas.-Houston Trans. Co. v. Paine (1917), 193 S. W. 188.

Utah.-Wostenholme v. Smith (1908), 34 Utah 300, 97 Pac. 329.

Virginia.-Cottrell v. Watkins, 89 Va. 801.

Washington.-Bradley Engineering & Mfg. Co. v. Heyburn (1910), 56 Wash. 628, 106 Pac. 170; Gleeson v. Lichty (1911), 62 Wash. 656, 114 Pac. 518; Handsaker v. Pederson (1912), 71 Wash. 218; Metzger v. Sigall (1914), 145 Pac. 72; Northern Bank & Trust Co. v. Graves (1914), 79 Wash. 411, 140 Pac. 328; Pease v. Syler (1914), 138 Pac. 310; Skagit State Bank v. Moody (1916), 86 Wash. 286, 150 Pac. 425.

West Virginia.-First Nat. Bank of Hinton v. Plumley (1915), 87 S. E. 94.

Wisconsin.-Bank of Monticello v. Dooly (1902), 113 Wis. 590; Pelton v. Spider Lake S. & L. Co. (1903), 117 Wis. 569; Welch v. Kukuk (1906), 128 Wis. 419, 107 N. W. 301; Marling v. Jones (1909), 138 Wis. 82, 119 N. W. 931; German Nat. Bank v. Barber (1914), 149 N. W. 767; Comstock v. Buckley (1910), 141 Wis. 227, 124 N. W. 414; Schoenwetter v. Schoenwetter (1916), 164 Wis. 131, 159 N. W. 737.

United States-In re Troy & Cohoes Shirt Co., 136 Fed. Rep. 420; In re Hopper-Morgan Co., 156 Fed. 525; Willard v. Crook (1903), 21 App. D. C. 237; Reyburn v. Queen City Sav. Bank & Trust Co. (1909), 171 Fed. 609, 96 C. C. A. 373; In re McCord (1909), 174 Fed. 72; Trust Co. of St. Louis Co. v. Markee (1910), 179 Fed. 764 (Pa.); Bluthenthal & Bickart v. Carson (1911), 37 A. C. (D. C.) 118; La Normandie Hotel Co. v. Security Trust Co. (1912), 38 A. C. (D. C.) 187; Howell v. Commercial Nat. Bank (1913), 40 A. C. (D. C.) 370; Wilson v. Knowles (1914), 213 Fed. 782 (C. C. A., 2d Ct.); Leonard v. State Exch. Bank of Elk City (1916), 236 Fed. 316; Nalitzky v. Williams, 237 Fed. Rep. 802, 151 C .C. A. 44.

ARTICLE III.

NEGOTIATION.

$30. What constitutes negotiation.
31. Indorsement; how made.
32. Indorsement must be of entire
instrument.

33. Kinds of indorsement.
34. Special indorsement; indorse-
ment in blank.

35. Blank indorsement; how
changed to special indorse-
ment.

43. Indorsement where name is misspelled, et cetera.

44. Indorsement in representative capacity.

45. Time of indorsement; presumption.

46. Place of indorsement; presumption.

36. When indorsement restrictive. 37. Effect of restrictive indorse- 47. Continuation of negotiable

ment; rights of indorsee.

38. Qualified indorsement.
39. Conditional indorsement.

40. Indorsement of instrument pay-
able to bearer.

41. Indorsement where payable to two or more persons.

character.

48. Striking out indorsement.
49. Transfer without indorsement;
effect of.

50. When prior party may negotiate
instrument.

Sections 30 to 50 above are the sections used by the commissioners. See table of corresponding sections of the law in the various states and territories beginning on page 360.

§ 30. What constitutes negotiation. An instrument is negotiated when it is transferred from one person to another in such manner as to constitute the transferee the holder thereof. If payable to bearer it is negotiated by delivery; if payable to order it is negotiated by the indorsement of the holder completed by delivery 1, 18

See text, § 13.

Cross sections 191, 8, 9, 17 subd. 6.

Digest of some of the decisions in which this section is construed arranged alphabetically by states:

Transferee must plead the provisions of note as to whether payable to order or bearer. German-Am. Nat. Bank v. Lewis, 9 Ala. App. 352, 63 So. 741.

Note is negotiated when delivered to payee or indorsee. Ex Parte Goldberg & Lewis, 191 Ala. 356, 67 So. 839, L. R. A. 1915F, 1159.

Note indorsed in blank passes by delivery and need not be indorsed. Davis v. First Nat. Bank, 192 Ala. 8, 68 So. 261.

Indorsement imports delivery. Sherrill v. Merchants, etc., Bank (Ala.), 70 So. 723.

Pleading must show how transfer to plaintiff made. Wilson v. Weaver (Ala. App.), 77 So. 238.

Note assigned by separate writing and payable to bearer is negotiated in hands of indorsee. Davis v. Florey (Ala. App.), 77 So. 413. Instruments payable to order must be indorsed. Jones v. Bell, 77 So. 998.

Ala.

Transfer of note and mortgage with indorsement on mortgage. Slaughter v. Green, Ala., 87 So. 358.

Pleading alleging that payee "indorsed and transferred a note" is sufficient. Louisville Co. v. International Trust Co., 18 Colo. App. 345, 71 Pac. 898.

Delivery not affected by after endorsement and guaranty of payment. McKee v. District Nat. Bank, 38 App. Cas. (D. C.), 465.

Where defendant gave a cashier authority to collect notes he is bound if the latter abstracts them and delivers them to a bona fide purchaser. Irwin v. Deming, 142 Iowa 299, 120 N. W. 645.

A note indorsed by payee to his principal and held by payee until death is not delivered. Young v. Hayes (Iowa), 165 N. W. 391.

Indorsement by rubber stamp. State Savings Bank of Leavenworth v. Krug, Kan., 193 Pac. 899.

Note negotiated before delivery to payee. Liberty Trust Co. v. Tilton, 217 Mass. 462, 105 N. E. 605, L. R. A. 1915B, 144.

Delivery to an agent with authority to borrow money is sufficient delivery even if agent borrows money for himself. Sublette v. Brewington, 139 Mo. App. 410, 122 S. W. 1150.

When holder is not agent of payee but payee of note payable to order. Scotland County Nat. Bank v. Hohn, 146 Mo. App. 699, 125 S. W. 539.

One to whom note is indorsed for collection, who in turn indorses it to another may successfully prosecute the claim thereon after his indorsee has returned the note to him. Carter v. Butler, 264 Mo. 306, 174 S. W. 399, Ann. Cas. 1917A, 483.

Indorsement and delivery constitutes negotiation. Co. v. Hall, Mo., 216 S. W. 740.

-

American Forest

Notes payable to X or bearer will pass by delivery. J. I. Case Threshing Machine Co. v. Simpson, 54 Mont. 316.

When bill of exchange or note is transferred in due course. Merchants Nat. Bank of Billings v. Smith, Mont., 196 Pac. 523.

Oral agreement not to negotiate note is inadmissible in evidence. Benton v. Sikyta, 84 Neb. 808, 122 N. W. 61, 24 L. R. A. (N. S.) 1057n. Check paid by drawee bank not thereafter negotiable. Aurora State Bank v. Hayes-Eames Elevator Co., 88 Neb. 187, 129 N. W. 279. Evidence explaining indorsement does not bring holder within due course rule. First Nat. Bank of Shenandoah v. Kelgord, 91 Neb. 178,

135 N. W. 548.

Denial of transfer for value in a pleading is allegation of fact. Rogers v. Morton, 46 Misc. Rep. 494, 95 N. Y. Supp. 49.

A check made payable to who indorses it to Y and is to deliver same to Y is delivered in so far as the maker is interested. Wolfin v. Security Bank of N. Y., 170 App. Div. 519, 156 N. Y. Supp. 474, affirmed, 218 N. Y. 709.

Holder has only equitable interest where payee failed to sign indorsement. Critcher v. Ballard, N. C., 104 S. E. 134,