Contract for

sewers.

two sufficient sureties in the Sum of £ conditioned for the due fufilment of the conditions of the contract. In witness whereof five members of the Local Board have hereunto set their hands and the seal of the Local Board, and the Contractor hath hereunto set his hand and seal, the day and year first before written.

The First Schedule hereinbefore referred to.

1. The drawings and specifications are intended to be explanatory of one another; but should any discrepancy or misunderstanding arise respecting the same, the said Engineer's explanation and direction shall be final and binding on the parties hereto. The written dimensions shall be taken in preference to scale, and the wording of the specification in preference to the written dimensions.

2. The levels marked on the plans and sections and the bench marks given are supposed to be correct, and any others that may be required from time to time in connection with these works shall be given to the Contrac tor, and every assistance in setting out the work; but as the Contractor will be held responsible for the consequences of any error, he must satisfy himself that such data are correct.

3. All materials provided by the Contractor shall be of the best description, and he shall provide efficient labour implements, planks, shores, and other things necessary for the full and complete performance of the contract; he shall provide and maintain all necessary hoarding, fences, and bridgeways for public traffic at the parts or places where the works are being carried on, and he shall furnish lights, lanterns, and watchmen when required for the safety of the public, or the protection of properties.

4. The Surveyor shall be at liberty to reject any material that he may deem defective or of an inferior description, and his decision shall be final. 5. The pipes shall be of the full size, as shown on the plans and sections, salt glazed, sound, and true in the internal surface, free from all fire and other cracks and defects.

6. The bricks used in the works shall be the best fire bricks.

7. All pipes must be fitted together dry previous to being put together in the trench, so that the truest line obtainable may be had.

8. The ground shall be excavated in open trenches to the necessary width and depth as shown on the plan, and sections hollowed out at the bottom to fit the pipes, and sufficiently wide to allow the pipes to be properly laid, great care being taken in backing and filling in, which shall be done to the satisfaction of the Surveyor, and his decision shall be final.

9. The Contractor shall, at his own expense, shore up, sling, protect, alter, divert, restore, and make good, as may be necessary, all water pipes, gas pipes, sewers, drains, buildings, walls, fences, or other properties which may be disturbed or injured during the progress of the works.

10. In excavating the trenches, the Contractor shall carefully take up and lay aside all paving materials, metalling, gravel, or other surface, road, or flagging material.

11. The materials excavated shall be laid compactly on the side of the trench, so as to interfere as little as possible with public traffic.

12. The sides of the excavations shall be supported with suitable timber where necessary, and the Contractor will be held responsible for any accident or damage which may happen to any person or persons, or to neighbouring properties, or in any other way from neglect of this precaution. Should the Surveyor direct any of the timber to be left and buried in the trench the cost of such timber will be allowed (according to the schedule of prices contained in the second schedule hereto), unless the necessity for leaving it be caused by the neglect or carelessness of the Contractor, or any of his servants or workmen in the working, in which case the timber is not to be paid for by the Local Board.

13. All irregularities in the trenches shall be filled in to obtain a solid foundation for the pipes, and the Contractor shall excavate to such increased depth as may be necessary, and shall make good to the required level and

form with concrete, or adopt such other way for obtaining the same as the Contract for Surveyor shall direct, and all increased work arising therefrom will be paid sewers. for as extras.

14. The pipes shall be laid truly in line and gradient, according to the plans and sections, or the directions that may be given from time to time by the said Engineer, and all curves, tapering pieces, and junctions required shall be properly excavated for and laid as directed by the said Engineer or Surveyor. All junctions laid for house drains shall have their ends sufficiently closed with discs made for that purpose; the whole of the pipes shall be laid with well-tempered blue-clay, the socket of the pipe to be neatly fitted, and a cushion of clay put under at the junction of each pipe, to bed in the same, especial care being taken that the band of clay three inches wide is made perfect and tight all round, and thoroughly connected with the cushion on the underside, each pipe to be thoroughly cleaned out in the inside of the disc made for that purpose after being laid. The pipes to be laid in such portions and in such a manner as the Surveyor shall direct. When directed the pipes are to be laid in six inches of blue clay puddle, and the trench is to be filled in six inches above the pipes with the same material, if considered necessary by the Surveyor, which will be paid for by the Local Board, according to schedule, as extra.

15. The soil on each side and six inches over the pipes shall be carefully laid in so as not to disturb them, and solidly rammed down; the remainder of the trench should be filled up in layers of not more than twelve inches at a time, and well punned all over each layer.

16. The Contractor shall replace, to the satisfaction of the Surveyor or other the persons having the control of public or private roads or places, all paving, flagging, metalling, or other surface material which may be disturbed in the execution of the works.

17. Any house drainage or private drainage works may, with the consent of the Surveyor, be connected with the works in progress, the Contractor putting in the first pipe from the junction, which he will be paid for by the Local Board according to schedule as extra.

18. The Contractor shall, if required by the Surveyor, connect with the works any existing drain, either private or public, which he will be paid for by the Local Board according to schedule as extra.

19. Any coins, objects of value or antiquity, that may be met with in excavating, or in the execution of the works, shall be deposited forthwith at the office of the Local Board by the Contractor, his servants or workmen.

20. As the trenches are filled in the Contractor shall cart away all superfluous earth, stones, and other material to such place as the Surveyor may direct, and leave all roads, streets, and other places free and in good order.

21. The Contractor shall execute the works hereby contracted to be done with the best materials and workmanship of their several kinds, the drawings and specifications are intended to include whatever may be requisite to render the works complete: but should anything be accidentally omitted which may fairly be implied as included in the contract, the same shall be provided and performed by the Contractor.

22. The difference of expense of any addition, diminution, or alteration of the works which may be directed to be done by the Engineer shall be added to or deducted from the amount of the contract, agreeably to the rate specified in the schedule of prices forming the second schedule hereto hereinafter contained. If the items do not appear in the said schedule the charge for the same shall be settled by the Surveyor, but no extra charges whatever will be allowed unless with the written orders of the Surveyor, and a claim sent in weekly by the Contractor for such extra work.

23. The Contractor shall compensate or make good at his own expense whatever damage may occur to any person, or to public or private properties, by reason of the execution of the works.

24. The Contractor shall have the charge of and be responsible for the

Contract for

sewers.

entire line of works until their completion; and whenever the Surveyor shall require it, openings shall be made for examination; and if the works should in any way be found defective, all expenses of such examination and of making such defective part of the works good, shall be done by the Contractor; but if found in a satisfactory condition, such expenses will be paid by the Local Board as an extra upon the certificate of the Surveyor.

25. Should it be deemed advisable by the Surveyor to stop the work on account of the weather, or other necessary reason, the Contractor shall not be paid for such stoppage, but the period of time during which the works may be so suspended shall not count in the time allowed for the completion of the contract.

26. Should it appear at any time to the Surveyor that the works are not being carried out in an efficient manner, or if he should consider that proper speed is not used in forwarding the work, the Surveyor shall give written notice to the Contractor, and if at the end of three days no satisfactory measures shall have been taken to remedy the matters and things complained of in and by such notice, the Local Board shall have full power through or by their clerk for the time being, or their said Engineer, to take the whole of the works out of the hands of the Contractor, and proceed with the execution thereof, and all extra cost and charges which may arise thereby shall be paid for by the Contractor.

27. The time fixed for the completion of the whole of the works included in this contract is months from the date of the Surveyor's order to commence them, and the Contractor shall pay to the Local Board as liquidated damages, and not by way of a penalty, £5 for every day, or part of a day, that any part of the said work shall by his default remain unfinished after that time, whether the works shall be in completion by the Contractor, or by the Local Board, or others on their behalf."

28. The Contractor shall keep in repair and in good order the whole of the works for six calendar months from the date when the Surveyor shall have certified in writing the completion thereof, and he shall reimburse the Local Board all costs and expenses which they may incur or be put to on account of such works being out of repair, or not being in good order dur ing or at any time during six months immediately following the date of the Surveyor's certificate of the completion of the works.

The Second Schedule, being the Schedule of Prices hereinbefore referred to.

The following prices for providing and laying drainage pipes include excavation, shoring ground and adjoining properties, fencing, lighting, and watching, freeing the trenches from water, providing, laying, and joining the pipes with the curves, junctions, and other parts, filling in, and ram ming the earth: restoring and making good the paving, or other surface material disturbed, and clearing away all superfluous earth or rubbish, in conformity with the conditions of the specification :—

Gullies as per Plan and Section.

"Newton's" Rotherham (No. 1) each, and fixing complete A.
47/6, B. 36/, including border stones.
Brickwork Cast Iron Grate (No. 2) each, and
block outlet complete

Fixing Manhole covers, ventilators, and
tilator covers

ven

Timber shoring ordered to be left in the

trenches

Brickwork (fire brick) in ordinary lime mortar, including implements and labour

75/

5/

at 1/6 per cubic foot.

at 25/- per cubic yard.

at 30/

at 8/

Blue clay puddle

at 3/6

Fire brick in cement

Concrete

Excavation in rock, extra 1/- on 3 feet, 2/- on 6 feet, 3/- on 9 feet.

2. SPECIFICATION AND CONDITIONS OF SEWERAGE WORKS.

Contract for

sewers.

The contractor or contractors must, at his or their own expense, find and Materials. provide all manual and team labour, as well as all cement, sand, stone, lime, bricks, sewer and drain pipes, bends, junctions, grids, syphons, discs or plugs, and all other earthenware materials, as well as the iron street grates, timber or other materials, tools, tackling, ropes, buckets, barrows, planks, stakes, scoops, troughs, pumps, centres, moulds, templates, gaugeboxes, and every other matter, article, or thing, required for the full completion of the contract. The cement to be mixed in the proportion of two measures of cement to three of clean sharp river sand, except where it is herein specified to be used nett. Where it is necessary to use concrete, it shall be composed of stone (broken so as to pass through a ring two inches in diameter), clean sharp gravel, and fresh burnt lime, in the proportion of four parts of broken stone to one of gravel and one of lime.

The whole of the paving, metalling, or other surface material, to be Excavations. carefully removed and laid aside to be replaced. The trenches to be excavated to the depths shown on the section, or to such other depths as may be directed; the sides of the excavations to be well supported with sheet piling, or other sufficient timber, struts, shores, planks, and walings. The excavated materials to be laid compactly and trimmed up so as to be as little inconvenience as possible to the public traffic or to adjoining tenants. The bottom of the trench to be excavated, as nearly as can be, to the form of the lower half of the sewer or drain to be laid therein, and, in the case of earthenware pipes, must be neatly dished out at every joint so as to allow a full and even bearing for the pipes, and the cuttings must be excavated with as little slope as may be practicable, the sides being well supported with timber where the nature of the ground requires it.

Before the pipes are lowered into the trench, they must be fitted upon Specification. the ground, so as when laid they may present a true line and the joints Pipe sewers may fit accurately. The whole of the sewers and drains must be carefully and drains. and accurately made, and the junctions and other connections placed as shall from time to time be directed. All deviations from the straight line must be made in regular curves. The whole of the joints to be made secure and watertight, with well tempered clay, which must be formed into a band extending all round for at least three inches back from the socket so as to form a perfect joint. The open ends of all junctions laid in for any street, court, passage, or for house drainage, or private property, must be perfectly closed up with earthenware discs or plugs, so as to prevent the entrance of any dirt or other material into the sewer. In refilling the trenches, the materials to be laid in layers not exceeding one foot at a time, and the whole surface of each layer must be well punned so as to prevent settlement. No timber to be left in the excavations, unless with the express sanction or order of the surveyor; nor will such timber be allowed to be drawn till the excavations are filled up to the underside of the walings.

Ventilation of sewers.

Disposal of sewage matter.

The gullies to be built of the form and dimensions shown on the drawings, with three-inch flag-bottoms, and walled in nine-inch brick-work set in cement. The flag trap and street grate to be carefully fixed as directed; when completed, the whole of the inside of the gullies to be rendered in nett cement, and left perfect and watertight. The whole of the sewers, drains, gullies, and other works to be, as the works proceed, carefully cleared of all superfluous cement, clay, soil, or other obstructions to the free and uninterrupted flow of the water. When the ground has become sufficiently consolidated, the whole of the paving, metalling, flagging, &c., to be carefully replaced and put in a satisfactory condition. The whole of the surplus excavations to be removed and carted away immediately after the trenches have been filled up. All existing drains to be reinstated, or connected in such manner as the surveyor may direct. All gas and water pipes (mains and branches) to be securely protected and supported. The whole of the works to be well, and securely fenced off; crossings for footpassengers formed of planks, with suitable, and sufficient hand rails; and, during the night, fires and watchmen to be provided and maintained.

On the subject of the ventilation of sewers, the Metropolitan Board of Works in their Tenth Report, dated July, 1866, say (p. 20) that the most efficacious and most universally applicable mode of preventing the escape of noxious gases, is so to construct the sewers that a continuous flow shall be kept up in them, and to provide them with a sufficiently copious supply of water, that the decomposing matter within them shall be diluted and instantaneously removed, and not allowed to settle and ferment.

§ 3. REMOVAL OF SEWAGE MATTER.

The disposal of sewage matter is one of the greatest difficulties to be contended with in laying down a system of sewerage, especially for inland towns. The evils which arise when the outfall for the sewerage is a river flowing through a wide expanse of country, and past other towns situated on its banks, can scarcely be exaggerated, and are acknowledged by all who have given their attention to the subject. This has proved a fruitful source of litigation between proprietors and local authorities who have been active and zealous in their application of drainage measures; and the law as it affects those who have vested interests in such rivers, and the right of local authorities to drain into them, is by no means settled or free from anomalies. In adopting any scheme of drainage, care should therefore be taken to arrange so that the outfall does not infringe upon the rights of others.

The serious evils which have arisen from the pollution of streams throughout the country, are forcibly stated in a letter, addressed to the First Lord of the Treasury by the President of the Sanitary Association and the Vice-President of the Fisheries Protection Association, and which will be found in the last edition of this work, as well as other recommendations on the subject of the profitable application of sewage of towns.