don, as the Tower, St. Paul's, &c. improved by him through feveral fucceffive editions. He died on the 5th of June, 1792.

HERACLITUS, a famous philofopher of antiquity, and founder of a fect, was born at Ephefus, and flourished about the 69th Olympiad, in the time of Darius Hyftafpes [1]. He gave early figns of profound wisdom, and was of an exceedingly high fpirit. Being defired to take upon him the fupreme power, he flighted it, because the city in his opinion was prepoffefled with an ill way of governing. He retired to the temple of Diana, and played at dice there with the boys; faying to the Ephefians that stood about him, "Worft of men, what do ye wonder at? is it not better to do thus, than to govern you?" Darius wrote to this philofopher to come and live with him; but he refused the monarch's offer, and returned the following rude and infolent anfwer to his letter: "All men living refrain from truth and justice, and purfue unfatiableness and vain-glory, by reason of their folly but I, having forgot all evil, and fhunning the fociety of inbred pride and envy, will never come to the kingdom of Perfia, being contented with a little according to my own mind." He is faid to have continually bewailed the wicked lives of men, and as often as he came among them to have fallen into tears; in which, by the way, he was not near fo wife as Democritus, who made the follies of men the conftant object of his laughter. At laft, growing into a great hatred of mankind, he retired into the mountains, and lived there, feeding upon grafs and herbs. But this diet bringing him into a dropfy, he was constrained to return to the city; where he afked the phyficians, "Whether they could of a fhower make a drought?" They not understanding his enigmatical manner, which he conftantly used, he shut himself up in an ox-ftall, hoping that the hydropical humours would be extracted by the warmth of the dung: but this doing him no good, he died at 60 years of of age. His writings gained fo great a reputation, that his followers were called Heraclitians. Laertius fpeaks of a treatise upon nature, divided into three books; one concerning the universe, the second politic, the third theologic. This work he depofited in the temple of Diana; and, as fome affirm, he affected to write obfcurely, that he might only be read by the more learned. It is related, that Euripides brought this book of Heraclitus to Socrates to be read; and afterwards asking his opinion of it, "The things," faid Socrates, "which I understand in it, are excellent, and fo I fuppofe are thofe which I understand not; but they require a Delian diver."

HERALDUS (DESIDERIUS), in French Herault, a coun fellor of the parliament of Paris, has given good proofs of un

"

common learning by very different works. His "Adverfaria, appeared in 1599; which little book, if the "Scaligerana" may be credited, he repented having published. His notes on Tertullian's Apology," on "Minutius Foelix," and on "Arnobius," have been efteemed. He alfo wrote notes on Martial's "Epigrams." He disguised himself under the name of David Leidhrefferus, to write a political differtation on the independence of kings, fome time after the death of Henry IV. He had a controverfy with Salmafius "de jure Attico ac Romano:" but did not live to finish what he had written on that fubject. What he had done, however, was printed in 1650. He died in June 1649. Guy Patin fays [K], that he was looked upon as a very learned man, both in the civil law and in polite literature, and wrote with great facility on any subject he pitched on." Daille, fpeaking of fuch proteftant writers as condemned the executing of Charles I. king of England, quotes the "Pacifique Royal en deuil," by Herault. This author, fon to our Defiderius Heraldus, was a minifter in Normandy, when he

was called to the fervice of the Walloon-church of London under Charles I. and he was fo zealous a royalift, that he was forced to fly to France, to escape the fury of the commonwealths-men. He returned to England after the Reftoration, and refumed his ancient employment in the Walloon-church at London: fome time after which he obtained a canonry in the cathedral of Canterbury, and enjoyed it till his death.

HERBELOT (BARTHOLOMEW D'), an eminent orientalist of France, was born at Paris Dec. 14, 1625 [1]. When he had gone through claffical literature and philofophy, he applied himself to the oriental languages; and efpecially to the Hebrew, for the fake of understanding the original text of the Old Teftament. After a continual application for feveral years, he took a journey to Rome, upon a perfuafion that converfing with Armenians, and other Eastern people who frequented that city, would make him perfect in the knowledge of their languages.

Here he was particularly efteemed by the cardinals Barberini and Grimaldi, and contracted a firm friendthip with Lucas Holftenius and Leo Allatius. Upon his return from this journey, in which he did not spend above a year and a half, Fouquet invited him to his house, and settled on him a pension of 1500 livres. The difgrace of this minifter, which happened foon after, did not hinder Herbelet from being preferred to the place of interpreter for the Eastern languages; becaufe, in reality, there was nobody else fo fit for it: for Voltaire fays, "he was the first among the French who understood thein [M]."

[x] Lett. Tom. I. dated Nov. 3, 1649. Daille, Replique à Adam & à Cottibi, part ii. c. 21.

VOL. VIII.

IV.

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[1] Niceron, Hommes Illuftres, Tom. [M] Siècle de Louis XIV. Tom. II. Some

Some years after, he took a fecond journey into Italy, where he acquired fo great a reputation, that perfons of the highest diftinction for their rank and learning folicited his acquaintance. The grand duke of Tufcany Ferdinand II. whom he had the honour to fee firft at Leghorn, gave him extraordinary marks of his esteem; had frequent converfations with him; and made him promife to vifit him at Florence. Herbelot arrived there July 2, 1666, and was received by a fecretary of state, who conducted him to a house prepared for him, where he was entertained with great magnificence, and had a chariot kept for his ufe, at the expence of the grand duke. These were very uncommon honours. But this was not all; for a library being at that time exposed to fale at Florence, the duke defired Herbelot. to fee it, to examine the MSS. in the oriental languages, and to felect and value the best: and when this was done, the generous prince made him a prefent of them; and it was undoubtedly the moft acceptable prefent he could have made him.

The diftinction with, which he was received by the duke of Tuscany, taught France to know his merit, which had hitherto been but little regarded; and he was afterwards recalled and encouraged by Colbert, who encouraged every thing that might do honour to his country. The grand duke was very unwilling to let him go, and even refused to confent, till he had seen the exprefs order of the minifter for his return. When he came to France, the king often did him the honour to converse with him, and gave him a penfion of 1500 livres. During his ftay in Italy, he began his "Bibliotheque Orientale, or Univerfal Dictionary, containing whatever related to the Knowledge of the Eaftern World ;" and he finifhed it in France. This work, equally curious and profound, comprises the subftance of a great number of Arabic, Perfian, and Turkish books, which he had read; and informs us of an infinite number of particulars unknown before in Europe. He wrote it at first inArabic, and Colbert had a design to print it at the Louvre, with a fet of types caft on purpofe. But after the death of that minifter, this refolution was waved; and Herbelot tranflated his work into French, in order to render it more univerfally useful. He committed it to the prefs, but had not the fatisfaction to fee the impreffion finifhed; for he died Dec. 8, 1695, and it was. not publifhed till 1697. It is a large folio. What could not be inferted in this work, was digefted by him under the title of "Anthologie:" but this was never publifhed, any more than aTurkifh, Perfian, Arabian, and Latin dictionary, to which, as well to other works, he had given the laft hand.

He was no lefs converfant in the Greek and Latin learning, than in the oriental languages and hiftory. He was indeed an univerfal fcholar; and, what was very valuable in him, his!

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modesty

modefty was equal to his erudition, and his uncommon abilities were accompanied with the utmost probity, piety, charity, and other Chriftian virtues, which he practifed uniformly through the course of a long life.

HERBERT (MARY), countefs of Pembroke [N], and a very illuftrious female, became wife of Henry earl of Pembroke in 1576, and lived in the reigns of Elizabeth and James I. Sho was alfo the fifter of fir Philip Sidney; whofe " Arcadia,” from being dedicated to her, was denominated by the author himself, "the Countess of Pembroke's Arcadia." She was a great encourager of letters; and not only an encourager in others, but a careful cultivator of them herself. She tranflated from the French a tragedy, called," Annius, 1595," in 12mo. She is fuppofed alfo to have made an exact tranflation of " David's Pfalms" into Englifh metre; and fome pfalms by her are printed in Harrington's "Nuga Antiquæ, 1779," in 3 vols. 12mo. She died at her houfe in Alderfgate-ftreet, London, Sept. 25, 1621. Osborn, in his memoirs of the reign of king James, gives her this character. "She was," fays he, "that fifter of fir Philip Sidney, to whom he addreffed his Arcadia; and of whom he had no other advantage, than what he received from the partial benevolence of fortune in making him a man; (which yet she did, in fome judgements, recompenfe in beauty) her pen being nothing fhort of his, as I am ready to atteft, having feen incomparable letters of her's. But, left I fhould feem to trespass upon truth, which few do unfuborned, (as I proteft I am, unless by her rhetoric) I fhall leave the world her epitaph, in which the author doth manifest himself a poet in all things but untruth: "Underneath this fable hear fe Lies the fubject of all verfe: Sidney's fifter, Pembroke's mother. Death! ere thou kill'ft fuch another, Fair, and good, and learn'd, as fhe, Time fhall throw a dart at thee."

HERBERT (EDWARD), lord Herbert, of Cherbury in Shropfhire [0], and eminent English writer, was defcended from a very ancient family, and born, 1581, at Montgomery-caftle in Wales. At the age of fourteen, he was entered as a gentleman-commoner at Univerfity-college in Oxford, where he laid, fays Wood, the foundation of that admirable learning, of which he was af terwards a complete mafter [P]. From thence he travelled abroad, and applied himself to military exercifes in foreign countries, by which he became a moft accomplished gentleman. After his return he was made Knight Banneret, when prince

[N] Biographia Dramatica. [P] Athen. Oxon.

[o] Walton's Life of Mr. George Herbert.

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Henry

Henry was installed Knight of the Garter, July 2, 1603. He was afterwards one of the counsellors to king James for military affairs. Next he was fent ambaffador to Louis XIII. of France, to mediate for the relief of the proteftants of that realm, then besieged in feveral parts; but was recalled in July, 1621, on account of a dispute between him and the constable de Luines [2]. Camden informs us, that he had treated the constable irreverently, irreverenter tractaffet:" but Walton tells us that "he could not fubject himself to a compliance with the humours of the duke de Luines, who was then the great and pow erful favourite at court: fo that, upon a complaint to our king, he was called back into England in fome difpleasure; but at h's return gave fuch an honourable account of his employment, and fo juftified his comportment to the duke and all the court, that he was fuddenly fent back upon the fame embaffy.”

Another writer relates this more particularly. Sir Edward, while he was in France, had private inftructions from England to mediate a peace for the proteftants in France; and, in cafe of a refufal, to use certain menaces. Accordingly, being referred to de Luines, he delivered to him the message, referving his threatenings till he faw how the matter was relifhed. De Luines had concealed a gentleman behind the curtain of the reformed religion; who, being an ear-witness of what passed, might relate to his friends what little expectations they ought to entertain of the king of England's interceffion. De Luines was very haughty, and would needs know what our king had to do in this affair. Sir Edward replied, "It is not to you, to whom the king my mafter oweth an account of his actions; and for me it is enough that I obey him. In the mean time I must maintain, that my mafter hath more reason to do what he doth, than you to ask why he doth it. Nevertheless, if you defire me in a gentle fashion, I fhall acquaint you farther." Upon this, de Luines bowing a little, faid, "Very well." The ambassador then gave him some reafons; to which de Luines faid, "We will have none of your advices." The ambaffador replied, "that he took that for an anfwer, and was forry only, that the affection and good-will of the king his master was not fufficiently understood; and that, fince it was rejected in that manner, he could do no less than fay, that the king his mafter knew well enough what to do." De Luines anfwered, "We are not afraid of you." The ambassador friling a little, replied, "If you had faid you had not loved us, I should have believed you, and given you another answer. In the mean time all that I will tell you more is, that we know very well what we have to do." De Luines upon this, rifing from his chair with a fashion and countenance a little difcom

[] Camdeni Apparatus, &c. fubjoined to his Epiftolæ, &c. p. 73.

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pofed,