XVII.'

MARKS OF QUOTATION.

Expressions in the language of another require marks of quotation [""] (a). Single quotation points [''] mark a quotation within a quotation (b). If, however, a quotation is made from still a third source, the double marks are again put in use (c).

Titles of books or of periodicals (d), and names of vessels (e) usually require marks of quotation, unless they are italicized. Sometimes, however, where they occur frequently, or in foot-notes, titles are written in Roman and capitalized (f).

(a) [See XIII. p. 272.]

(b) Coleridge sneered at "the cant phrase 'made a great sensation."""

(c) “This friend of humanity says, 'When I consider their lives, I seem to see the "golden age " beginning again.'

66

(d) Waverley was reviewed in "The Edinburgh.”
(e) "The Constitution" is a famous ship of war.
(f) [See foot-notes in this book.]

XVIII.

THE HYPHEN.

The hyphen [-] is used to join the constituent parts of many compound (a) and derivative (b) words; and to divide words, as at the end of a line (c).

(a) The incense-breathing morn.

(a) He wears a broad-brimmed, low-crowned hat.

(b) The Vice-President of the United States.

(c) [See "inter-rogation" under XV., second line; "be-fore "

under XVI., second line.]

XIX.

THE APOSTROPHE.

The apostrophe ['] is used to denote the elision of a letter or letters (a), or of a figure or figures (b); to distinguish the possessive case (c); and to form certain plurals (d). The apostrophe should not be used with the pronouns its, ours, and the like (e).

(a) 'Tis James of Douglas, by Saint Serle!
(a) The O'Donoghue was a broth of a boy.
(a) What o'clock is it? I can't tell time.
(a) Hop-o'-my-thumb is an active little hero.

(b) Since that time it has been re-observed on every subsequent revolution, -in '22, '25.

(b) The patriots of '76.

(c) Spenser's adulation of her beauty may be extenuated.

(c) The Seven Years' war was carried on in America.

(c) The Joneses' dogs are on good terms with Mrs. Barnard's cat.

(c) Ladies' and gentlemen's boots made to order.

(c) The book can be found at Scott & Co., the publishers'.

(c) The fox's tail was accordingly cut off.

(c) For conscience' sake.

(d) Mark all the a's in the exercise.

(d) Surely long s's (ƒ) have, like the Turks, had their day. (e) Its [not it's] length was twenty feet.

(e) Tom Burke of Ours.

It is sometimes a question whether to use the, possessive with an apostrophe, or to use the noun as an adjective. One may write,

John Brown, Agent for Smith's Organs and Robinson's Pianos:

or,

John Brown, Agent for The Smith Organ and The Robinson Piano.

The latter form is preferable.

XX.

PUNCTUATION IN THE SERVICE OF THE EYE.

(1) A comma sometimes serves to distinguish the component parts of a sentence from one another, thus enabling the reader more readily to catch the meaning of the whole. Where, for example, a number of words which together form the object or one of the objects of a verb, precede instead of following the verb, they should be set off by a comma when perspicuity requires it (a); but not otherwise (b).

(2) A subject-nominative may need to be distinguished from its verb, either because of some peculiarity in the juxtaposition of words at the point where the comma is inserted (c), or because of the length and complexity of the subject-nominative (d).

(3) When numerals are written in Roman letters instead of Arabic figures, as in references to authorities for a statement, periods are used instead of commas, both as being in better taste and as being more agreeable to the eye. For the same reason, small letters are preferred to capitals when the references are numerous (e).

(a) Even the kind of public interests which Englishmen care for, he held in very little esteem.

(a) To the tender and melancholy recollections of his early days with this loved companion of his childhood, we may attribute some of the most heartfelt passages in his "Deserted Village."

(b) Even his country he did not care for.

(b) To devout women she assigns spiritual functions, dignities, and magistracies.

(c) How inuch a dunce that has been sent to roam,

Excels a dunce that has been kept at home!

(c) One truth is clear, Whatever is, is right.

(d) The same modification of our Germanism by another force which seems Celtic, is visible in our religion.

(d) To allow the slave-ships of a confederation formed for the extension of slavery to come and go free and unexamined between America and the African coast, would be to renounce even the pretence of attempting to protect Africa against the man-stealer.

(d) Those Presbyterian members of the House of Commons who had many years before been expelled by the army, returned to their seats.

(e) Macaulay: History of England, vol. i. chap. vi. pp. 60, 65. [See also notes throughout this book.]

(e) Deut. xvi. 19; John vi. 58.

II.

CAPITAL LETTERS.

ང·

EVERY sentence opening a paragraph or following a full stop, and every line in poetry, should begin with a capital letter.

II.

Every direct quotation, formally introduced, should begin with a capital letter (a).

(a) [See XIII. (b), (c), p. 272.]

III.

A capital letter should begin every word which is, or is used as, a proper name. We should write England, not england; the American Indian, not the american indian; Shylock, not shylock; the White Star Line, not the white star line; the Bible, not the bible; Miltonic, not miltonic. We should distinguish between the popes and Pope Pius Ninth; between the constitution of society and the Constitution of the United States; between the reformation of a man's character and the Reformation of Luther; between a revolution in politics and the Revolution of 1688; between republican