thus-Know you for verity that the bishops of Ireland have great indignation toward us, and that bishop most of all that dwelleth at Armagh, because we will not obey their ordination, but will always be under your government.' Whereby we may see, that as the Ostmans were desirous to sever themselves from the Irish, and to be esteemed Normans rather, so the Irish bishops on the other side, howsoever they digested in some sort the recourse which they had to Lanfranc and Anselm, who were two of the most famous men in their times, and with whom they themselves were desirous to hold all good correspondence, yet could they not well brook this continuation of their dependance upon a metropolitan of another kingdom, which they conceived to be somewhat derogatory to the dignity of their own primate. But this jealousy continued not long; for this same Gregory being afterwards made archbishop of Dublin, and the bishoprics here settled by Johannes Paparo, as well they of Dublin, as the others of Waterford and Limerick, (for they also had one Patrick consecrated bishop unto them by Theobald, archbishop of Canterbury,) did ever after that time cease to

have any relation unto the see of Canterbury."

But the indirect communication between the Church of Rome and that of Ireland through Canterbury did not cease until a more direct one had been established, by means of papal legates who began now to exercise their functions in our country, which had been heretofore free from their officious interference. And the very first of these who is said to have acted as pope's legate throughout all Ireland, was Gilbert, bishop of Limerick, one of the three cities already mentioned as keeping up an intimate correspondence and connexion, (even during the independence of the Irish Church,) with the Church of England, or what was then pretty nearly the same, with the Church of Rome, in whose communion the English Church was at that time included. Of this Gilbert and his endeavours to bring the Church of Ireland to conformity with that of Rome in her offices, we shall have to speak again presently.

* Religion of A. I. chap. viii.

§ 18. FIRST BEGINNINGS OF ROMISH POWER IN

IRELAND-INVASION OF IRELAND BY THE ENGLISH PROPOSED-BULL OF POPE ADRIAN IV.

There were many eminent saints to be found in Ireland in her ancient days, from the time of St. Patrick to the twelfth century; (so many indeed that it received in those ages, as we have seen, the title of the Isle of Saints ;) and yet numberless and famous as was their company, they owed no debt of gratitude for their saintly dignity to the decrees of the Church of Rome; for we cannot discover that any of them received cannonization from the pope before Malachy, archbishop of Armagh, and Laurence of Dublin, who lived in the twelfth century. Indeed it was not until the tenth century that any pope assumed to himself the power of nominating saints by his own sole authority; the first person upon whom the honour was thus conferred being Udalric, bishop of Augsburg, who was canonized by Pope John XV., in the year 993.

So also" we read of sundry archbishops that have been in this land between the days of St.

Patrick and of Malachy; what one of them can be named that ever sought for a pall from Rome ?”* Indeed we are distinctly told by the ancient Romish historians, that the first palls that ever came into Ireland were brought hither in the year 1151 by John Papiro, legate of Pope Eugenius. It should be mentioned for the sake of those who are unacquainted with the word, that a pall is part of the ecclesiastical dress of a Roman Catholic archbishop, which is sent from the pope to the person newly appointed to that dignity; and until he receives it he cannot lawfully perform all the duties connected with his sacred office. Our archbishops in Ireland had never used this sign of the pope's authority or license, until the time of Malachy, who was the first to adopt such a mark of submission to the bishop of Rome. had been sent so early as in the seventh century to the Roman archbishop of the Anglo-Saxon Church; and from one of Pope Gregory's letters to Augustine, given in Bede's History, the use of such an ornament would appear to have been even still more ancient.

*Religion of A. I. chap. viii.

The pall

Thus the first exercise of the pope's authority in confirming archbishops in this country was exhibited through Cardinal Papiro in A.D. 1151, who in that year conferred palls with the papal sanction on the four archbishoprics of Ireland; namely, Dublin and Tuam, then newly appointed; Cashel, which had been made an archbishop's see a little before, by Celsus, who preceded Malachy in the see of Armagh; and Armagh itself, which from the days of St. Patrick had been reckoned the metropolitan church of Ireland.

And the first saints among the Irish who were received as such by authority of the pope, were Malachy, archbishop of Armagh, and Laurence of Dublin, who lived in the twelfth century.

And the first pope's legate that we read of as having exercised that office in all Ireland, was Gilbert, bishop of Limerick, sent to us in that capacity about A.D. 1139.

And the first primate of Ireland who was appointed by the pope, was Egan Mac Gillivider, nominated by him in 1202, but resisted by King John, who little relished such an interference with his authority. The venal king was however after