government. In the same year Vámbéry, a logic and philosophy. Poetry and history are Hungarian scholar, disguised as a wander- regarded as frivolous subjects of study, and ing dervish, traversed a great part of Turkistan. even disgraceful. The number of students is His two works, "Travels in Central Asia" represented at 5,000 from different parts of the (London and New York, 1865), and "Sketches khanate and the bordering states, India, China, from Central Asia" (1867), furnish the most and Russia. The poorer students have a yearly valuable information respecting Bokhara, and pension from the emir. The streets are narrow its relations to the other khanates. (See KHо- and tortuous, and the houses built chiefly of KAN.) In 1850 the Russians established them- brick or mud with flat roofs; glass is unknown selves at the mouth of the Sir Darya, on the except in the form of beads or other ornasea of Aral, and began to push southeastward ments, and the windows are furnished only along the course of that river. They overran with wooden shutters. The bazaars are mostly Khokan, and in 1865 annexed the northern of wood, with mats stretched across; very few part, while the remainder was formed into an are of stone. The emir resides in the citadel,. independent khanate under the protection of which is defended by a few old brass pieces. Russia. Mozaffar Eddin, who had succeeded The supply of water is scanty. A disease Nasrullah, attacked this khanate in 1866, and called the Rishte is peculiar to Bokhara, and is was defeated by the Russians, who took posses- attributed to the bad quality of the water. It sion of the whole region of the Sir Darya. A consists of a boil from which issues a long treaty was entered into in November, 1867; but worm like a thread. This is carefully extracted, hostilities broke out again in the following and sometimes the whole infected place is cut spring. The Russians took Samarcand, and out. In either case it leaves a hideous scar, moved toward the city of Bokhara. The completely disfiguring the person if attacked in eldest son of the emir raised an insurrection the face. The favorite and universal beverage against his father, and Mozaffar Eddin threw is tea, of which there are several excellent himself upon the protection of the Russians, | kinds superior in flavor and quality to those in ceded to them Samarcand and the adjacent terri- western markets. European cotton and wooltory, promised to pay an annual tribute, and len stuffs, cutlery, beads, &c., find their way virtually became a dependant of Russia. In into Bokhara through the medium of Persian 1868 the emir became engaged in hostilities with traders and dervishes. Coarse woollen and Cabool, and by Russian aid gained the region cotton goods, as also the finest silks, and leather as far south as the Jihoon, which in 1869 was boots, are manufactured.—Bokhara is supposed established as the boundary between Bokhara to be the Trybactra of the ancients. In the and Afghanistan. In 1870 the fanatical princes middle ages it was successively the capital of of Shehrizebz made an incursion into the Rus- Turkistan, of the Samanides, and of various sian territory, but were defeated. Instead of tak- Mongol rulers. In 1219 it was captured and ing possession of Shehrizebz, the Russians made burned by Genghis Khan, but was rebuilt soon it over to the emir of Bokhara. The emir has a after. In 1370 it was captured by Tamerlane, standing army of 40,000 cavalry, which in case whose dynasty reigned there till 1498. Since of need can be increased to 60,000. II. A city, that time the history of the city is merged in capital of the khanate, on a branch of the that of the khanate.-See "Bokhara, its HisZerafshan, in lat. 39° 45′ N., lon. 64° 25' E., 430 tory and Conquest," by Prof. Arminius Vámm. N. W. of Cabool; pop. about 70,000. It is béry (London, 1873). surrounded by a wall pierced by 11 gates, and is divided into two parts, the inner and the outer city, which again are subdivided into quarters. It contains upward of 100 mosques, and about 80 medreses or colleges. The instruction given in these institutions is upon the Koran and religious casuistry, and there are a few books on

BOL, Ferdinand, a Dutch painter and etcher, born at Dort in 1611, died in Amsterdam in 1681 or in 1686. He was the pupil of Rembrandt, and is best known by his admirable portraits in the style of that master, though he likewise executed historical paintings. Many of his works are still to be seen at Amsterdam.

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