male and 350 female pupils. A daily newspaper (German), and five weeklies, of which two are in German, are published. The St. Louis, Alton, and Terre Haute (Belleville and Southern Illinois division), and the St. Louis and Southeastern railroads intersect here. BELLEVILLE, chief town of the county of Hastings, province of Ontario, Canada, situated about 50 m. W. of Kingston, on both sides of the river Moira, which here debouches into the bay of Quinté; pop. about 8,000. It is a port of entry, and does considerable business in imports, and also in the export of lumber, flour, and other agricultural produce. In the vicinity are iron works and quarries of valuable marble. The town is on the line of the Grand Trunk railway, and steamers ply regularly between this point and Kingston and Montreal.

BELLEY (anc. Bellica), a town of Burgundy, France, in the department of Ain, 38 m. S. W. of Geneva, agreeably situated in a fertile valley near the Rhône, which is here crossed by a suspension bridge; pop. in 1866, 4,624. It was a place of note in the time of Julius Cæsar. It was burned by Alaric, was possessed by the dukes of Savoy during the middle ages, and was ceded to France in 1601. The bishopric of which it is still the seat was founded in 412. Lithographic stones are obtained from neighboring quarries.

BELLIARD, Augustin Daniel, count, a French soldier, born at Fontenay-le-Comte, Poitou, March 25, 1769, died in Brussels, Jan. 28, 1832. He entered the army with a captain's commission, and being cashiered for having served with Dumouriez, under whom he had distinguished himself in Belgium, especially at Jemappes, he reentered as a private, fought under Hoche in La Vendée, and in Italy under Bonaparte, acquiring the rank of general on the battlefield of Arcole. He was prominent in the Egyptian campaign, and though obliged to capitulate at Cairo, he was promoted in 1801 to the command of a division, and in 1805 to that of Murat's staff. After aiding in the occupation of Madrid, he remained in command there from 1808 till the Russian campaign of 1812, in which he covered himself with glory, especially at the battle of the Moskva. Though severely wounded, he was active in reorganizing the French cavalry after its return to Germany, and lost an arm at Leipsic. Winning new honors at Craonne, he was placed at the head of the cavalry, and received from the emperor, April 3, 1814, the grand cordon of the legion of honor. Louis XVIII. raised him to the peerage, June 4, and to the rank of major general; but having during the hundred days served again under Napoleon, he was after the second restoration kept in restraint till June 3, 1816, and deprived of his peerage till March 5, 1819. In March, 1831, Louis Philippe sent him as ambassador to Brussels, where he made himself very useful to the cause of Belgian independence. His townsmen honored him with a monument, and Vi

net published his autobiography (Mémoires du général Belliard, écrits par lui-même, 3 vols., Paris, 1834).

BELLING, Wilhelm Sebastian von, a Prussian soldier, born Feb. 15, 1719, died at Stolpe, Pomerania, Nov. 28, 1779. In 1739 he was a cornet, in 1758 commander of a regiment of hussars, and having been successful in many campaigns, especially in grappling at the head of a small force with the whole Swedish army, he was made major general in 1762, lieutenant general in 1776, and received in 1778 the order of the Black Eagle. He was the most famous hussar officer of the seven years' war. His small size and that of his horse made him a target for the enemy; but his contempt for danger and his lively manners made him a special favorite with Frederick the Great.

BELLINGHAM, Richard, colonial governor of Massachusetts, born in 1592, died Dec. 7, 1672. He was a lawyer, and one of the original patentees of the colony, to which he removed in 1634. In 1635 he was made deputy governor, and in 1641 was elected governor in opposition to Winthrop by a majority of six votes. He was reëlected in 1654, and after the death of Endicott was chosen again in May, 1666, and continued in the executive chair till his death, having been deputy governor 13 and governor 10 years. He was chosen major general in 1664, in which year the king sent four commissioners to inquire into the state of the colony, when, according to Hutchinson, Bellingham and others obnoxious to James II. were required to go to England to account for their conduct, but refused, the king being appeased by the present of a shipload of masts. His wife having died, in 1641 he married a second time; an event of which a contemporary speaks thus: "A young gentleman was about to be contracted to a friend of his, when on a sudden the governor treated with her, and obtained her for himself." The banns were not properly published, and he performed the marriage ceremony himself. He was prosecuted for a violation of the law, but at the trial he refused to leave the bench, and sat and tried himself, thus escaping punishment. his last will he provided that after the decease of his wife and of his son by a former wife, and his granddaughter, the bulk of his estate should be spent for the yearly maintenance "of goodly ministers and preachers" of the true church, which he considered to be that of the Congregationalists. This will the general court set aside on the ground that it interfered with the rights of his family. One of his sisters, Anne Hibbens, was executed at Salem in June, 1692, during the witchcraft persecution.

In

BELLINI. I. Jacopo, an early painter of the Venetian school, born in Venice about 1405, died in 1470. He was a pupil of Gentile da Fabriano, and is said to have been taught oil painting, which was then a secret, by Andrea del Castagno, and in turn taught it to his sons, Gentile and Giovanni. Almost all his works

have perished; one supposed to be authentic is in the Manfrini palace at Venice, and represents the portraits of Petrarch and Laura. II. Gentile, son of the preceding, born in 1421, died in 1507. He was employed by the Venetian government on an equal footing with his brother in decorating the hall of the grand council in the doge's palace, and was also celebrated for his portraits. His fame attracted the notice of Mohammed II., conqueror of Constantinople, and Bellini visited the grand seignior. He painted a number of pictures for Mohammed, and also struck a medal for him, the sultan presenting him with a gold chain and 3,000 ducats. III. Giovanni, second son of Jacopo, and generally regarded as the founder of the Venetian school, born in 1426, died in 1516 (according to some, a few years earlier). Some of his earliest works were portraits, among them that of the doge Loredano. He was employed by the republic to decorate the great hall of the council with a series of historical paintings, covering the entire walls. These were destroyed by fire in 1577. He also painted a picture of the Virgin Mary surrounded by saints, for the church of San Zaccaria in Venice. One of his last works was a Bacchanal; this he left incomplete, and it was finished by Titian.

BELLINI, Laurentio, an Italian anatomist, born in Florence, Sept. 3, 1643, died Jan. 8, 1704. He was instructed in mechanics by Borelli, and at the age of 22 attained the chair of philosophy and theoretical medicine, and continued a brilliant career in this position for nearly 30 years. When 50 years of age he abandoned his professorship, and returned to Florence. BELLINI, Vincenzo, an Italian composer, born in Catania, Sicily, Nov. 1 or 3, 1802, died at Puteaux, near Paris, Sept. 24, 1835. His father and grandfather were musicians of indifferent reputation, and he was educated in the conservatory of Naples at the expense of his native town. An opera entitled Bianca e Fernando, produced before he was 24 years old, became so fashionable, thanks to the favor of the court, that he was immediately engaged to write another for La Scala at Milan. This was Il Pirata (1827), the extraordinary success of which was owing in part to the singing of Rubini. La Straniera followed in 1828, with Tamburini and Madame Méric-Lalande, and I Capuleti ed i Montecchi in 1830; both were well received, but it became customary to substitute for the third act of the latter work an act from Vaccai's more vigorous Romeo e Giulietta. The next productions of Bellini, La Sonnambula and Norma, both brought out at Milan in 1831, showed a decided advance. They were written for Madame Pasta, but Malibran probably did more for Norma than any other artist. Beatrice di Tenda (Venice, 1833) was too tragic for the genius of Bellini, though it contains some admirable numbers. The composer now visited England to superintend the production of one of his works, and

thence went to Paris, where he had been engag ed to write an opera for the Théâtre Italien. The fruit of this contract was his last and best work, I Puritani, produced with Grisi, Rubini, Tamburini, and Lablache in the cast, and received with the utmost enthusiasm. He had made an agreement for another work for Paris, when he died after a few days' sickness. Bellini had slight knowledge of counterpoint; his scores are weak, and his accompaniments commonplace; but he excelled as a fresh, graceful, and fertile melodist, and surpassed all other Italian composers in the sympathetic character of his music. In private life he was estimable, refined, and agreeable.

BELLINZONA (Ger. Bellenz), a town of Switzerland, capital of a district of the same name, and alternately with Lugano and Locarno the capital of the canton of Ticino, on the left bank of the Ticino, 50 m. N. by E. of Milan; pop. about 2,200; of the district, 12,000. It is situated between two rocky heights on the Italian slope of the Alps, at the union of the roads from the St. Gothard and San Bernardino, and Lakes Maggiore and Lugano. The Ticino is here crossed by a bridge of 14 arches and restrained by a long stone dam. It is the key of the Italian-German boundary, and the partly ruined castles on the Giori rocks, Castello di Mezzo and Castello Corbario, which overhang the town, have been strengthened by additional fortifications. On an isolated rock stands a third castle, the Castello Grande, which is used as an arsenal and prison. The church of St. Peter and St. Stephen, with 11 marble altars and a high cupola, is the finest in the canton. The convent of the Augustinians is used as a government house. The inhabitants are farmers and cattle drivers, and many of them seek employment in neighboring Italian towns, leaving the women at home to till the land. There is an active transit trade. The town long belonged to the dukes of Milan, and has been often a bone of contention, chiefly between Swiss, Italians, and Germans; the Swiss ruling it almost uninterruptedly since the end of the 15th century. The language spoken is an Italian dialect.

BELLMAN, Karl Mickel, a Swedish poet, called the Anacreon of Sweden, born at Stockholm, Feb. 15, 1740, died Feb. 11, 1795. He published religious poems and a translation of the fables of Gellert, but acquired renown only by the songs which he was accustomed to improvise at banquet tables. His songs and idyls, which he published under the title of "Letters of Fredman," are peculiarly naïve, tender, and charming. His longest poem, "The Temple of Bacchus," is of an elegiac character, and marked by depth and brilliancy of thought. In 1829 a monument was erected at Stockholm in his honor, and a society named after him, the "Bellman," celebrates there an annual festival in his memory. His collected works were published at Gothenburg in 5 vols., 1836-'8.

BELLONA, the Roman goddess of war. She is sometimes styled the colleague, sometimes the sister, sometimes the wife of Mars. Her temple stood in the Campus Martius, near the circus of Flaminius. The priests of Bellona were called Bellonarii, and originally as often as they sacrificed to their goddess they were obliged to lacerate their arms or legs, that they might be able to offer upon her altar a portion of their own blood. The 24th of March in every year was the principal day of her worship, and that day was distinguished in the Roman Fasti by the title of dies sanguinis.

BELLOT, Joseph René, a French naval officer, born in Paris in March, 1826, lost off Cape Bowden, Aug. 18, 1853. He was a midshipman in the siege of Vera Cruz in 1838, and a lieutenant in 1851, and in 1852 obtained permission to serve as a volunteer in the English expedition sent out in search of Sir John Franklin, and commanded by Captain Belcher. On one occasion he offered to carry despatches by a journey over the ice. Being overtaken by a storm, the ice on which he was, with two of his companions, was severed from the land. He went to the other side of a hummock to reconnoitre, and was never seen again. His own diary, which was published in 1855, furnishes the best narrative of his adventures. BELLOWS, an instrument contrived for propelling air through a pipe, employed for blowing fires, supplying air to ventilate mines, filling the pipes of an organ with wind, and other purposes. The use of this apparatus may be traced back to a very early period. It is spoken of by Jeremiah (vi. 29), and alluded to by Ezekiel (xxii. 20). When Homer describes the forging of the iron shield of Achilles, he speaks of the furnace into which the materials were thrown being blown by 20 pairs of bellows (dba). From the remarks of Plautus in his Fragmenta, and of Virgil in the Georgics, it would appear that the bellows of the ancients were made wholly of leather. The first account we have of wooden bellows is by Henry bishop of Bamberg, in 1620, when one named Pfannenschmidt (bellows smith) commenced the manufacture of them in the Hartz forest, and by his success excited the jealousy of those of the same trade in the place. His art was disclosed only to his son, and the monopoly of the forest remained in the hands of his descendants to this century. Hans Losinger, an organist of Nuremberg, is by some supposed to have invented the wooden bellows in 1550. Among many primitive nations of Asia and Africa this machine is still employed in its simplest form for blowing by hand the fires of rudely constructed furnaces, probably of the same form as those in use in the times of Homer and of the Jewish prophets.-As ordinarily constructed, the instrument consists of two similar plates of wood connected by a strip of leather fastened around their edges, which with the plates completely encloses a chamber for air, and is so made that the plates may be

made to approach and recede by folding and unfolding the leather. In the lower plate is fixed a valve opening inward, through which the air enters as the plates are separated, and which closes as they are brought together, forcing the air to seek some other outlet. This is provided in a tube of small area compared to that of the valve, so that the air is made to rush outward with great velocity. As the action of this machine is to give an intermittent blast, it has been improved by introducing a third plate, attached to the lower one as this was to the upper, thus making a double bellows. The two lower plates have valves opening upward, and the pipe or nozzle for the exit of the air is in the upper of the two chambers. The middle plate is worked up and down by a lever arm, and weights are placed upon the top of the bellows to force out the air continuously, and others are suspended from the bottom board to keep the lower chamber distended with air. A circular form is sometimes given to the plates or boards, and the air chamber surrounded by the leather is cylindrical. When shut together it is very compact and portable, which renders it a convenient form for portable forges. The inhabitants of Hindostan make use of such bellows for blowing their small iron furnaces. A man sits down between two of them, and with one hand upon each works them alternately up and down, producing a tolerably continuous blast, but of small capacity and force.-The bellows used by the Chinese is a simple contrivance for forcing air with any desired pressure, and is upon the same principle with the large blowing machines now in general use. It is a square wooden box or pipe, with a piston rod working in one end, and carrying a closely fitting piston, by the movement of which the air is pushed through a smaller pipe in the other end. On the reverse motion the air enters through valves and refills the box.-Bellows are used for obtaining a very hot flame with illuminating gas. The blast of air is directed through the centre of the yellow gas flame, which immediately assumes a pale blue color and a long pointed form. By losing its illuminating power the available heat is very much increased. Such a flame is made use of by the chemist in trying experiments which require an intense heat on a small scale, and by the glass blower in making the melted glass assume the desired form. A very good form of bellows for the glass blower, which until recently was only made in Paris, is now manufactured in this country. It consists essentially of a cylinder 8 inches in diameter and 14 inches high, made of leather or india rubber, which has three horizontal wooden disks or diaphragms, one at the top, one a little below the middle, and one at the bottom; thus dividing the cylinder into two compartments, of which the lower one is the force pump, while the upper is the reservoir which retains the air and equalizes the blast. The details are as follows: The middle disk alone is fixed permanently to

the glass blower's table. In the lower disk a check valve is placed, which allows the air to enter but not to leave the lower compartment. The centre disk has a valve similarly arranged, with reference to the upper compartment. The lower disk can be forced upward by means of a lever connected with a treadle, thereby forcing the contained air into the upper compartment. The upper disk is continually pressed downward by a spiral spring which compresses the enclosed air, and yields in consequence a steady and powerful blast through a tube which for convenience is placed on the upper surface of the middle disk.-The useful effect of the bellows is in exciting combustion, by furnishing a continuous stream of oxygen in the fresh supplies of air, and in removing by the force of the blast those products of combustion which ordinarily exclude the approach of the air and impede the continuation of the process. Its power of rapidly exciting vivid combustion and intense heat is well seen in the action of the smith's bellows in common use. Excepting for some small operations for metallurgic purposes, and for other objects not requiring either a large volume or great pressure of air, the ancient bellows is now for the most part replaced by more efficient apparatus, as the so-called blowing machines and fan-blowers, descriptions of which will be found under BLOWING MACHINES.

BELLOWS, Henry Whitney, D. D., an American clergyman, born in Boston, June 11, 1814. He was educated at Harvard college and the divinity school in Cambridge, where he completed his course in 1837. On Jan. 2, 1838, he was ordained pastor of the first Congregational church in New York, afterward called All Souls' church, in which relation he still remains (1873). He was the chief originator of the "Christian Inquirer," a Unitarian newspaper of New York, in the year 1846. In 1854 he received the degree of D. D. from Harvard university. Of his numerous pamphlets and published discourses, the most conspicuous are his "Phi Beta Kappa Oration," 1853, and his noted defence of the drama, 1857. His occasional contributions to the reviews, and especially the "Christian Examiner," are marked by independence of thought and boldness of expression. In 1857 he delivered a course of lectures on the "Treatment of Social Diseases" before the Lowell institute in Boston, attracting much attention by his vigorous remarks on many subjects of deep interest. In 1860 he published in New York a volume of sermons on "Christian Doctrine," and in 1868-'9 the account of an extended European journey, under the title of "The Old World in its New Face (2 vols. 12mo). During the civil war he was the president of the United States sanitary commission.

BELLOWS FALLS, a village of Rockingham township, Windham county, Vt., on the Connecticut river, 53 m. by rail S. S. E. of Rutland; pop. in 1870, 697. The river is here in

terrupted by several rapids and falls, the whole descent being about 44 feet. These are the falls concerning which Peters, in his history, relates that the water becomes so hardened by pressure between the rocks that it is impossible to penetrate it with an iron bar. The river is crossed by a bridge, 212 feet long, built in 1812. The village contains several mills and manufactories, and is an important railway centre, being the point of junction of the Vermont Central, Rutland and Burlington, and Cheshire railroads.

BELLOWS FISH (called also trumpet fish and sea snipe), a spiny-rayed fish of the lophobranchiate or tufted-gilled order, and genus centriscus (Linn.). In this genus the snout is tubular, with a very small mouth at the end, without teeth; the body oval and compressed, with small hard scales trenchant on the abdomen; a spinous dorsal fin very far back, with a strong first spine and a soft dorsal behind it; ventrals united. The C. scolopax (Linn.) is common in the Mediterranean; it is about five inches long, reddish on the back and sides,

and silvery on the belly, sometimes with 8 golden tinge; fins grayish white. The food consists chiefly of minute crustacea, which are drawn up the cylindrical beak as water is drawn up the pipe of a syringe, or air up the tube of a bellows, the suction power depending on the dilatation of the throat. Its flesh is considered good. It prefers muddy bottoms, in the neighborhood of seaweeds, in moderately deep water.

BELLOY, Pierre Laurent Buirette de, a French dramatist, born at St. Flour, in Auvergne, Nov. 17, 1727, died in Paris, March 5, 1775. He was educated for the bar, but became an actor at St. Petersburg and other places. His first tragedy, Titus (Paris, 1759), failed, and his Zelmire (1769) was redeemed only by the acting of Mlle. Clairon; but his Siége de Calais (1765) was successful, being the first attempt to dramatize French history. Voltaire joined in the applause of the court and the people, but became an adverse critic after the author's death. His subsequent plays were not equally successful, although his Gaston et Bayard (1771) procured for him a seat in the