historical importance early in the 17th century | by the elevation of MAFFEO BARBERINI to the papacy under the name of Urban VIII. His brother ANTONIO became cardinal, and his brother CARLO general of the papal troops; and the three sons of the latter exercised a vast influence, especially TADDEO, who succeeded his father as general of the papal troops, and married Anna Colonna. He acquired Palestrina and other fiefs, and became prefect of Rome in 1631 after the death of the duke of Urbino and the addition of the dukedom to the papal possessions. Other leading Italian houses, especially the Farnese, took umbrage at the increasing power of the Barberini, which led to the Castro war (1641-'4) for the possession of Castro and Ronciglione, Odoardo Farnese, duke of Parma, declaring that he was waging war against the Barberini, and not against the pope. Urban VIII. died in 1644, and though the election of his successor Innocent X. was due to the Barberini influence, one of the first measures of the new pope was to institute proceedings against them, and especially against Taddeo for financial mismanagement. Taddeo fled to Paris, where he died in 1647.-FRANCESCO, brother of the preceding, born in 1597, died in 1679. He became cardinal and vice chancellor, obtained great influence in the administration, and founded with the aid of Leo Allazzi, a Greek scholar, the Barberini library. He, too, had to leave Rome after the accession of Innocent X., but was permitted to return, and became dean of the sacred college.-ANTONIO, brother of the preceding, cardinal and high chamberlain under Urban VIII., born in 1608, died in 1671. He held high ecclesiastical offices in France through the favor of Mazarin, but returned to Italy after his reconciliation with the new pope.-Over 100,000,000 scudi passed into the hands of the Barberini family during their tenure of power. The Barberini palace, one of the largest in Rome, still attests their sumptuous and artistic tastes, and the library continues to be renowned for its valuable MSS.-The present head of the Barberini-Colonna family is ENRICO, prince of Palestrina, born March 26, 1823, who married in 1853 the princess Teresa Orsini.

BARBERRY (berberis), a genus of plants of the natural order berberidacea, whose characteristics are: 6 roundish sepals, with bractlets outside; 6 obovate petals, with 2 glandular spots inside; 6 stamens; alternate, ovate, serrated, and pointed leaves; a shrubby habit, with yellow wood and inner bark; yellow flowers in drooping racemes; and sour berries and leaves. The stamens have a remarkable irritability, so that when the filament is touched on the inside with the point of a needle, they throw themselves quickly forward upon the stigma; the petals also follow them in this movement. This phenomenon is best observed in mild and dry weather, and can rarely be seen after the stamens have been dashed against each other by a violent wind or rain. The

genus comprises about 50 species, which are found in various regions from China to Mexico; several of them are evergreens, and most of them are ornamental as well as useful. B. vulgaris, or common barberry, has thorns upon the branches, obovate-oblong, bristly toothed leaves in rosettes or fascicles, drooping manyflowered racemes, and scarlet oblong berries. It is a native of the northern parts of Europe and Asia, but has become naturalized and thoroughly wild in the thickets and waste grounds of eastern New England. In the north of Europe it prefers the valleys, but in the south it grows on mountains, and is one of the most hardy of Alpine shrubs. In Italy it attains a height of from 4 to 6 ft., and lives for centuries. B. Canadensis, or American barberry, is a shrub from 1 to 3 ft. high, with leaves less sharply pointed and racemes with fewer flowers than the preceding, and is found on the Alleghanies of Virginia and southward. B. aquifolium, a native of western North America, has shining evergreen pinnated leaves,

and deep violet or red berries, and is often cultivated for its beauty. There are several other Asiatic and American species which are among the most hardy ornaments of gardens.-Nearly all the parts of this plant serve a useful purpose. The inner bark and the root, with the aid of alum, furnish an excellent yellow dye for coloring linen and leather. Its leaves are cropped by cows and sheep. It is probably by reason of its yellow color that it has been esteemed good for the jaundice, the same having been fancied also of the dock and carrot; but the bitterness and astringency of the bark have made it valued as a medicine. The berries are so acid that birds refuse to eat them; but when prepared with sugar, they make delicious and healthful preserves, sirups, and comfits. has been a very general opinion that barberry bushes cause blight to wheat sown in their vi

It

prominent printers in the principal cities of Europe till 1808. HUGUES, the son of Jean, established himself at Limoges, where he printed in 1580 a beautiful edition of Cicero's epistles to Atticus. In 1699 the widow of CLAUDE, who carried on her husband's business at Paris, purchased of Fénelon's valet-de-chambre, who had stolen it from his master, the MS. of Télémaque, and printed it as far as the 208th page, when all the copies were seized by the government for political reasons and destroyed. JEAN JOSEPH lived in Paris in 1704, and was a printer and bookseller. He was succeeded in 1746 by JOSEPH GERARD. In 1743 the abbé LengletDufresnoy commenced the publication of a new and elegant edition of the classics to fill the place of that of the Elzevirs, then becoming rare. This project was continued by JOSEPH GERARD BARBOU, who was succeeded by his nephew HUGUES; and 77 volumes of the classics were printed in this form, including the works of most of the prominent Latin authors. On the death of Hugues the business passed out of the hands of the family.

BARBOUR, the name of counties in three of the United States. I. A N. E. county of West Virginia; area, 330 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 10,312, of whom 386 were colored. Its surface is hilly, and its soil very fertile, and well adapted for grazing. It is drained by the constituents of the east fork of the Monongahela river. Bituminous coal and iron ore are found, and salt mines have been opened. In 1870 the chief productions were 42,305 bushels of wheat, 173,195 of Indian corn, 43,367 of oats, 10,803 tons of hay, and 31,973 lbs. of wool. Capital, Phillips. II. A S. E. county of Alabama, bounded E. by the Chattahoochee river, which separates it from Georgia; area, about 900 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 29,309, of whom 17,165 were colored. It has an undulating surface, partly covered with forests of pine. The soil in the valleys of the streams is fertile, and suitable for Indian corn and cotton. The chief productions in 1870 were 364,304 bushels of Indian corn, 42,734 of sweet potatoes, 17,011 bales of cotton, and 25,738 gallons of molasses. Capital, Clayton. III. A S. county of Kansas, not yet settled, bordering on Indian territory; area, 780 sq. m. The Nescatunga river, a tributary of the Arkansas, intersects the S. W. corner, and a branch of the former also drains the N. and E. portions of the county.

BARBOUR, James, an American statesman, born in Orange county, Va., June 10, 1775, died June 8, 1842. While very young he served as a deputy sheriff, and at the age of 19 was admitted to the bar. He was a member of the legislature of Virginia from 1796 to 1812, when he became governor of the state. After serving two terms in this office he was elected to the United States senate (1815), where for several sessions he was chairman of the committee on foreign relations. He remained in the senate till 1825, when President John Quincy Adams appointed him secretary of war.

In

1828 he became minister to England, but was recalled the next year by President Jackson, of whose administration and that of Mr. Van Buren he was a vigorous opponent. In 1839 he presided at the Harrisburg convention, which nominated Gen. Harrison for president.

BARBOUR, John, a Scottish poet and historian, born in Aberdeen about 1320, died about 1396. Little is known of his early life. He was appointed archdeacon of Aberdeen by David II. in 1356. He made two visits to Oxford by royal permission for the purpose of studying, and in 1368 obtained a passport to France for a similar object. At one time he was one of the auditors of the exchequer for King Robert II. The work which has made his name famous is his poem of "The Bruce," a history of the life and deeds of Robert Bruce. He is known to have also written a metrical romance, now lost, called "The Brute," on the mythical Brutus the Trojan. Barbour received two pensions, one charged on the customs of Aberdeen for life, and another in perpetuity from the borough rents, recorded as a reward for the production of "The_Brute." At his death he assigned the latter to the chapter of the cathedral church of Aberdeen, to pay for an annual mass for his soul. The first known printed edition of "The Bruce" is that of 1616 (Edinburgh), but there is believed to have been an earlier one. The best of the later editions is that of Dr. Jamieson (4to, Edinburgh, 1820).

BARBY, a town of Germany, in the Prussian province of Saxony, on the left bank of the Elbe, 15 m. S. E. of Magdeburg; pop. in 1871, 5,212. The inhabitants are chiefly engaged in the manufacture of woollens and linens. The Moravians in 1749 established at Barby a Pädagogium (educational institution), which in 1809 was transferred to Niesky in Lusatia. The town has a normal school and a hospital for the blind. It was formerly the seat of the counts of Barby, who became extinct in 1659.

BARCA, a country of Africa, bounded N. by the Mediterranean, E. by Egypt, W. by the gulf of Sidra or Great Syrtis, S. by the Libyan desert. It lies between lat. 29° and 33° N., lon. 20° and 25° E., and corresponds nearly to the ancient Cyrenaica, although the boundaries are not clearly defined. The population is estimated at about 400,000, mostly nomadic Arabs and Berbers. The northwestern portion is elevated, has a healthy climate, and many fertile tracts producing rice, grain, dates, olives, sugar, tobacco, saffron, and senna; it is well adapted to the culture of grapes. The eastern and southern portions are sandy, gradually merging in the desert. The horses of the country are of a famous breed; there are sheep of the fat-tailed species, camels, and buffaloes. Barca is governed by its beys, who are tributary to the bey of Tripoli. It was an early colony of the Greeks; it afterward became subject to Egypt, and still later a province of the Byzantine empire. It was conquered by the Arabs in 641. The most important towns

are Benghazi (anc. Berenice), and Derne (anc. Darnis). (See CYRENAICA.)

BARCA, or Barce, an ancient inland city of Cyrenaica, founded by revolted Cyrenæans and Libyans about 554 B. C. Arcesilaus II.; king of Cyrene, was signally defeated in an attempt to punish this secession, and the power of Barca was soon extended to the seacoast and W. toward Carthage. About 514 B. C. Arcesilaus III. of Cyrene, having taken refuge with his father-in-law Alazir, king of Barca, was slain by the citizens. His mother Pheretima induced the Persian satrap of Egypt to besiege Barca, and after it was captured caused numbers of the citizens to be crucified around the walls, on which she fixed as bosses the breasts of their wives. Many others were made slaves and removed to Bactria. Under the Ptolemies most of the remaining inhabitants were removed to the new city of Ptole

| mais (now Tolmeta) on the coast. The old town was still in existence in the 2d century of our era, and its ruins are now traced near the village of Merjeh.

BARCA, or Bareas, an epithet applied to Hamilcar and other Carthaginian generals, and supposed to signify "lightning," like the Hebrew Barak.

BARCELONA. I. A province of Spain, in Catalonia, bordering on the Mediterranean; area, 2,983 sq. m.; pop. in 1867, 749,143. It is less mountainous and better cultivated, more densely peopled, and in general more flourishing than any other Catalonian province. The Llobregat, its principal river, intersects it N. and S. It is traversed by several railways, and has good roads. Its chief products are grain, oil, wine, fruit, hemp, silk, iron, copper, and coal; there are several salt mines and numerous mineral springs. II. A city and seaport, cap

ital of the above described province, situated in lat. 41° 21' N., lon. 2° 10' E., on the Mediterranean, 315 m. E. N. E. of Madrid, in a beautiful plain between the rivers Besos and Llobregat, at the foot of Mount Monjuich (the Mons Jovis of the Romans, the Mons Judaicus of the middle ages, so named because it was then inhabited by the Jews); pop. in 1864, 190,000; in 1868, including the large suburb of Barceloneta, 167,095. The diminution is ascribed to the mortality caused by the cholera of 1865, and the removal of much of the manufacturing industry beyond the municipal boundary. It is the most flourishing, and after Madrid the most populous city in Spain, the great manufacturing and commercial emporium, and one of the finest cities of the peninsula. The harbor is formed by a huge mole, running VOL. II.-20

southward for a considerable distance from the shore; the depth of water within the mole is, 20 ft. The fort of Monjuich, south of the town, stands upon the isolated hill of that name, 752 ft. above the level of the sea. It commands the city, the citadel, and the port, and is considered by the Spaniards to be impregnable. The citadel, N. E. of the town, is a regular fortress built on the system of Vauban. There are also walls, ditches, and batteries. Barcelona is the see of a bishop and the seat of an audiencia. It has a university opened in 1868, several commercial academies, and many civil, military, art, and benevolent institutions, prominent among which is the junta de comercio, or board of trade, which supports professorships of navigation, architecture, chemistry, experimental philosophy, agri