tions if Sussex and similar incidents are repeated.

15. May 4, 1916. Germany grudgingly makes the promise that ships will not be sunk without warning.

16. Oct. 8, 1916. German submarine appears off American coast and sinks British passenger steamer Stephano with many American passengers (vacationists returning from Newfoundland) on board. Loss of life almost certain had not American men-of-war been on hand to pick up the refugees.

[From this time until final break several other vessels sunk under circumstances which made it at least doubtful whether Germany was living up to her pledges.]

17. Jan. 31, 1917. Germany tears up her promises and notifies Mr. Wilson she will begin unrestricted submarine war."

64

18. Feb. 3, 1917. Mr. Wilson gives Count von Bernstorff his passports and recalls Ambassador Gerard from Berlin.

In all modern history it may be doubted if there is another chapter displaying such prolonged patience, forbearance, and conciliatoriness as that shown by Mr. Wilson and Mr. Lansing in the face of a long course of deliberate evasion and prevarication to them personally, as well as outrage after outrage upon the property, and, still more, upon the lives of very many American citizens.

Germans in America

"We shall happily still have an opportunity to prove that friendship in our daily attitude and actions toward the millions of men and women of German birth and native sympathy who live among us and share our life, and we shall be proud to prove it toward all who are in fact loyal to their neighbors and to the Government in the hour of test."

On April 6, 1917, President Wilson issued a proclamation in which he asserted that "alien enemies " who preserved the peace, kept the laws, and gave no aid to the enemies of the United States "shall be undisturbed in the peaceful pursuit of their lives and occupations, and shall be accorded the consideration due to all peaceful and lawabiding persons, and toward such [persons] all citizens of the United States are enjoined to preserve the peace and to treat them with all such friendliness as may be compatible with loyalty and allegiance to the United States."

In May the Attorney General issued a statement congratulating the country on the friendly relations between Americans and German residents, the absence of disorders, and the necessity of interning only a very small number of persons, (about 125,) an insignificant fraction of the whole number of German citizens in this country.

At almost the same time the cables carried dispatches that the German police had ordered strict measures of oversight and re

straint for the few Americans remaining in Germany, although all such persons were probably people whose ties with Germany made them almost more at home there than in their nominal country.

"If there should be disloyalty, it will be dealt with with a firm hand of stern repression":

The treason statutes of the United States have seldom been invoked, but they exist and possess teeth.

It is treason to "levy war against the United States, adhere to their enemies, or give them aid or comfort." (Ch. 1, sec. 1, Rev. Stat.) The penalty is death, or imprisonment for at least five years, and a fine of at least $10,000.

It is "misprision of treason" to know of any treasonable plots or doings and fail to report the same to the authorities. The penalty is seven years' imprisonment. The penalty for inciting a rebellion or insurrection is ten years, and the crime of entering into any correspondence with a foreign Government to influence it in any dispute with the United States, or to defeat any measures taken by our Government, calls for three years' imprisonment. (Ch. 1, sec. 5.) There is also a penalty of six years' imprisonment for any seditious conspiracy to oppose the authority of the United States.

All these laws President Wilson has, by recent proclamation, (April 6, 1917,) reminded the people are in full force.

"Giving aid and comfort to the enemies of the United States " has been defined in the courts (30 Federal Cases, No. 18272,) as:

"In general, any act clearly indicating a want of loyalty to the Government and sympathy with its enemies, and which by fair construction is directly in furtherance of their hostile designs." Such deeds are, of course, liable to all the penalty of treason.

In extreme cases, also, of rebellion and invasion" the Constitution specifically gives the Government power to suspend the writ of habeas corpus, (Constitution, Art. I., sec. 9, par. 2;) in other words, to arrest and imprison on mere suspicion without trial, and this was actually done in the civil war.

In support of the President's statement that the right is more precious than peace, and we shall fight for the things which we have always carried nearest our hearts," the editors cite the following contrast:

Abraham Lincoln, (second inaugural address, 1865 :)

"With malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right as God gives us to see the right, let us finish the work we are in-to bind up another's wounds, to care for him who shall have borne the battle, and for his widow and orphans; to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and

lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations."

Friedrich von Bernhardi, (German Lieutenant General, and acceptable mouthpiece, not of the whole German Nation, but of the Prussian military caste which holds the German Nation in its grip:)

"Might is at once the supreme right, and

the dispute as to what is right is decided by the arbitrament of war," (p. 23.)

["It is outrageous to presume that] a weak nation is to have the same right to live as a powerful and vigorous nation," (p. 34.)

"Which of these two national viewpoints," the editors ask, "is to be allowed to dominate the world?"

Where blossom the white May lilies, and the dogwood and daffodils; For the Spirit of Spring is calling to our spirits that love to roam

Over the hills of home, laddie, over the hills of home.

Laddie, little laddie, here's hazel and meadow rue,

And wreaths of the rare arbutus, a-blowing for me and you;

And cherry and bilberry blossoms, and hawthorn as white as foam,

We'll carry them all to Mother, laddie, over the hills at home.

Laddie, little laddie, the winds have many

a song

And blithely and bold they whistle to us as we trip along;

But your own little song is sweeter, your own with its merry trills;

So, whistle a tune as you go, laddie, over the windy hills.

Laddie, little laddie, 'tis time that the cows were home,

Can you hear the klingle-klangle of their bell in the greenwood gloam?

Old Rover is waiting, eager to follow the trail with you,

Whistle a tune as you go, laddie, whistle a tune as you go.

Laddie, little laddie, there's a flash of a bluebird's wing,

O hush! If we wait and listen we may hear him caroling.

The

vesper song of the thrushes, and the plaint of the whip-poor-wills, Sweet, how sweet is the music, laddie, over the twilit hills.

Brother, little brother, your childhood is passing by,

And the dawn of a noble purpose I see in your thoughtful eye.

You have many a mile to travel and many a task to do;

Whistle a tune as you go, laddie, whistle a tune as you go.

Laddie, soldier laddie, a call comes over the sea,

A call to the best and bravest in the land of liberty,

To shatter the despot's power, to lift up the weak that fall.

Whistle a song as you go, laddie, to answer your country's call.

Brother, soldier brother, the Spring has come back again,

But her voice from the windy hilltops is calling your name in vain;

For never shall we together 'mid the birds and the blossoms roam, Over the hills of home, brother, over the hills of home.

Laddie! Laddie! Laddie! "Somewhere in France" you sleep,

Somewhere 'neath alien flowers and alien winds that weep.

Bravely you marched to battle, nobly your life laid down,

You unto death were faithful, laddie; yours is the victor's crown.

Laddie! Laddie! Laddie! How dim is the sunshine grown,

As Mother and I together speak softly in tender tone!

And the lips that quiver and falter have ever a single theme,

As we list for your dear, lost whistle, laddie, over the hills of dream. How soon should

B

ETWEEN May 23 and June 16, 1917, there were five aerial attacks on England in nearly all of which the Germans used airplanes instead of Zeppelins. Two of the raids were particularly serious in the number of civilian lives lost. The first of the series took place on May 23, when four or five German aircraft flew over the eastern counties of England and dropped bombs, killing one man. The second attack, on May 25, resulted in the killing of 76 persons and the injuring of 174; practically all the casualties occurred at Folkstone, on the southeast coast. The principal victims were women and children who had been standing in a long line in the town's busiest street waiting to buy potatoes.

It was 6:30 P. M. when a peculiar humming noise in the sky warned the people of the approach of danger. The German airplanes, numbering about sixteen, were not more than three minutes over the town before they passed away in the direction of the sea. Most of the bombs were dropped on Folkestone. Of the killed twenty-seven were women and twenty-three children; and of the injured forty-three women and nineteen children.

Airplanes of the Royal Flying Corps immediately went in pursuit and the German aircraft were also engaged by the Royal Naval Air Service from Dunkirk on their return journey. The Admiralty reported that three of the enemy airplanes were shot down in mid-Channel.

The attack was methodically organized. The first squadron of five airplanes was followed after short intervals by a second squadron and then a third and fourth, each of which repeated the tactics of the first. Scarcely any part of Folkestone escaped injury. At least sixty bombs were dropped, falling in a shower all over the town. The worst damage done was from a group of bombs which struck the business thoroughfare thronged with people. At one spot here sixteen women,

eight men, and nine children were killed, and forty-two persons were injured. The intervals of comparative quiet after the departure of each squadron of raiders were only broken by the sound of distant firing of naval guns out at sea and were even more harrowing to the populace than were the brief periods when the bombs were actually bursting in the town.

After each visit the people in shelters or cellars asked each other whether this was the last. Hours after the last raider had gone many people kept to their shelters in the belief that more raiders were coming. There was much employment for voluntary relief workers. The hospitals were crowded not only with injured, but with women and children suffering from shock, while the police and constables had their hands full patrolling the devastated districts and attending to the work of rescue, identification, and the hundreds of odds and ends which such a crisis brings to an unprepared town.

Reports from the surrounding district indicated that there were some bombing of neighboring villages, even at some distance, inland. The bombs were dropped, for the most part, as the German airplanes were making a wide circle to approach from the land side.

The third of this series of air raids took place on the evening of June 5, when sixteen German airplanes came over the North Sea and dropped many bombs on the small towns and villages in Essex and Kent. Only fourteen of them returned to their home base, for two were brought down by British guns. Only two persons were killed and twenty-nine injured in the bombarded districts. The raiders met with a lively reception, extra precautions having been taken by the British authorities after the previous raid. The Germans were attacked by British aviators before they had an opportunity to carry out their raiding

intentions to any great extent, and the British anti-aircraft guns were very effective. The official statement said that the raiders also attacked the naval establishments in the Medway. A considerable number of bombs were dropped and a certain amount of damage was done to house property, but the damage done to naval and military establishments was practically negligible.

The worst raid of all was that made upon London on June 13 in the broad daylight of noon. A squadron of German airplanes bombed the East End and the business sections of the city, killing 97 persons and injuring 437. Many of the victims were women and children, 120 of the latter being either killed or injured. The large number of casualties was due to the fact that the eating places in the East End were crowded at the hour of the raid, schools were still in session, and large numbers of people were on the streets. Of the victims, an official announcement stated 55 men, 16 women, and 26 children were killed, while the injured comprised 223 men, 122 women, and 94 children. No damage of a military or naval nature was done. Only one of the attacking airplanes was brought down.

A supplementary official report stated: "The first bombs were dropped on the eastern outskirts of London at about 11:30 A. M. Numerous bombs fell in rapid succession in various districts in the East End. One bomb fell in a railway station, hitting an incoming train. Seven persons were killed and 17 injured here. Another bomb fell on a school, killing 10 and injuring about 50 children. A number of warehouses were damaged and fires were caused. A few bombs also were dropped near North Foreland and opposite the banks of the Thames, four persons being injured. The air raid over London lasted about fifteen minutes. The raiders were engaged by guns of the East London defenses and a large number of airplanes of the Royal Flying Corps and Royal Naval Air Service were sent up as soon as the enemy was reported off the coast. Several engagements took place

in the air."

The most tragic episode of the attack was the bombing of a London County

Council School, of which the following graphic description was given by a soldier who went to assist the teachers:

"I found the class mistress, who had got the uninjured children into a passage where, if there came another bomb, they would be less likely to be hurt. She was all alone until I came. Then we both set to get out the uninjured. She brought down two or three from the upper room first, then we went into the classroom where the bomb had sunk into the earth when it exploded. The sight was a terrible one, and but for the excitement it would have been unbearable. Many of . the little ones were lying across their desks, apparently dead, and with terrible wounds on heads and limbs, and scores of others were writhing with pain and moaning piteously in their terror and suffering.

"Many bodies were mutilated, but our first thought was to get at the injured and have them cared for. We took them gently in our arms and laid them out against a wall under a shed. I didn't count them, but I should think there were twenty or thirty. I was just wondering what we should do next when some more people came to help, including soldiers, naval cadets, police, and special con- . stables. We were frantic for ambulances and it was impossible to carry them to the hospital, which was half a mile away. Just then two lorries drew up and the driver suggested that he should help. We packed the poor little souls on the lorries as gently as we could and he drove as if he was afraid of something giving away and so at last we got them to the hospital.

"While they were gone I put a sentry on the door, and I can tell you it was a tough job. The women were not in the slightest degree panicky, but they were selfish in their love at first and in their earnestness to get at their own babies endangered by others who were lying on the floor. Some mothers were almost insane with grief, and when they couldn't find their Own children would rush through the bodies looking for them, and when you remember that there was a hole in the roof four feet deep and covering the whole area of the classroom it

will be understood what that meant. The worst part of our task was the lastthat of picking up the mutilated fragments of humanity."

Two Zeppelins made an attack on the east coast of England in the night of June 16. The official report said that one of the airships crossed the Kentish coast at 2 A. M. and dropped bombs on a coast town, killing two persons, injuring sixteen, and wrecking a large number of houses. The second airship attacked a coast town of East Anglia, but did no damage before it was engaged by the Royal Flying Corps, brought down in flames, and destroyed.

Thousands of people witnessed the end

of this Zeppelin. The attack by antiaircraft guns on the dirigible lasted fully half an hour, and people ran from their houses half dressed to watch the fight. When the black object, drifting across the sky from the southeast to the northwest, was seen to burst into flames the spectators cheered tumultuously. It had been first winged by a land gun, and was then finished by an airplane, which the Zeppelin fought to the last with her guns. The dirigible dropped in a field of corn, far from any habitation, and was entirely destroyed. All of the crew were killed and their bodies badly charred. Some of the men appeared to have jumped from the airship.

HE intensity of the aerial warfare

THE

on the western front is indicated by the figures showing the number of airplanes lost in April and May. A compilation from the British, French, and German official reports shows that 717 airplanes were shot down during April, the Germans losing 369, the French and Belgians 201, and the British 147. During May 713 airplanes were shot down on the western front. The Germans lost 442 and the British and French 271, of which 86 were admitted to have been British and the remainder, by inference, French. Thus, in two months, 1,430 airplanes were destroyed.

How the British and French have gained the supremacy of the air was described by Major L. W. B. Rees of the British Flying Corps, during a visit to Washington. While the Allies' operations are conducted almost entirely beyond the German lines, the Major said, the German machines now cross over the allied lines only rarely in raiding parties. The British fly on three levels with three kinds of machines. The lowest are the artillery directors, who circle about in big figure eights about 6,000 feet above the enemy trenches and flash back directions to the British gunners by wireless. Above them, at 10,000 feet, are the heavy fighters with two men to a machine and

able to keep the air for four hours at a speed of 110 miles per hour. At a height of 15,000 feet are the single-man light fighters, capable of 130 miles an hour and of ascending the first 10,000 feet in ten minutes.

The Germans have given up all attempts to guide their artillery by airplane and seek only to smash up the allied reconnoissance over their lines. Their machines are largely of one class, therefore, fast, heavy fighters, generally biplanes, which are continually seeking to swoop down on the British artillery observers and send them to the ground before the British fighting patrols can reach them. Recently, however, the Germans have developed another light fighting machine, which by climbing to 20,000 feet seeks to overtop the British light fighters and clear them out.

British losses have been running recently as high as thirty to forty machines a day, because of the extraordinary chances taken over the enemy's lines. As a rule they go out in squadrons of six, divided into three pairs and prepared to swoop down in unison on any German machine that may come up.

Major Rees gave it as his opinion that the British had defeated the Germans in every way in the air and deprived them of invaluable reconnoissance power. The