of a large tract in the Half-barony of Coleraine, which was evidently part of the Ironmongers' estate. It consists of nineteen townlands, containing 7,036 statute acres, valued in 1858 at 3,4917.

The entire estate contains 36,871 statute acres, valued at 15,5067. The tenant-right custom is recognised on the estate.

The Goldsmiths' estate, which is situate near the city of Londonderry, consists of thirty-two townlands, containing about 8,429 statute acres, and valued at 6,0861.

This company sold their estate to the Earl of Shelburne for 14,000l. in the year 1731. The Ponsonby family were owners for a long time. It was sold in the Incumbered Estates Court in November 1855, in the matter of William Pennell and others, assignees of Leckie Alexander, a bankrupt, petitioners, to twelve purchasers, in thirty-two lots. The sale produced 109,000l. The gross rental was 5,0557.; the net rental, 4,7527.

Some of the purchasers, we are informed, 'sold to the tenants their farms, making them freeholds. Others have raised the rents enormously, and given no fixed tenure to the tenants.'

Each of the London Companies' estates has a resident agent. It is stated that the custom of tenant-right, which heretofore had such a beneficial effect in this part of Ulster, and on the faith of which so much has been done by the tenants in improving the lands, exists now in little more than a name.'

'The rapid periodical increase of rents on the tenants' own outlay, which has been the general practice of late years, until the lands of the London Companies' estates are let at rents nearly as high as the same lands in England and Scotland, where the landlords made all the improvements, has had the most crushing effect on the Ulster tenantright.'1

All the above particulars are taken from a very interesting little pamphlet, The Irish Land Question and the Twelve London Companies in the county of Londonderry.' Belfast, printed at the Daily 'Northern Whig' office, 1868.

THE dignity of baronet is generally conferred by patent. The order was instituted by James I. in 1611, when two hundred baronets of England were created for the plantation of Ulster. Baronets of Ireland were also instituted by James I., in 1619, with the same privileges and for the same purpose.

In 1625, the order of Baronets of Scotland, called also Baronets of Nova Scotia, was instituted by Charles I., the object being to encourage the plantation and settlement of Acadia, or Nova Scotia, in North America.

Since the legislative unions of England and Scotland, and of Great Britain and Ireland, all baronetcies created are of the United Kingdom. The baronetcy is the lowest title that is hereditary.

APPENDIX XX.

HENRY GRATTAN.

HENRY GRATTAN was born in Dublin in 1746. His father was Recorder of Dublin, and represented that city in Parliament. At an early age, Mr. Grattan's attention was directed by his father to public affairs, and he took much interest in the parliamentary debates. He was educated at Dublin University; and at the age of twenty-one he was entered a student of the Middle Temple. While at the Temple he frequently attended the debates in the English House of Commons, and took down in writing the speeches of Lord Chatham, whose eloquence he greatly admired, and whom he adopted as a model. It was at this time he wrote the well-known Character of Lord Chatham.'

Mr. Grattan was called to the Irish bar in 1772. In 1775 he was returned to Parliament for the town of Charlemont. He sat for that place until 1790, when he was returned for Dublin. In 1797 he declined offering himself for re-election. In 1800 he was returned for Wicklow borough to oppose the Union. In 1805 he entered the Imperial Parliament as representative of the borough of Malton, in Yorkshire. In 1806 he was once more induced to stand for Dublin, which city he continued to represent until 1820. Although suffering under severe illness, and against the advice of his physicians, he went

G G

over to press the Catholic claims on the new Parliament of 1820; but the journey was too much for his advanced years and impaired constitution; and he expired in London on June 4, 1820, aged 74. Mr. Grattan's career may be best read in the history of his country. In recognition of his great public services, the Irish Parliament unanimously voted him a grant of 100,000l., on May 27, 1782, to purchase an estate and erect a mansion-house, but he would accept only 50,000. and it was reduced accordingly.

APPENDIX XXI.

DANIEL O'CONNELL.

DANIEL O'CONNELL was born at Carhen, near Cahircivan in Kerry, in 1775. He was educated partly at the Jesuit's College at St. Omer's and partly at the English College of Douai. When he was leaving the College of St. Omer's in 1792, the president, Dr. Stapylton, wrote of him, 'I never was so mistaken in my life as I shall be unless he be destined to make a remarkable figure in society.' He was called to the Irish Bar in 1798, and immediately became distinguished in his profession. O'Connell's first appearance in public life was at a meeting of the Catholics, held on January 13, 1800, in the Royal Exchange, Dublin, to petition against the proposed Act of Union. He laboured untiringly as a leading member of the Catholic Committee, devoting much of his time to its affairs, notwithstanding the heavy claims of his large professional practice. He tells us himself that for more than twenty years before Emancipation the burden of the cause was thrown upon him. He had 'to arrange the meetings, to prepare the resolutions, to furnish replies to the correspondence, to rouse the torpid, to animate the lukewarm, to control the violent and the inflammatory, to avoid the shoals and breakers of the law, to guard against multiplied treachery, and at all times to oppose, at every peril, the powerful and multitudinous enemies of the cause.' The Clare election, and his great triumph in achieving the emancipation of his Catholic fellow-subjects, have already been described in the text.1 He took his seat for Clare in May 1829, and very soon became one of the leading debaters in the House of Commons. For many years his power over the Irish people was that of an uncrowned monarch. Wherever he went thousands assembled to

1 Chapter lxxvii,

greet him; a contribution from the whole country, called 'the O'Connell Tribute,' and ranging from 10,000l. up to 20,000l. a year, was annually presented to him; and the parliamentary representatives of nearly all the liberal constituencies were elected on his nomination. The Duke of Wellington said of him that he was the most powerful subject of the Crown in modern times. He set on foot an agitation for the repeal of the Union, which reached its height in the year 1843. At this period he held 'monster meetings' at Tara, Clontarf, and other places remarkable in Irish history. The Clontarf meeting was prohibited by proclamation in October 1843, and O'Connell and several of his followers were arrested and tried for conspiracy and sedition. After a protracted trial he was sentenced to twelve months' imprisonment, and a fine of 2,000l.; but, on appeal to the House of Lords, the sentence was reversed, and O'Connell and the other prisoners were liberated. From this period his health declined, and, on his way to Rome on a pilgrimage of devotion, he died at Genoa, on May 15, 1847. Mr. O'Connell's life like that of Mr. Grattan, is for many years interwoven in the history of his country.

APPENDIX XXII.

TRINITY COLLEGE, DUBLIN.

TRINITY COLLEGE, the University of Dublin, was founded by Queen Elizabeth, and was opened in the buildings of the dissolved monastery of All Hallows on January 9, 1593. The following particulars of its foundation are given by Sir James Ware:

Trinity Colledge, by Dublin, which was founded by Queene Elizabeth, 3 Martii, 1591. The 13 of the same moneth, its first stone was laid by Thomas Smyth, the Mayor of Dublin, and the 9 of Jan. 1593 it first admitted students.'

The constitution of Trinity College has ever been exclusively Protestant, which has made it virtually the University of only a small minority.

On August 3, 1869, Mr. Fawcett moved in the House of Commons 'That, in the opinion of this House, those who are not members of the Established Church cannot be placed in a position of equality with regard to University education in Ireland until all the Fellowships and

Scholarships of Trinity College, Dublin, are freed from all religious disabilities.'

Immediately on the motion being made, Dr. Ball, the Member for the University, arose and stated that in consequence of a communication made to him by the Board of Trinity College, to the effect that whereas on former occasions they did petition in opposition to the motion of the hon. member for Brighton, they do, on the present occasion, feel it their duty not to petition against it or oppose it.

On this announcement the motion was withdrawn at the suggestion of the Chief Secretary for Ireland; and it is likely that after the land question is disposed of the whole subject of University education in Ireland will engage the attention of Parliament.

Subjoined are interesting returns relating to Trinity College.1

REVENUES OF TRINITY COLLEGE, DUBLIN, FOR THE YEAR 1866.

NOTE.-By the Statutes of the College, the Financial Year ends on the 20th day of November.

1 Return to Two orders to the House of Commons, June 27 and 28, 1867.