APPENDIX.

433 600,000 tons, the greater part of which is shipped to the United States.

The small island of Labuan, off the north-west coast of Borneo, abounds in coal of excellent quality. This island was ceded to Great Britain by the Sultan of Borneo in 1846. Taking into account its geographical position, as a depôt for vessels trading between Singapore and China, and the fact that its coal production is steadily increasing, it is a valuable possession to the British Crown.

APPENDIX IV.

FINE SPINNING MILLS OF ENGLAND.

'OUR fine spinning mills,' says Dr. Ure, are, as Mr. Tuffnell justly observed, the triumph of art and the glory of England. They need fear no competition, nor are they, in fact, objects of foreign rivalry. The delicacy of their machinery, the difficulty of keeping it in order, the dexterity of their hands, and the limited and fluctuating demand for their products, are well known to other nations. Of the perfection at which the art of spinning has now arrived in Manchester, a wonderful specimen was a few days ago given me by Thomas Houldsworth, Esq., M.P.-yarn spun in his magnificent factory for the French weavers, of which a single pound contains 450 hanks of 840 yards each, the whole, therefore, extending 215 miles in length, or nearly the distance between London and Paris. The Sea-island cotton wool, from which the yarn is made, is of exquisite quality, consisting of regular cylindric filaments, about one three-thousandth of an inch in diameter, as measured in the micrometer microscope. The thread itself is only one three-hundredth of an inch thick, being much finer than a human hair. The tissues made of it will surpass the far-famed robes of Dacca, styled, in Oriental hyperbole, the woven wind.' 2 The beautiful and delicate muslins of Dacca, called also 'flowing water' and 'the evening dew,' are made by young women with the fingers on a fine steel spindle. The finest yarn can be spun only in the early morning, before the rising sun dissipates the dew on the grass, or, when this is wanting, and the air is unusually dry, it is not unfrequently made over a shallow vessel of water. This imparts the necessary degree of moisture to the

1 Supplement to the Factory Commission Report.'

Ure's Cotton Manufactures of Great Britain,' vol. i. p. lxxv.

FF

filaments, which otherwise would break, owing to their extreme tenuity. These muslins were formerly exported to all parts of the world, but are now superseded by the British product. It must be admitted, however, that the hand-made article is very superior in durability to that made by the machine.

APPENDIX V.

COMPARATIVE COST OF FUEL FOR MANUFACTURING PURPOSES IN GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.

Extract from an Address by Sir Robert Kane in Dublin, January 1865. FROM the particulars supplied by Mr. Baines, by Mr. Symonds, and others, it results that for the cotton and woollen mills of Leeds, of Blackburn, and of Manchester, we may safely consider that the cost of steam power, even including the coals consumed in heating and lighting the mills, amounts in average to one and a quarter per cent. of the total current expenditure, whilst wages amount to 33 per cent., and the interest on capital to 10 per cent. Hence it appears how much more seriously a variation in the rate of wages, or of any other of the sundry charges of raw materials or machinery, should influence the final financial success of such establishments than any difference in the price of fuel within the limits to which such variation is practically confined. But in Ireland, where, by the addition of freight and carriage, the price of coal for manufacturing purposes may be considered as practically double what it is in the manufacturing districts of Great Britain, the proportion is altered; and from returns with which I have been kindly favoured from Cork, Waterford and Belfast, I find that in the manufactures of similar textile fabrics in this country the proportion which the cost of fuel, including lighting and heating, bears to the total cost of production, is two and two-thirds per cent. The disadvantage under this head, therefore, to which those branches of industry are subjected cannot be taken to exceed one and one half per cent. of total cost of production. In fact this small difference is quite absorbed in the great sources of cost arising from the practical facilities for the erection and repairing of machinery, and access to markets which long-established centres of manufacture possess, and which will

1 Textile Manufactures of India. J. F. Watson's Report to the Secretary of State for India, 1866, p. 65.

sometimes preserve a branch of business in a locality long after its disadvantages in other respects have become evident. It is known, however, that the cheapness of coal in England had led to a waste of that important material in a most culpable degree, and lately the voices of the most eminent geologists and miners have been raised to warn Great Britain that the sources of her manufacturing prosperity, although vast, were not inexhaustible. The duration of supply from the British coal-fields at even the present rate of consumption, which is close on 100 millions of tons per year, is reckoned even on the most liberal calculation at a term which, in the history of a nation, is far from being without end. Manufacturers and men of science have been therefore active in devising means of economising fuel. The result has been so far successful that there probably is now done in each branch of manufacture at least double the amount of duty by each ton of coals that was done thirty years ago; and this economy will probably be pushed much further by the extension of the principle availed of in the furnaces of Neilson, and of Simmons, where the waste heat of the products of combustion is employed to heat the fresh air which enters the fire-places, thereby creating a very much higher temperature by the combination of a much smaller quantity of coals. Every improvement of this sort tends, however, to equalize the relative cost of power in various places; and hence in this country it is of special importance that every means that science indicates should be employed to diminish the expenditure of fuel. In this regard we here in Ireland are placed in circumstances nearly similar to the manufacturers of France and Belgium and Germany, who, although with small coal-fields of their own, are largely supplied with coals imported from England; and, as with us, the price of the home-raised fuel is determined by that at which the sea-borne coal can be supplied.

APPENDIX VI.

DOCTOR JOHN LYNCH, AUTHOR OF CAMBRENSIS EVERSUS.' JOHN LYNCH was born in Galway in 1599. His family was of the highest position, and at the present day many monuments of their former wealth and influence may be seen by the visitor of that ancient town. Having completed his studies in France, he was ordained priest about 1622. He laboured for thirty years at the Irish mission, for the first twenty years by stealth and in peril of his liberty and life, 'cele

brating mass in secret places and private houses before the opening of the Catholic churches in 1642.' He also taught school in Galway, and was distinguished for his learning. On the surrender of the town in 1652 he fled to France, and died about 1673. His great work, Cambrensis Eversus,' full of research and learning, and abounding with matter of deep interest to the student of Irish history, appeared in 1662. It was published under the name of Gratianus Lucius.' It supplied a great want. The strong and bitter antipathy of England to Ireland in the reign of Elizabeth had been intensified by the publication of De Barri's works, published by Camden in 1602. Those works remained unanswered until Dr. Lynch published his confutation. Dr. Lynch was the cotemporary of Rothe, Ussher, Fleming, Colgan, Ward, Stephen White, Wadding, Ware, O'Flaherty, and other distinguished Irish writers.

APPENDIX VII.

GIRALDUS CAMBRENSIS.

GIRALD DE BARRI, commonly called Giraldus Cambrensis, was born near Pembroke in 1146. Through his mother, he claimed descent from the princes of South Wales, and his father was one of the leading men of the country. Educated in the household of his uncle the Bishop of Saint David's, and having spent three years at the University of Paris, he was ordained priest about the year 1169. In 1185, he was sent into Ireland by King Henry II., with Prince John. Having declined all ecclesiastical preferment in that country, he employed his time in collecting materials for, and writing, his Topography of Ireland,' and his "History of the Conquest of Ireland,' completed in 1189. He returned to Wales in 1188, and, devoting himself principally to literary labours, died about the year 1220. He was the author of many works. His manuscripts are preserved in the British Museum, at Lambeth, and in the Bodleian Library. His two works on Ireland lay in manuscript until 1602, when they were published by Camden, in the Frankfort press. They uniformly reveal a feeling in their author most hostile to the Irish, whose manners and customs are certainly represented by him in a very unfavourable light. It was for the purpose of refuting' the virulent calumnies uttered against the Irish in these productions,' that Dr. Lynch wrote his 'Cambrensis Eversus.' (See preceding page.)

1 See 'Giraldus Cambrensis.' Appendix VII.

WENTWORTH, LORD STRAFFORD.

THOMAS WENTWORTII, Earl of Strafford, was born in London in 1593, appointed Lord Deputy of Ireland 1632 to 1639, created Earl of Strafford and Knight of the Garter 1639, impeached for high treason by the Long Parliament, and beheaded May 12, 1641. He was an able governor, but unscrupulous as to the means employed to attain his ends. His motto, 'Thorough,' was characteristic of the man.

APPENDIX IX.

DUKE OF ORMOND.

At

JAMES BUTLER, Duke of Ormond, was born in London in 1610. the age of twenty-two, he succeeded his grandfather as Earl of Ormond, and, in reward of his public services, was created Duke at the Restoration. He was several times, and for a considerable period, Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland. He died in 1688, and was buried in Westminster Abbey. Ormond is perhaps the most important and prominent character in Irish history since the Conquest. In his government of Ireland, he showed himself an able, prudent, and politic statesman. He possessed far more tact than Wentworth, and looked closely to his own interests. His proceedings were often shaped by expediency; and, on the whole, he so contrived to direct them as to preserve and improve his own influence and possessions. His estate, before the war (1641), was valued at 7,000l. a year. He obtained large grants of the forfeited estates of the Confederates, valued at the time at 600,000l.; and eventually his rent roll was increased twelve fold, being reckoned at 80,000l. a year after the Restoration. Moreover, the Cromwellian Parliament, to conciliate his favour, voted him a grant of 30,000l. On the whole, although severely censured for his selfish grasping at the forfeited estates of the Confederates, so unjustly victimised, he was anxious to promote the welfare of Ireland, and endeavoured, though with but little success, to relieve her of the weight of oppression and wrong by which she was so grievously afflicted. His biography by Carte is a most interesting work, and abounds with information valuable to the student of Irish history.

'Life of James Duke of Ormond,' by Thomas Carte, M.A. London, Knapton, 1736.