synagogues, translated into German, by MICHAEL ADAM, were printed in Hebrew characters, at Constance, in Switzerland, in 1544, 4to., with a Preface by PAUL FAGIUS. Another edition was printed in folio.

MICHAEL ADAM was a converted Jew, who, after hist conversion, was admitted a citizen of Zurich. He translated the six books of Josippus ben Gorion's "Wars of the Jews," into German, and printed them in Hebrew letters, at Zurich, in 1546, 4to. His translation of the PENTATEUCH, &c. is said to have been printed without his name, lest the Jews should contemn it, because he undertook it for gain. He died after A. D. 1550."

PAUL FAGIUS printed the First four Chapters of GENESIS, at Constance, 1543, 4to., according to the Jewish German translation. The books of EXODUS, JOSHUA, EZEKIEL, and SOLOMON'S SONG, in German, were printed in Hebrew characters, at Prague, 1553, 4to. Some separate books of the Old Testament, in German, were published also by R. R. NATHAN F. ELIEZER MICHOL, MARDOCHEUS, F. JACOB, and others.20

Whilst the German Jews were thus promoting the knowledge of the Old Testament, by means of these translations, the German Christians attempted to introduce the New Testament to the notice of the ancient people of God, by means of vernacular versions expressed in Hebrew characters. The first NEW TESTAMENT of this kind was printed at Cracow, in German Rabbinical letters, in 1540, in folio. It follows Luther's translation, and contains all the books of the New Testament, except the "Revelation." It is said to have been the work of JOHAN HERSUGE, a converted Jew." This was followed by FIVE BOOKS of the New Testament, in German, (19) Wolfii Biblioth. Heb. I. p. 758 : et II. p. 455. Le Long, I. pp. 407, 408.

(20) Le Long, ubi sup.

(21) Wolfii Biblioth. Heb. pars. 2. lib. 2. p. 459. Le Long, I. p. 408.

printed in Hebrew characters, at Strasburg, in 1592, 8vo. The Five Books were the GOSPELS OF ST. LUKE, and ST. JOHN; the ACTS OF THE APOSTLES; and the EPISTLES TO THE ROMANS, and HEBREWS; to which were added some few passages from Chap. I. and II. of the GOSPEL OF ST. MATTHEW; Le Long is therefore mistaken in supposing that this edition included the "Four Gospels." The author was ELIAS SCHADEUS, a German pastor, of the church of Strasburg. He died A. D. 1593. To this version, which is also chiefly taken from that of Luther, is added a tract on the conversion of the Jews, entitled "Mysterium S. Pauli ad Romanos, cap. II. de conversione Judæorum explicatum et pro concione propositum. Argentorati per Schadæum, Ecclesiasten et Professorem; cui in fine additur instructio de ratione scribendi HebræoGermanica."*

The endeavours of the Christians to disseminate the Gospel among the Jews were not limited to these Jewish Gerinan versions, but were aided by translations of the whole or separate parts of the New Testament, into the HEBREW language. HUTTER's version, published in his Polyglott New Testament, in 1599, has been already mentioned. It was subsequently published in the Polyglott New Testament of 1602; and by the learned WILLIAM ROBERTSON, an Englishman, Lond. 1661, 8vo., but the greater part of the edition was consumed in the burning of London. In 1798, the Rev. Richard Caddick, a pious English clergyman, republished Robertson's corrected edition, accompanied with the English version, in 3 vols. 12mo.23

Hutter's translation is usually accounted the first in order of time, but Freherus affirms that ERASMUS OS

(22) Wolfii Biblioth. Heb. pars. 2. lib. 2. p. 459.

Le Long, L. p. 396; et Index Auctor. p. 580.. (23) Clarke's Bibliog. Dict. VI.. pp. 217, 218.. Le Long,, L. p. 81..

WALDUS SCHRECCE FUCHSIUS, or SCHRECKENFUCHSIUS, translated the New Testament into Hebrew, at an earlier period, and was the first who translated it into that tongue. This learned German was born in 1511, and after studying at the universities of Ingolstadt, Leipsic, and Basil, established a school at Memmingen, in Suabia, under the sanction of the magistrates of the city. From thence he removed to Tubingen, where he taught Hebrew, with great applause; and, in 1541, was called to the professor's chair at Friburg, in Brisgaw, where, after the example of his preceptor Munster, he devoted himself to the Hebrew, and the mathematics. He died in 1579, at

the age of sixty-eight. He was the author of a Latin translation of the Targum on the Canticles and Ecclesiastes, and several other learned works, beside his Hebrew version of the New Testament."4

The GOSPEL OF ST. MATTHEW, in Hebrew, was published by SEB. MUNSTER, Basil, 1537, fol. This work, Munster dedicated to Edward VI. king of England; and annexed to it certain tracts in answer to the objections of the Jews against Christianity, with the articles of the Christian and Jewish faith. The learned editor professes to have taken his translation from an ancient, but mutilated MS., the deficiencies of which he has supplied. This version was reprinted at Basil, in 1557, 1580, and 1582, in 8vo. with the addition of an Hebrew translation of the EPISTLE TO THE HEBREWS; except that in some of the copies of the edition of 1582, this Epistle is wanting. An edition of Munster's version of ST. MATTHEW's GosPEL was published at Paris, 1551, 8vo. by JOHANNES QUINQUARBOREUS, or Jean Cinquarbres; who annexed the seven PENITENTIAL PSALMS, the CXIX. PSALM,.

(24) Freheri Theatrum Viror. Erudit. II. pt. iv. p. 1474. Norib 1688, fol.

Wolfii Biblioth. Heb. pt. ii. sec. 5. p. 417.

Le Long. L. p. 91; et Index Auctor. p. 581.

the PRAYER OF DANIEL, and the TEN COMMANDMENTS. This learned editor was professor of Hebrew and Syriac, in the college of France, and dean of the royal professors, which high office he held at the time of his death, in 1587. He was the author of an Hebrew Grammar, printed in 1546; and of a Latin translation, with notes, of the Targum of Jonathan ben Uziel, on Jeremiah, published in 1549, and again in 1556, 4to. with additions, and the title Targum in Osean, Joelem, Amosum, &c.25

Another version of ST. MATTHEW'S GOSPEL was published at Paris, 1555, 8vo. by JEAN DE TILET, (in Latin Johannes Tilius,) bishop of Brieux, and afterwards of Milden, who brought the MS. from Italy; and accompanied with a Latin translation by JEAN LE MERCIER, (in Latin Johannes Mercerus,) professor of Hebrew, in the Royal College of Paris. He was a native of Usez, in Languedoc, and his literary knowledge was immense. He published Lectures on Genesis, and the Prophets, Genev. 1598, fol. Commentaries on Job, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, and the Canticles, 1573, 2 vols. fol. Tables of the Chaldee Grammar, Paris, 1550, 4to. All written in Latin, beside Latin translations of the Targum of Jonathan ben Uziel, on the Minor Prophets; and the Chaldee Paraphrase of the book of Ruth. He died in 1572.26

An Hebrew version of ST. MATTHEW'S GOSPEL had been undertaken, by ANT. MARGARITAM, a converted Jew, so early as 1553, of which he published the first two chapters, and the first six verses of the third chapter, in connection with a Psalter; but not meeting with encouragement, the design was relinquished.""

(25) Clarke's Bibliog. Dict. VI. pp. 219, 220. Chalmers' Gen. Biog. Dict. XXV. p. 454.

(26) Marsh's Michaelis, III. pt. i. p. 201.
Le Long, 1. p. 82.

Chalmers' Gen. Biog. Dict. XXII. p. 69.
Clarke's Bibliog. Dict, VI. p. 220.

(27) lbid. VI. ut sup.

The GOSPEL OF ST. MARK was translated into Hebrew, by WALTHER HERBST, and printed at Wittemberg, 1575, 8vo."

The GOSPEL OF ST. LUKE was published in Hebrew, by FRIDERICUS PETRUS, a German, and the Lutheran pastor of the church of Brunswick, and printed at Wittemberg, 1574, 8vo. The same author also published the ANNIVERSARY GOSPELS, read in the Lutheran churches, Antwerp, 1581, 8vo."

The ANNIVERSARY GOSPELS, were published in German, Latin, Greek, and Hebrew, by JOHN CLAY, (Johannes Claius,) Leipsic, 1576, 8vo. Editions were also printed in 1578, 1586, and 1665. The Latin was taken from Erasmus's version; the Hebrew was the editor's own translation. The learned editor, who was born at Herzberg, was rector, first of the school of Goldberg, and then of Nordhausen; and afterwards became minister of Bendeleb. He is said to have translated several other works into Hebrew, among which were Luther's Catechism, and the Augsburg Confession of Faith.30

The ANNIVERSARY EPISTLES, as read in the Lutheran churches, were published in Hebrew, Greek, Latin, and German, with brief notes, at Leipsic, 1586, 8vo. The Hebrew translation was formed from the Greek and Syriac, by the editor, CONRAD NEANDER, of Bergen, a Lutheran.31 s The earliest attempts of this kind seem to have been the publication of the LORD'S PRAYER and MAGNIFICAT, Tubing. 1513, 4to., by MATTHEW ADRIAN, a Spanish converted Jew; and the TEN COMMANDMENTS, the LORD'S PRAYER, the APOSTLES' CREED, and certain prayers in honour of the Virgin Mary, by JOHN BOESCHENSTEIN,

(28) Clarke's Bibliog. Dict. ut sup,

(29) Wolfii Biblioth. Heb. p. ii. sec. 5. p. 418.

Le Long, edit. Masch, pt. ii, vol. I. sec. 1. p. 12. (30) Le Long, edit. Masch, pt. i. ch. iii. pp. 413. 415. Clarke's Bibliog. Dict. VI. p. 221.

(31) Le Long, I, p. 47; et Index Auctor, p. 572.