and strongly solicited to fill the divinity chair in that seminary. Having obtained the consent of the French ambassador, he accepted that office in the year 1592, and filled it ten years, with great ability and reputation. He died of the plague in 1602, in the fifty-seventh year of his age, leaving behind him the character of a learned, indefatigably laborious, honest, and remarkably modest man, sincerely and ardently attached to the Protestant cause, but whose zeal was mingled with discretion, and his steady adherence to what he considered to be truth, connected with charity towards those who differed most widely from him in opinion. He was the author of numerous works, theological, controversial, and philological; of which the principal are, "Commentaries" on the first three chapters of Genesis, the prophecies of Ezekiel, Daniel, and Jonah; " Sacred Parallels," and "Notes" upon the Revelation, and the epistle of St. Jude; together with numerous theological and controversial treatises, which, with the preceding, were printed at Geneva in 1608, in two volumes folio; a translation out of the Hebrew into Latin of the whole "Old Testament," already noticed; a translation out of Greek into Latin, of all the apochryphal books; a translation from the Arabic into Latin, of "The Acts of the Apostles," and the "Epistles of St. Paul to the Corinthians ;" a "Hebrew Lexion ;" a "Grammar of the Hebrew Tongue;" "Notes upon Cicero's Epistles to Atticus," "Manilius," "The History of George Codinus Curopalates," &c. "Orations," "Eulogies," &c. Melchior. Adam. Vit. Theol. Exter. Bayle.-M.

JUNIUS, FRANCIS, son of the former, was born at Heidelberg in 1589. He was educated at Leyden, and his first destination was to the military profession, but the truce of 1609 caused him to change this intention, and he devoted himself entirely to letters. The collecting and publishing of some of his father's works was his first literary occupation. In 1620 he accompanied Thomas earl of Arundel to England, where he resided in the family of that nobleman as his librarian during thirty years. Being Being void of all ambition, and indifferent to the usual objects of worldly pursuit, he made study the sole business of his life, and few men have ever spent more hours in the day over books. Neither his health nor his cheerfulness were injured by so much confinement, and he remained to old age free from the moroseness and querulousness which have too much attended men of letters. His frequent visits to the Bodleian and other libraries introduced him to an acquaint

ance with books in the Anglo-Saxon dialect, which circumstance gave a decided turn to his studies. Convinced that he could discover in it the etymologies of all the tongues of northern Europe, he applied to it, and all the congenerous dialects, with the greatest assiduity; and his final conclusion was that the Gothic was the mother of all the languages of the Teutonic stem. Such was the ardour with which he pursued this vein of investigation, that having heard of some villages in Friseland in which the ancient Saxon was preserved in its purity, he went and resided in that quarter for two years. Returning thence into Holland, he met with the MS. of the four evangelists in silver Gothic letters, thence called the silver manuscript. This he set about explaining, and published it, with a glossary; adding a corrected version of the same in the Anglo-Saxon, with the notes of Dr. Thomas Marshall. He returned to England in 1674, and passed some time at Oxford. In August, 1677, he accepted an invitation from his nephew Dr. Isaac Vossius, canon of Windsor, to reside in his house, where he died the November following, at the age of eighty-eight. He was interred in St. George's chapel, where a table with an inscription marks his tomb. He bequeathed all his MSS. and collections to the public library of Oxford. The works of this learned man are, "De Pictura Veturum," 1637, quarto; and 1694, folio, Rotterdam; also an English translation, entitled "The Painting of the Ancients," 1638: "Observationes in Willeromi Francicam Paraphras in Cantici canticorum," Amsterdam, 1655, octavo. Several letters in the collection of the epistles of Ger. John Vossius. His great labour was a "Glossarium Gothicum" in five languages, comprised in nine volumes, which bishop Fell caused to be transcribed for the press. An "Etymologicum Anglicanum" (probably a part of this) was published from his papers by the reverend Edward Lyed, folio, 1743. Gravii Vita Fr. Junii. Bayle. Wood Ath. Ox.-A.

JUNKER, CHRISTIAN, a learned writer, was born at Dresden in 1668. He studied at Leipsic; and after having occupied the place of co-rector at Schleusingen, he was appointed, in 1707, first rector and librarian at Eisenach, and historiographer to the prince of Saxony of the Emestine line. In the year 1711 he was made a member of the Royal Academy of Sciences at Berlin, and in 1713 director of the gymnasium at Altenburg; but having lost his wife, he was so affected by this event that he died there five days after, in the month of June, 1714. He

was a learned and diligent teacher, and an
enemy to every thing that bore the least resem-
blance to pedantry. Of his literary talents he
gave a sufficient proof by the many works
which he published, and particularly by his
"Geography of the Middle Ages," which ap-
peared at Jena in 1712, in a large quarto
volume. It is a useful and well written pro-
duction, which had been long wished for, but
never before attempted by any writer. It is di-
vided into two parts, and the whole is con-
cluded with a useful index of all the countries,
towns, villages, forests, rivers, and mountains,
known in the middle ages. It is illustrated
with testimonies from the best writers, which
display great knowledge of the history of those
periods. Though the author published this
work as an imperfect sketch, it will be found of
great utility to the lovers of history and geo-
graphy. His principal works, besides the above,
are: "Vita D. Mart. Lutheri & successuum
Evangelicæ Reformationis, &c. numeris cxlv
atque Iconibus aliquot rarissimis confirmata &
illustrata," Francof. & Lips. 1699; of this
work, a German translation was published at
Nuremberg in 1706, octavo: "Vita Jobi
Ludolphi, accedunt Epist. aliquot clariss. viro-
rum, nec non Specimen Linguæ Hottentottica,"
Lips. 1710, Octavo: "Principles of the Eccle-
siastical History of the Old and New Testa-
ment," Hamb. 1710, 1716, 1720, 1727, octavo:
"Job Ludolph's Theatre of the World, or
View of the History of the seventeenth Cen-
tury;" after Ludolph's death, Junker edited a
third and fourth volume of this work, and con-
tinued the history from the year 1651 to 1675,
Frank. on the Main, 1713, 1718, folio: "Lineæ
primæ Eruditionis universe Historie Philoso-
phicæ," Alten. 1714, quarto; this was his last
work, to which his successor C. F. Wilisch
published additions in 1715 from papers which
Junker left behind him. Hirsching's Manual
of eminent Persons who died in the eighteenth
Century.-J.

JURIEU,PETER, a celebrated French Protest-
ant divine in the seventeenth and early part of
the eighteenth century, was the son of a Protest-
ant minister at Mer or Mevers-la-Ville, a small
town four leagues from Blois, where he was
born in the year 1637. He received part of his
education in Holland, under the learned pro-
fessor Andrew Rivet; and was sent for thence
into England, by his maternal uncle Peter du
Moulin, who was then settled as a clergyman
in this country. Here Jurieu completed his
theological studies, and was admitted to holy

VOL. V.

orders in the English episcopal church. Upon
the death of his father, he was called into
France to succeed him in his pastoral office at
Mer; when, for the satisfaction of the French
Protestants, who disapproved of episcopal ordina-
tion, he submitted to be re-ordained by Pres-
byters, according to the Genevan form. After-
wards he officiated as minister as Vitry; whence
he removed to Sedan, where he was chosen
professor of divinity and Hebrew, and ac-
quitted himself in the discharge of its duties
with eminent reputation. Mr. Juricu, though in
many things he himself departed from the senti-
ments of the reformed, set up nevertheless for
a rigorous defender of orthodoxy. In the year
1670 he attracted public notice, by printing
"An Answer to a Treatise concerning the Re-
union of Christians, by M. D'Huisseau, minister
at Saumur;" which was condemned by the
synod of Saintonge, as containing heretical pre-
positions. Afterwards he wrote " A Disserta-
tion on the Subject of Baptism," in which he
defended one of the obnoxious tenets of the
church of Rome; and it was with much diffi-
culty that his friends persuaded him to suppress
it. They found no less difficulty in persuading
him to strike out some propositions held by the
Protestants to be heretical, from his " Apology
for the Morals of the Reformed," published
in the year 1674. Notwithstanding this, he
united with some other divines in persecuting
M. Pajon, minister of Orleans, who had a parti-
cular system concerning grace, though it did not
disagree fundamentally with the doctrine of ab-
solute predestination, and final perseverance,
which was taught by the reformed churches
in France. This conduct of his originated in
a mixture of bigotry, imperiousness, and turbu
lence in his temper, which involved him in
quarrels wherever he went. It had obliged
him to quit the churches of Mer and Vitry,
and it proved the cause of many mortifications
which he met with in Sedan, where, notwith-
standing, a considerable party was warmly at-
tached to him. At this place he published,
in 1673, his "Preservative against the Change
of Religion," to counteract the effects of "The
Exposition of the Catholic Faith," by the cele-
brated Bossuet, at that time bishop of Condom.
In the year 1681 he published anonymously a
spirited though bitter attack on the Catholics,
and in particular the Jesuits, in a piece entitled,
"La Politique du Clergé de France," in two
volumes 12mo; which excited considerable
resentment in the spiritual bodies, who certain-
ly merited the castigation which it bestowed

4 M

ministers, most of whom were refugees in Holland. He accused them of Socinianism, and brought them before the synods; when all their criminality consisted in their being men of moderate principles: but in his judgment toleration was the greatest of all heresies. If he found it impossible to accuse those whom he hated of heresy, he endeavoured to make them suspected by the government, and represented them to be traitors and spies of France. This persecuting temper he displayed during the remainder of his life; but the mortifications which he met with in the opposition of many spirited antagonists, the refusal of government to support by the arm of power the violence of his proceedings, and the tacit condemnation of some of his opinions by the ecclesiastical synods, at length preyed upon his mind, and brought on him a lowness of spirits under which he sunk in the year 1713, when in the seventysixth year of his age. He was certainly a man of considerable learning and abilities, but tyrannical, bigotted, and intolerant in the extreme; and that his mind was tinctured with a considerable portion of fanaticism, is abundantly apparent from what is related in the preceding narrative. Besides the articles already noticed, he was the author of "A Treatise on Devotion," 1683; " A Treatise on the Power of the Church," 1677; "The true System of the Church," 1686; "On the Unity of the Church," 1688; "A Treatise on Nature and Grace," 1688; "An Abridgment of the History of the Council of Trent," 1683, in two volumes; "An historical Treatise of a Protestant on the Subject of mystical Theology," 1699; "Janua Cœlorum reserata," 1692; "A History of the Opinions and religious Ceremonies of the Jews," 1704; "Sermons," &c. Moreri. Nouv. Dict. Hist. Des Maizeaux's Life of Bayle.-M.

JURIN, JAMES, a physician of the mathematical sect, was several years secretary to the Royal Society of London, and became president of the college of physicians. He died in 1750. He made himself known by several ingenious applications of mathematical science to physiological topics. In the Philosophical Transactions of 1718 and 1719, he gave dissertations on the force of the heart, which he calculated in its contractions to be equal to a weight of 15 lb. 4 oz. This involved him in a controversy with Keill, to whose objections he made a reply in the Transactions. He also, in 1719, communicated to the Royal Society some experiments to determine the specific gravity of

the human blood. These, and other papers, he published collectively under the title of " Physico-mathematical Dissertations," octavo, 1732. To Smith's System of Optics, published in 1738, Jurin added "An Essay upon distinct and indistinct Vision," in which he made subtle calculations of the change necessary to be made in the figure of the eye to accommodate it to different distances of objects. This paper was commented upon by Robins, to whom Jurin wrote a reply. He had also controversies with Senac respecting the force of the heart; with Michelotti on the movement of running water; and with the partisans of Leibnitz on livingforces. He was a warm partisan for inoculation; and in several publications giving an account of its success from 1723 to 1727, established its utility upon the true foundation of comparison between the repective mortality, of the natural and inoculated small-pox. Seventeen papers of his on medical, physiological, and philosophical topics are inserted in the Philosophical Transactions from vol. 60 to vol. 66. Halleri. Bibl. Anatom. Eloy. Dict. Hist. de la Méd.-A.

JUSSIEU, ANTONY DE, a physician and botanist, was born at Lyons in 1686. He became a doctor of the medical faculty of Paris, professor of botany in the royal garden, a member of the Royal Academy of Sciences of Paris, and also the Royal Societies of London and Paris. He died in 1758. Antony de Jussieu was the disciple and successor of Tournefort, whose system he adopted and improved. In 1712 he made a botanical tour into Spain and Portugal, whence he imported several plants, of which he gave descriptions in the Memoirs of the Academy of Sciences. He enriched the same collection with various other botanical papers, of which one of the most important was his account of the Simaronba bark, and its use in the dysentery, in the year 1729 and 1731. He published several separate works, among which are "Eloge de M. Fagon, avec l'His toire du Jardin Royal de Paris, & une Introduction à la Botanique," 1714: "Discours sur la Progrès de la Botanique," 1718: "De Analogia inter Plantas & Animalia," 1721. He edited the posthumous papers of Barcelier, and reduced the plants observed by him to the Tournefortian system; and likewise reprinted. the Institutions of Tournefort, and added an Introduction, and Life of the author. Halleri. Bibl. Botan. loy. Dict.-A. JUSSIEU, BERNARD DE, brother to the ceding, also a physician and botanist, was born

pre

at Lyons in 1699. He was made a doctor of the faculty of Paris in 1728, and obtained the place of botanical demonstrator in the royal garden, and admission into the Academy of Sciences. He was an excellent botanist, but was prevented by his modesty from writing much. He gave, in 1725, an improved edition of Tournefort's "Histoire des Plantes qui naissent aux Environs de Paris," two volumes 12mo; and also published a "Catalogue of Trees and Shrubs which may be reared about Paris," 1735. He communicated a few botanical papers to the Academy of Sciences, which are printed in its Memoirs. Bernard was consulted by Lewis XV. on the formation of a botanical garden at Trianon, and had several conferences with the monarch, who expressed great esteem for him. But as his modesty did not permit him to ask for any thing, nothing was given him, not even the reimbursement of the expence of his journeys. He visited England, where he was made a fellow of the Royal Society, and whence he carried the first plants of the cedar of Lebanon seen in France. This botanist discovered by his experiments the manner in which the seminal farina of plants is made to explode; and also confirmed Peyssonel's opinion that most coralines, corals, and madrapores, are animal, and not vegetable, productions. He published a memoir of the efficacy of eau-de-luce against the bite of a viper. He passed his life in the privacy of a man of true science, universally esteemed for his knowledge and virtues, and died in 1777. Haller Bibl. Botan. Eloy. Dict. Nécrologe Franç.-A. JUSTELL, CHRISTOPHER, Counsellor and secretary to the king of France, and eminent for his acquaintance with ecclesiastical antiquities, was born at Paris, in the year 1580. He possessed excellent natural abilities, and a strong inclination for literature, which he cultivated with great success. Soon after he quitted college he applied to the study of ecclesiastical history, and of the councils; and was persuaded by his friends to gratify the public with the result of his learned investigations. In the year 1610, he presented to the world, "Codex Canonum Ecclesiæ Universæ a Concilio Calchedonensi & Justiniano Imp. Confirmatus, Gr. & Lat." octavo, collected from printed Greek books, and MSS. and illustrated with notes. This was followed, at no long interval, by "Codex Canorum Ecclesiasticorum Dionysii Exigui, sive Codex Canorum vetus Ecclesie Romane, ex tantiquissimo Codice MS.," octavo. The next work which he published,

relative to ecclesiastical antiquities, was in the year 1615, and entitled "Codex Canorum Ecclesiæ Africana, Gr. & Lat. ex MSS. Cod." 1615, octavo, with notes and illustrations. Besides these, he made many other curious and valuable collections of Greek and Latin canons &c. from MSS. in the royal, palatine, and private libraries, which constitute the two volumes in folio, entitled, "Bibliotheca Juris Canonici Veteris," &c. published in Paris in 1661, by our author's son Henry Justell, and William Voell. Our author's enquiries, however, were not confined to ecclesiastical, but comprehended also civil history and antiquities; and he was considered to be better acquainted with these of the middle age, than any person of his time. In the year 1645 he published "A Genealogical History of the House of Auvergne, deduced from Charters, Deeds, and other authentic Documents," folio; which contains many very curious pieces, useful in illustrating the history of France. His labours also extended to the history of the chancery, under the first, second, and third races of the French kings; and to the study of sacred geography: but his papers on these subjects have not been committed to the press. Justell maintained a literary correspondence with the most learned men of his age, foreigners as well as Frenchmen, and particularly with Usher, Saumaise, Blondel, and sir Henry Spelman. He died in 1649, when about sixtynine years of age. Moreri. Nouv. Dict. Hist. Præf. ad Biblioth. Jur. Canon.-M.

JUSTIN, I. emperor of the East, was born. in 450 of an obscure family at a village in Thrace. He was brought up to the mean office of keeping cattle, which he was induced, by an adventurous spirit, to quit for the military service, and he entered among the guards of the emperor Leo. He gradually rose through successive steps of promotion in the course of fifty years, and at the death of the emperor Anastasius, in 518, possessed the important office of prefect-prætorio. It is asserted that he was entrusted with the distribution of a large sum of money among the guards, by the eunuch Amantius, for the purpose of raising one of that minister's friends to the empire, and that he employed it in gaining their suffrages for himself. However this were, he succeeded to the purple without opposition; and through his character for lenity of disposition and orthodoxy in the faith, his election was agreeable to the clergy and people. Amantius was soon after put to death, with some of his associates, on a