The works of sir Matthew Hale are nu merous and various. Of the philosophical class are: "An Essay touching the Gravitation of Fluid Bodies," 1674; "Difficiles Nuge, or Observations concerning the Torricellian Experiment, &c." 1674;" Observations touching the Principles of Natural Motion, &c." 1677. "The primitive Origination of Mankind considered," 1677. His moral and theological works are: "Contemplations, Moral and Divine, with Directions touching keeping the Lord's-day, and Poems on Christmas-day," 1676-1679; "Judgment of the Nature of True Religion, &c." 1685, published by Richard Baxter; "Several Tracts on Religious and Moral Topics," 1684; "Discourse of the Knowledge of God and Ourselves, &c." 1688. Those belonging to his own profession are: "The Preface to Rolle's Abridgment of Cases;" part of the work entitled "London's Liberties;" "Pleas of the Crown," 1678; "A Discourse touching Provision for the Poor," 1685; " A Treatise concerning Sheriffs' Accounts," 1683; to this is added his trial of the witches; "The original Institution, Power, and Jurisdiction, of Parliaments," 1707; "Historia Placitorum Coronæ," published from the original manuscript in 1736, two vols. folio, by Sollom Emlyn, esq.-this is his most considerable work, the Pleas of the Crown above mentioned being only the plan of it.-A.

HALES, or DE HALES, ALEXANDER, a celebrated English scholastic divine and philosopher who flourished in the thirteenth century, was a native of Gloucestershire, whose surname was derived from a Franciscan monastery in that county, in which he received his early education. While young he was sent to the university of Paris, where he distinguished himself by his proficiency in academic studies, and particularly in scholastic theology and canon law. After taking his degree of doctor, he commenced professor in those sciences, and attracted a crowd of pupils, among whom were the famous Duns Scotus, and John Fidanza, afterwards known to the world under the name of cardinal Bonaventure. So high was his reputation for profound knowledge in philosophy and theology, that he obtained the title of the Irrefragable Doctor. In the year 1222 he embraced the monastic state among the Franciscans at Paris, with whom he spent the remainder of his days, chiefly employed on the composition of various works, several of which are no longer in existence. He died in the year 1245. Of the different publications to which his name was prefixed, the only one that can with certainty be

pronounced genuine is the "Summa universe Theologiæ," or Commentaries on the four Books of Sentences, which he undertook by order of Pope Innocent IV. and which dislays greater evidence of the author's scholastic subtlety, than of his accurate theological information, or acquaintance with ecclesiastical antiquities. It was first printed at Nuremberg in 1482, folio, and afterwards at Basil in 1502, at Venice in 1575 and 1576, and at Cologn in 1622. As to the "Commentaria in quatuor Libros Sententiarum," published under his name at Lyons, in 1515, in four volumes, the best critics concur in maintaining that they are to be ascribed to some other hand. For the titles of other works, the genuineness of which is doubtful, and of some which clearly belong to other authors, as well as for the subjects of manuscripts by De Hales, still supposed to exist in the libraries at Milan, Oxford, and Lambeth, we refer the curious reader to Cave's Hist. Lit. vol. II. sub sec. Schol. & Du Pin. Leland. Comm. de Scrip. Brit. cap. ccxxxi.—M.

HALES, JOHN, a learned English divine and critic, and usually distinguished by the appellation of ever-memorable, was born at the city of Bath in Somersetshire, in the year 1584. He was educated in grammar learning in his native place, and made such a rapid progress, that at thirteen years of age he was qualified for the university. Being sent to Oxford, he was entered a scholar of Corpus-Christi college, where he attracted much notice by his extraor dinary proficiency in literature, and the superior ability and acuteness displayed in his academic exercises, when he took his degree of B.A. He was particularly famed for his accurate knowledge of the Greek language, which recommended him to the attention of the learned sir Henry Savile, then warden of Merton college, through whose influence he was elected a fellow of that institution, in the year 1605. Of his assistance sir Henry availed himself, as well as that of other able scholars, abroad and at home, in preparing for the press his fine edition of the works of St. Chrysostom. Mr. Hales's skill in Greek, likewise, occasioned his being appointed Greek lecturer in his college, and, in the year 1612, professor of that language to the university. In 1613, upon the death of sir Thomas Bodley, founder of the Bodleian library, Mr. Hales was selected by the university to pronounce his funeral oration, which is preserved in Dr. Bates's " Vit. Select. Aliquot virorum ;" and in the same year he was admitted fellow of Eton college, being then in orders. Five years afterwards he accompanied sir

this, I have spent my money, my means, my youth, my age, and all I have; that I might remove from myself that censure of Tertullian, suo Vitio quis quid ignorat. If, with all this cost and pains, my purchase is but error, I may safely say to err hath cost me more, than it has many to find the truth. And truth itself shall give me this testimony at last, that if I have missed her, it is not my fault, but my misfortune." This letter appears to have been written in the year 1638; and soon after its reception Mr. Hales was sent for by the archbishop to Lambeth, where, after a conference of some hours, that prelate was reconciled to him, and is said to have made him large offers of preferment, which he modestly declined. During the following year, however, a canonry of Windsor was pressed upon him in such a manner, that he thought himself in some measure obliged, though unwillingly, to accept it, and was installed accordingly; but he did not enjoy this preferment any longer than till the commencement of the civil wars in 1642.

About the beginning of the year 1645, Mr. Hales retired from his rooms in the college to private lodgings at Eton, where he remained for a quarter of a year in close seclusion from all company, and, it is said, living only upon bread and beer. He was permitted, however, to retain his fellowship for some time, though he refused to subscribe to the covenant; but upon his refusal to take the engagement, or oath to be faithful to the commonwealth of England, as then established, without a king or house of lords, he was ejected. From this time he underwent hardships and difficulties, which he sustained with fortitude and cheerfulness, preserving a noble independence of spirit under his change of circumstances. One proof of this spirit he afforded in his refusal of a generous invitation from a gentleman of the Sedley family in Kent to reside in his house, with an allowance of 100l. per annum, besides the maintenance of two horses and an attendant servant. He was not too proud, however, to accept of an establishment, where the services which he could render might be considered as a full compensation for what he should receive. Accordingly, he soon afterwards accepted of an offer made him by a gentlewoman in the neighbourhood of Eton, to reside at her house, and receive a small salary for acting as tutor to her son. In this situation he also officiated as chaplain, performing the service according to the liturgy of the church of England. But he did not continue long in this family for upon the issuing out of a proclamation by the govern

ment, in which all persons were forbidden to harbour malignants, as the royalists who would not take the engagement were called, he withdrew to private lodgings at Eton, notwithstanding that the lady of the house was ready to meet all the hazard that might be incurred from entertaining him. The place of his retirement was in the house of a widow, whose husband had been his servant, where he was treated with great care and respect, during the remainder of his life. His finances, however, soon became exhausted, so that he was obliged, in order to procure the means of support, to sell the greatest part of his valuable library, which had cost him two thousand five hundred pounds, for the sum of seven hundred pounds only. Of this money, according to the testimony of Dr. Walker, no small proportion was devoted to the relief of deprived ministers, scholars, and other suffering royalists. In that author's "Account of the Number and Sufferings of the Clergy," a story is very circumstantially related of a conversation which Mr. Hales had one day with his friend Mr. Farindon, in which the former represented himself to be reduced to such great necessity as to be master only of seven or eight shillings, and six or eight books of devotion. But the accuracy of this story is quite irreconcilable with the bequests in Mr. Hales's will, which is dated on the day of his death. That event took place on the 19th of May, 1656, when he had completed the seventy-second year of his age. Mr. Hales was short in stature, but his person was well proportioned, his motions lively and active, and his countenance open, cheerful, and prepossessing. His genius was acute and piercing, his judgment profound, and his learning various and extensive. He was at the same time eminent for his integrity and piety, his benevolence and charity, his modesty and humility, his candour and moderation, and his amiable engaging manners. Bishop Pearson, who was intimately acquainted with him, says, as a Christian, none was ever more acquainted with the nature of the Gospel, because none more studious of the knowledge of it, or more curious in the search; which being strengthened by those great advantages before mentioned, could not prove otherwise than highly effectual. He took indeed to himself a liberty of judging, not for others, but for himself: and if ever any man might be allowed in these matters to judge, it was he who had so long, so much, so advan tageously considered; and, which is more, never had the least worldly design in his deter minations." As he was liberal and candid him

self, so he detested an imposing, censorious, and intolerant spirit in others; and would often say, "that he would renounce the religion of the church of England to-morrow, if it obliged him to believe that any other Christians would be damned; and that nobody would conclude another man to be damned who did not wish him so." He was intimately acquainted with the most eminent wits and poets of his time, particularly lord Falkland, Ben Jonson, and sir William Davenant; and Mr. Wood relates, that, when the king and court resided at Windsor, his company was much sought by noblemen and courtiers, who were extremely delighted with him, not for his profound learning, but for his polite discourses, stories, and poetry. None of the pieces of which he was the author were printed during his life-time, excepting his funeral oration for sir Thomas Bodley, one or two sermons, and his "Tract on Schism, &c." which last was committed to the press without his knowledge, and in a very incorrect and mangled state. About three years after his death, in 1659, there came out a collection of his works in quarto, with this title, "Golden Remains of the ever-memorable Mr. John Hales, of Eton College ;" which was enlarged with additional pieces in a second edition in 1673. This collection consists of sermons, miscellanies, and letters written on particular occasions. In 1677 there appeared another collection of his works, in 8vo, entitled "Several Tracts, by the evermemorable Mr. John Hales." The first uniform and complete collection of all his pieces was printed at Glasgow, in 1765, in three volumes 12mo. Biog. Brit. British Biography. Testimonies prefixed to his Works.-M.

HALES, STEPHEN, D.D. an eminent natural philosopher and excellent parish clergyman, was sixth son of Thomas Hales, esq. of Beckesbourn in Kent, where he was born in 1677. At the age of nineteen he was entered a pensioner of Bennet college, Cambridge, of which he was elected a fellow in 1702. He afterwards proceeded M.A. and entered into holy orders. During his residence at Cambridge he distinguished himself by his diligent researches in various branches of natural knowledge, particularly botany and anatomy. In these studies he had for an associate William Stukeley, afterwards M.D. and an eminent antiquary. A turn for novel and ingenious experiments, and for mechanical inventions, early characterised Mr. Hales; and a contrivance for obtaining a preparation of the lungs in lead, with the construction of a planetarium upon the Newtonian system of astronomy, are mentioned among the

products of his skill at this period. In 1710 he was presented to the perpetual curacy of Teddington in Middlesex. Not long after, he vacated his fellowship, by accepting the living of Portlock in Somersetshire, which he exchanged for that of Faringdon in Hampshire. He then married the daughter of a clergyman, who died after an union of two years, leaving no issue. Thenceforth he lived as a single man, devoting himself entirely to science and objects of public utility. In 1717 he was elected a member of the Royal Society; and in the following year he read before that body an account of some experiments concerning the effect of the sun's heat in raising the sap in vegetables. The farther prosecution of these enquiries gave rise to an excellent work, published in 1727, entitled "Vegetable Statics, or an Account of some statical Experiments on the Sap in Vegetables, being an Essay towards a natural History of Vegetation; also, a Specimen of an Attempt to analyse the Air, by a Variety of chemico-statical Experiments, which were read at several Meetings before the Royal Society," 8vo. This piece is justly esteemed a model of experimental investigation. Haller characterises it as "liber eximius, & cujus paucissimos habemus æmulos, qui totus potius legi volet, quam decerpi." It begins by ascertaining the vast quantity of watery humour perspired by plants, sometimes equalling their whole weight in a single day. It then specifies the power with which they attract the nutritious juice through their capil lary tubes, and considers the lateral motion of this juice from trunk to branches, and vice versa. It disproves any proper circulation of this fluid, but establishes its ascent during the day, and descent during the night. The leaves are proved to be inspiratory organs both of air and water. There are besides a number of other curious remarks upon the vegetable system, as well as upon the constitution of atmospherical air, into which he was one of the first experimental enquirers. His experiments upon air relate, indeed, solely to its generation and absorption, its elastic and non-clastic states, and do not proceed to the discovery of any of those species of air, or gases, which have so much engaged the attention of modern philosophers, though they manifestly lead to such discoveries. A second edition of this work appeared in 1731; and in 1733 he published, as a kind of sequel of it, his "Statical Essays, containing Hæmastatics; or an Account of some hydraulic and hydrostatical Experiments made on the Blood and Bloodvessels of Animals: also, an Account of some Experiments on Stones in the Kidneys and Blad

der, &c." In this he discussed some funda mental points relative to physiology; such as the force and celerity with which the blood is propelled in the arteries, its retardation in the capillary vessels, the area of the heart and weight of blood sustained by it, the effects of respiration, the alteration of the air by breathing, &c. His enquiries concerning the urinary calculus relate to its chemical composition, and to the means of dissolving it; one of which suggested by him is, fixed air, or that produced by vitriolic acid and fixed alkali in a state of effervescence. He also proposes injections into the bladder, and gives a contrivance for that purpose. This subject he afterwards pursued more particularly, and published an account of some experiments on Mrs. Stephens's celebrated medicines in 1740. The reputation of this worthy man kept pace with his useful labours. In 1732 he was appointed one of the trustees for settling a colony in Georgia; and in 1733 the university of Oxford presented him with the degree of D.D. He performed a valuable service to the health and morals of the poor, by printing anonymously "A friendly Admonition to the Drinkers of Gin, Brandy, and other spirituous Liquors," which has been several times reprinted, and distributed gratis. In 1739 he printed" Philosophical Experiments on Seawater, Corn, Flesh, and other Substances," 8vo. chiefly intended for the use of navigators. A paper on a similar subject, and on the solution of the stone in the bladder, obtained him, in the same year, the gold medal from the Royal Society. One of the most useful of Dr. Hales's inventions was that of ventilators for renewing the air in mines, prisons, hospitals, and the holds of ships, which he disclosed to the Royal Society in 1741. Some years afterwards his machines were fixed on the Savoy and Newgate prisons, to the great benefit of the persons confined in them, among whom the progress of the gaol-fever was immediately much diminished. His plans for producing a free circulation of air were also applied by him for the cleansing and the preservation of corn: for the former purpose he invented a machine, called a back-heaver, which he described in the Gentleman's Magazine for 1745 and 1747. His attention to medical subjects was farther evinced by a paper read before the Royal Socięty, describing a method of conveying liquors into the abdomen after tapping; by some experiments and observations on tar-water; and by a detection of the fallacious boasts concerning the efficacy of a lithontriptic, called the liquid shell. A sermon which he preached be

fore the College of Physicians, in 1751, on Dr. Crowne's foundation, contains some curious physiological remarks relative to the benevolence of the Deity, as displayed in the human frame. His literary honours were augmented in 1753, by his election as a foreign member of the French Academy of Sciences, in the room of sir Hans Sloane.

Dr. Hales, though he spent his time in retirement at Teddington, was not unknown to many persons of rank, whom he visited, and received at his house with all the simplicity of his modest and unaffected character. Frederic prince of Wales honoured himself with frequent calls upon the philosopher, his neighbour, whom he delighted to surprise while engaged in his experimental researches. At the death of that prince, he was, without any solicitation, made clerk of the closet to the princess-dowager. It was hinted to him, that there was an intention of presenting him with a canonry of Windsor; but he desired to be excused accepting a promotion which might have brought with it obligations of spending his time, interfering with the plan which for so many years he had adopted. His parochial duties, and the uninterrupted pursuit of his useful studies, continued to occupy him to an advanced period of life, during which he was never forsaken by his habitual cheerfulness and serenity of mind, sustained by temperance, piety, and conscious worth. He seems to have passed through life without an enemy; and perhaps the records of biography cannot produce a character more marked by the union of blamelessness with active benevolence. Pope has recorded "plain parson Hale" as his model of sincere piety. Haller describes him as "pious, modest, indefatigable, and born for the discovery of truth." He died at Teddington in January, 1761, in his eighty-fourth year, and was buried under the tower of the church, which he had rebuilt at his own expence. The princess of Wales erected a monument to him in Westminster ab- · bey, in the Latin inscription of which the reader will be surprised to find nothing recorded of him but that he was her chaplain. But the reception his works met with throughout Europe, into the principal languages of which they were translated, will sufficiently perpetuate his fame as a philosopher. Ann. Regist. for 1764. Halleri Bibl. Botan. & Anatom.-A.

HALI-BEIGH, first dragoman or interpreter at the grand-seignior's court, about the middle of the seventeenth century, was a native of Poland, whose original name was Albert Boborski. When he was very young he was taken.