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VIII. Statutes enforcing Repairs, &c. where Parish liable, 17 to 36. (1) Statute Duty, how performed, and who liable to,

17 to 21.

[1 Geo. III. c. 78, s. 36, 37, 43; 34 Geo. III. c. 74, s.
2, 4, 5, 6; 42 Geo. III. c. 90, s. 174; 54 Geo. III.
c. 109, s. 7; 3 Geo. IV. c. 126, s. 109].

(2) Composition in lieu of Statute Duty, 21 to 29.
[13 Geo. III. c. 78, s. 38, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44; 34 Geo.
III. c. 74, s. 4, 5, 6; 44 Geo. III. c. 52, s. 2; 54 Geo.
III. c. 109, s. 4, 5, 6].

(3) Assessments in Aid of Repairs, 29 to 32.
[13 Geo. III. c. 78, s. 16, 30, 45, 46, 67; 34 Geo. III.
c. 74, s. 5; 54 Geo. III. c. 109, s. 1, 2, 3; 7 & 8
Geo. IV. c. 17].

(4) Materials for Repairs, 32 to 35.

[13 Geo. III. c. 78, s. 27, 28, 29, 31, 32, 33, 49]. (5) Which Highways to be repaired first, 35. [13 Geo. III. c. 78, s. 25].

(6) Width of Highways, 36.

[13 Geo. III. c. 78, s. 15].

(7) Direction-posts, Mile-stones, Water-marks, and Battlements of Bridges, 37.

[13 Geo. III. c. 78, s. 26, 52].

IX. Widening, Changing, and Stopping up, &c., Highways,

37 to 47.

(1) By the Common Law, 37.

(2) By Statute, 38 to 43.

[8 & 9 W. III. c. 16; 13 Geo. III. c. 78, s. 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22; 55 Geo. III. c. 68, s. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5].

(3) Decisions thereon, 43 to 48.

X. The Justices and Sessions for Highways, 48.

[13 Geo. III. c. 78, s. 1, 53, 61, 77; 54 Geo. III. c. 109, s. 8; 55 Geo. III. c. 68, s. 6].

XI. Meetings of Inhabitants for, 48.

[13 Geo. III. c. 78, s. 65, 66].

XII. Surveyor and his Assistant, 49 to 58.

(1) His Appointment in General, 49 to 53.
(2) His Duty in General, 53 to 56.

(3) His Accounts, 56 to 58.

[13 Geo. III. c. 78, s. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 12, 48, 50, 53, 54, 68, 70, 85; 54 Geo. III. c. 84; 7 Geo. IV. c. 64, s. 16].

XIII. Injuries and Annoyances to and upon Highways, 58 to 67.

(1) Breadth of Wheels, and Number of Horses, 59.

[6 Geo. 1, c. 6; 18 Geo. II. c. 33; 13 Geo. III. c. 78, s. 55, 56, 57, 58].

(2) Trees, Hedges, &c., 60.

[13 Geo. III. c. 78, s. 6, 7, 13].

(3) Ditches, Drains, &c., 61.

[13 Geo. III. c. 78, s. 8, 14].

(4) Alehouses near Bridges, 62.
[13 Geo. III. c 78, s. 62].

(5) Encroaching, &c., on Highway, 62.
[13 Geo. III. c. 78, s. 63].

(6) Laying Stones, Rubbish, &c., 63.
[13 Geo. III. c. 78, s. 9, 10].

(7) Leaving Carriages, &c., 63.
[13 Geo. III. c. 78, s. 11].

(8) Misbehaviour of Drivers, &c., 63.

[1 Geo. I. st. 2, c. 57, s. 8; 24 Geo. II. c. 43, s. 8, 9;
30 Geo. II. c. 22, s. 7, 11, 12, 13, 14; 13 Geo. III.
c. 78, s. 59, 60; 1 Geo. IV. c. 4].

(9) Other Injuries and Annoyances at Common
Law, 65 to 67.

XIV. Remedies for Nuisances, by not Repairing, 67 to 74.
(1) By Indictment, Form of, 67.-Plea to, 69.-

Replication, 70.-Evidence, 70.-Witnesses,
70.-View, 71.-Certiorari, 71.-Judgment,
and Punishment, 71.-New Trial, 72.-
Costs, 73.

[13 Geo. III. c. 78, s. 64; 54 Geo. III. c. 170, s. 9].
(2) By Presentment, 72.

[13 Geo. III. c. 78, s. 24].

(3) By Information in King's Bench, 74.

(4) By Mandamus, 74.

(5) By Proceedings under Highway Acts, 74.

XV. Remedies for Nuisances, by Actual Obstructions, 74 to 76.

(1) By Abatement, 74.

(2) By Indictment, and herein of the Punishment,75.

(3) By Presentment, 76.

(4) By Information in King's Bench, &c. 76.

(5) By Action, 76.

(6) By Proceedings under Highway Acts, 76.

XVI. General Penalty for hindering Execution of Act, 76. [13 Geo. III. c. 78, s. 71].

XVII. Witnesses, 77.

[13 Geo. III. c. 78, s. 68, 76, 77].

XVIII. Forms of Proceedings under Highway Act, 77.
[13 Geo. III. c. 78, s. 69, 80].

XIX. Fines for Non-repairs, how levied and applied, 77.
[13 Geo. III. c. 78, s. 47; 3 Geo. IV. c. 126, s. 110].
XX. Penalties under Highway Act, how recovered and ap-
plied, 79.

[13 Geo. III. c. 78, s. 72, 73, 74, 75].

XXI. Certiorari, 80.

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VIII. Statutes enforcing Repairs, &c. where Parish liable, 17 to 36. (1) Statute Duty, how performed, and who liable to,

17 to 21.

[1 Geo. III. c. 78, s. 36, 37, 43; 34 Geo. III. c. 74, s.
2, 4, 5, 6; 42 Geo. III. c. 90, s. 174; 54 Geo. III.
c. 109, s. 7; 3 Geo. IV. c. 126, s. 109].

(2) Composition in lieu of Statute Duty, 21 to 29.
[13 Geo. III. c. 78, s. 38, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44; 34 Geo.
III. c. 74, s. 4, 5, 6; 44 Geo. III. c. 52, s. 2; 54 Geo.
III. c. 109, s. 4, 5, 6].

(3) Assessments in Aid of Repairs, 29 to 32.

[13 Geo. III. c. 78, s. 16, 30, 45, 46, 67; 34 Geo. III. c. 74, s. 5; 54 Geo. III. c. 109, s. 1, 2, 3; 7 & 8 Geo. IV. c. 17].

(4) Materials for Repairs, 32 to 35.

[13 Geo. III. c. 78, s. 27, 28, 29, 31, 32, 33, 49]. (5) Which Highways to be repaired first, 35. [13 Geo. III. c. 78, s. 25].

(6) Width of Highways, 36.

[13 Geo. III. c. 78, s. 15].

(7) Direction-posts, Mile-stones, Water-marks, and Battlements of Bridges, 37.

[13 Geo. III. c. 78, s. 26, 52].

IX. Widening, Changing, and Stopping up, &c., Highways,

37 to 47.

(1) By the Common Law, 37.

(2) By Statute, 38 to 43.

[8 & 9 W. III. c. 16; 13 Geo. III. c. 78, s. 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22; 55 Geo. III. c. 68, s. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5].

(3) Decisions thereon, 43 to 48.

X. The Justices and Sessions for Highways, 48.

[13 Geo. III. c. 78, s. 1, 53, 61, 77; 54 Geo. III. c. 109, s. 8; 55 Geo. III. c. 68, s. 6].

XI. Meetings of Inhabitants for, 48.

[13 Geo. III. c. 78, s. 65, 66].

XII. Surveyor and his Assistant, 49 to 58.

(1) His Appointment in General, 49 to 53.
(2) His Duty in General, 53 to 56.

(3) His Accounts, 56 to 58.

[13 Geo. III. c. 78, s. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 12, 48, 50, 53, 54, 68, 70, 85; 54 Geo. III. c. 84; 7 Geo. IV. c. 64, s. 16].

XIII. Injuries and Annoyances to and upon Highways, 58 to 67.

(1) Breadth of Wheels, and Number of Horses, 59.

[6 Geo. 1, c. 6; 18 Geo. II. c. 33; 13 Geo. III. c. 78, s. 55, 56, 57, 58].

(2) Trees, Hedges, &c., 60.

[13 Geo. III. c. 78, s. 6, 7, 13].

(3) Ditches, Drains, &c., 61.

[13 Geo. III. c. 78, s. 8, 14].

(4) Alehouses near Bridges, 62.
[13 Geo. III. c 78, s. 62].

(5) Encroaching, &c., on Highway, 62.
[13 Geo. III. c. 78, s. 63].

(6) Laying Stones, Rubbish, &c., 63.
[13 Geo. III. c. 78, s. 9, 10].

(7) Leaving Carriages, &c., 63.
[13 Geo. III. c. 78, s. 11].

(8) Misbehaviour of Drivers, &c., 63.

[1 Geo. I. st. 2, c. 57, s. 8; 24 Geo. II. c. 43, s. 8, 9; 30 Geo. II. c. 22, s. 7, 11, 12, 13, 14; 13 Geo. III. c. 78, s. 59, 60; 1 Geo. IV. c. 4].

(9) Other Injuries and Annoyances at Common Lan, 65 to 67.

XIV. Remedies for Nuisances, by not Repairing, 67 to 74. (1) By Indictment, Form of, 67.-Plea to, 69.

Replication, 70.-Evidence, 70.-Witnesses, 70.-View, 71.-Certiorari, 71.-Judgment, and Punishment, 71.-New Trial, 72.Costs, 73.

[13 Geo. III. c. 78, s. 64; 54 Geo. III. c. 170, s. 9]. (2) By Presentment, 72.

[13 Geo. III. c. 78, s. 24].

(3) By Information in King's Bench, 74.

(4) By Mandamus, 74.

(5) By Proceedings under Highway Acts, 74.

XV. Remedies for Nuisances, by Actual Obstructions, 74 to 76.

(1) By Abatement, 74.

(2) By Indictment, and herein of the Punishment, 75.

(3) By Presentment, 76.

(4) By Information in King's Bench, &c. 76.

(5) By Action, 76.

(6) By Proceedings under Highway Acts, 76.

XVI. General Penalty for hindering Execution of Act, 76. [13 Geo. III. c. 78, s. 71].

XVII. Witnesses, 77.

[13 Geo. III. c. 78, s. 68, 76, 77].

XVIII. Forms of Proceedings under Highway Act, 77. [13 Geo. III. c. 78, s. 69, 80].

XIX. Fines for Non-repairs, how levied and applied, 77. [13 Geo. III. c. 78, s. 47; 3 Geo. IV. c. 126, s. 110]. XX. Penalties under Highway Act, how recovered and applied, 79.

[13 Geo. III. c. 78, s. 72, 73, 74, 75].

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XXIII. Costs, 83.

What.

Three kinds of highways.

Street.

Size of way.

River.

Bridge.

Landing stairs.

Railway.

Circuitous rout.

Termination of

way.

[13 Geo. III. c. 78, s. 80, 65].

XXIV. Actions for Acts done under 13 Geo. III. c. 78, 83. [13 Geo. III. c. 78, s. 78, 79, 81].

XXV. How far stat. 54 Geo. III. c. 109 alters former Acts,

84.

[54 Geo. 3, c. 109, s. 9].

XXVI. General Exceptions out of 13 Geo. III. c. 78, 85.
[13 Geo. III. c. 78, s. 85, 86, 87].

XXVII. Forms, see List of, post, 85.

1. What is a Highway.

A HIGHWAY is a right of passage for the public in general without distinction.

The term "Highway" extends to all public ways.

There are three kinds of ways; 1. A footway (a); 2. A foot and horse way, which is also a pack or drift way; 3. A foot, horse, and cart way (b),, 1 Inst. 56.

A common street and a king's highway, though formerly distinguished, are now equally public ways. 1 Stra. 44.

The size of the way is not material; a right of way for all persons to pass and repass, with their carts and carriages, is not restrained, because all carriages cannot pass and repass. R. v. Lyon, 5 D. & R. 497.

An open river, common to all men, is a highway. 10 Mod. 382. But it was observed by Mr. Justice Buller, in 3 T. R. 263, that a navigable river and a highway are perfectly distinct; and that if a river should happen to be choaked up with mud, that would not give the public a right to cut another passage through the adjoining lands; though it is quite clear, as observed by the same learned judge, that if the usual track of a highway become impassable, by the overflowing of a stream or otherwise, the adjacent ground will be open to passengers, and so become, in effect, a highway, until the removal of the obstruction. Dougl. 746, &c. If the water in a navigable river alter its course, the way alters with it. Com. Dig. Chemin. (A1). and see Wellb. 20.

A bridge may be a common highway. 2 Ld. Raym. 1174; Salk. 359; 6 Mod. 255; ante, Bridges, Vol. I.

A flight of stairs leading to the Thames is not a highway. R. v. Limehouse, 2 Show. 458; sed quære.

A railway, it has been held, may be a highway, to be used in the particular mode in which railways are used. R. v. Severn Railway Company, 2 B. & A. 646.

There may be a highway, though it be circuitous. 1 Campb. 261; 3 T. R.

265.

It seemeth that any one of the above ways, which is common to all the king's people, whether it lead directly to a market town, or only from town to town, and do not terminate there, but is also a thoroughfare to other towns, may properly be called a highway. 1 Hawk. c. 76, s. 1. For there were highways before there were market towns. And if it were essential to the constituting of a highway that it should expressly lead from market town to market town, then it would follow, that the lord of a market, by forfeiting or surrendering his charter, might cause that to cease to be a highway which was a highway before; or the king, by granting a market

(a) A public footway or bridleway is a highway. It is a highway for foot passengers, or for horse passengers, &c. R. v. Salop, 13 East, 97; Vide Allen v. Or

mond, 8 East, 4.

(b) The term "Cartway" means a right for all carriages to pass. R. v. Hatfield, C. T. Hard. 315.

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