Secretary of the Interior, is charged with the survey, construction and operation of irrigation works in the arid States, as authorized by the reclamation act of June 17, 1902, and amendments. The executive officer of the Service is the director and chief engineer, who directs the work of investigating, building, operating and maintaining the works. The chief counsel controls matters regarding the legal rights and privileges of the service.'

"The Director of the Bureau of Mines is charged with the investigations of the methods of mining, especially in relation to the safety of miners and the appliances best adapted to prevent accidents, the possible improvement of conditions under which mining operations are carried on, the treatment of ores and other mineral substances, the use of explosives and electricity, the prevention of accidents, and other inquiries and technological investigations pertinent to such industries. He also has charge of tests and analyses of coals, lignites, ores and other mineral fuel substances belonging to or for the use of the United States, and has supervision over the mine inspector for Alaska; also the administration and enforcement of the act, approved October 6, 1917, to prohibit the manufacture, distribution, storage, use and possession in time of war of explosives, providing regulations for the safe manufacture, distribution, storage, use and possession of the same.'

"The Director of the National Park Service is charged with the duty of administering the national parks, the national monuments under the jurisdiction of the Interior Department, and the Hot Springs Reservation in Arkansas, including the maintenance, improvement and protection of the parks, monuments and reservations and the control of the concessioners operating utilities therein for the care of visitors."

"The Alaskan Engineering Commission was created under the act of March 12, 1914, which empowered, authorized and directed the President to locate, construct, operate or lease a railroad or railroads to con

sect the interior of Alaska with one or more of the open navigable ports on the coast. Authority was also granted to purchase existing railroads, to construct, maintain and operate telegraph and telephone lines, and to make reservations of public lands in Alaska necessary for the purposes of the railroad. For the execution of this work a commission of three engineers was appointed by the President to make the necessary surveys. They were directed to report to the Secretary of the Interior, under whom the President placed the general administration of the work. After the completion of the preliminary surveys, the President by executive order selected the route for the railway from the coast to the interior, and continued the original commission of engineers in charge of the construction under the general supervision of the Secretary of the Interior."

Thus it appears that almost all the duties of the Department of the Interior are purposive rather than conductive, and are to promote the general welfare and the good of the people, as distinguished from the establishment of justice, ensuring domestic tranquillity or providing for the common defense.

Departments OF STATE, TREASURY, WAR, NAVY AND

JUSTICE

Only a short space need be devoted to the other great Cabinet departments: State, Treasury, War, Navy and Justice. Their very names would imply that their functions are entirely conductive and for the country, but they have important purposive duties to perform.

The Department of State, in addition to its duties in regard to foreign affairs and diplomacy, is closely connected with our business affairs, exports and imports throughout the world. It has its Bureau of Trade Relations, under which it works with the Departments of Commerce and Labor, in collecting and preparing com

mercial, tariff and statistical information. Also a Division of Information and a Bureau of Rolls and a Library, accessible to the public and especially rich in material as to international relations, diplomacy, archives, maps, arbitration, etc. In many ways the State Department, with or without the coöperation of the Department of Commerce, acts as a big brother to any citizen who has business with foreign lands.

The Treasury Department does not fulfill merely the duties formerly exercised by the Exchequer in England, or belonging strictly to the conductive functions of the Government. It acts as an independent auditor of the War, Navy, Interior, State, Post Office and other departments, to insure honesty and the best business administration of these great purposive sections of our government; while for many years it has also guarded the monies of the people in the national banks and reduced the losses therein to a negligible minimum. The Treasury also is charged with the administration of the Federal Farm Loan Act, with power to grant charters to national farm loan associations and joint stock land banks. It conducts the public health service, with its divisions of Scientific Research, Foreign and Insular Quarantine and Immigration, Domestic (interstate) Quarantine, Sanitary Reports and Statistics, Marine Hospitals and Relief, under which intensive studies are made of diseases of man, including hookworm disease, malaria, pellagra, trachoma, typhoid fever, tuberculosis; of school, mental and industrial hygiene; of rural sanitation, etc. It controls fortyfour quarantine stations in the United States and others in the Philippines, Hawaii and Porto Rico. It seeks to prevent the introduction or spread of contagious or infectious diseases into the country itself or between the States; collects and publishes information regarding

the prevalence and geographical distribution of diseases. dangerous to the public health in the United States and foreign countries, and takes professional care of sick and disabled seamen at twenty-two marine hospitals and one hundred and twenty-two other relief stations. The Treasury also has charge of the Coast Guard and the many beneficent functions of the revenue system.

The War Department, in addition to its strictly military duties, includes the Board of Engineers for Rivers and Harbors, which has charge of projects or changes in projects for river and harbor improvements, covering especially commercial navigation and economic questions.

The Navy Department, besides the duties which its name implies, also looks out for the general welfare through its aid to commerce and private shipping interests and the collection and distribution of shipping intelligence, surveys, hydrographic and navigation data, preparing of charts, etc.

The head of the Department of Justice is the chief law officer of the Government and its departments, and furnishes solicitors who advise and have control of the law matters of those departments. In that way he becomes the chief legal adviser of all the departments of the Government.

XVII

THE GROWTH OF PURPOSIVE GOVERNMENT IN OUR STATES AND CITIES

I

T would not have been surprising if, acting upon our

solid foundations of English law and history and

liberty of the individual, and therefore of the whole people, we had increased the purposive functions of our local governments or even those of our States. In this hasty review the first and most prominent place has been given to the purposive functions of the Federal Government. The radical change in our conception of the powers and duties of the nation is extremely startling and enlightening to the careful student of our law and government. It is startling because it is entirely contrary to our English traditions. It is enlightening because it discloses the inherent constructive power of the English doctrine of liberty of the individual, as expanded in our cosmopolitan country, to meet and conquer the novel and fundamental problems which have confronted us as we changed from a government exercising only constitutional and operative functions to one which increasingly exercised purposive functions, and made its constitutional and operative functions clearly subservient thereto. The inherent tendency of English government was toward the decentralization of the central government. Yet when it was imperative that we should revolutionize the constitutional and operative branches of our governments, the English conception of liberty of the