CHAPTER XIX. FIRST HALF OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY: 1. William Gifford.-2. William Cobbett. -3. Leigh Hunt.-4. Charles Lamb. 5. William Hazlitt.-6. Sydney Smith.-7. John Wilson.-8. Thomas De Quincey.-9. James and Horace Smith.- 10. Lord Jeffrey; Lord Brougham; Lord Macaulay. — 11. John Foster.-12. Thomas Hood.-13. Douglas Jerrold. — 14. Thomas Carlyle.-15. Historians: Henry Hart Milman; James Mill; William Mitford; Connop Thirlwall; John Lingard; Patrick Fraser Tytler; Henry Hallam; George Grote; Thomas Arnold; Earl Stanhope; Sir William Napier; Sharon Turner; Lord Macaulay. -16. Biographers: John Gibson Lockhart; William Roscoe; Nathan Drake. 1. William Gifford (1757-1826) published his first satire, "The Baviad," in 1791; his second satire, "The Mæviad," in 1795; and his third satire, "An Epistle to Peter Pindar," in 1800. He had a hand in "The Anti-Jacobin; " translated Juvenal and Persius; edited the works of Ben Jonson, Massinger, Ford, and Shirley; and was the first editor of "The Quarterly Review.” 2. William Cobbett (1762-1835) was a great journalist and pamphleteer. He established in London, in 1801, "Porcupine's Gazette," a morning paper; afterward he established "The Political Register." His writings were upon nearly all subjects of current interest, and had an enormous sale, especially among the middle and lower classes. 3. Leigh Hunt (1784-1859) edited newspapers, and wrote poems, plays, stories, biographical sketches, and critical essays, his most characteristic and delightful work being in the latter form. 4. Charles Lamb (1775-1834), a genius of rare quality, will be always remembered for his "Essays of Elia," as well as for his choice and penetrating criticisms upon the Shakespearean dramatists. 5. William Hazlitt (1778-1830) published "Essays on the principles of Human Action, "Lectures on the English Poets," "Lectures on the English Comic Writers," "Characters of Shakespeare's Plays,"" A View of the English Stage,” "Lectures on the Dramatic Literature of the Age of Elizabeth, ""Table-Talk," and "Life of Napoleon Bonaparte." He did many things well, but literary criticism best of all. 99.66 6. Sydney Smith (1771-1845) was one of the founders of "The Edinburgh Review," and published in that periodical multitudes of essays; besides these, "Sermons, Speeches," and "Letters on the Subject of the Catholics, to my Brother Abraham who lives in the Country, by Peter Plymley." He was distinguished for wit, good sense, good feeling, logic, and eloquence. 7. John Wilson (1785-1854), best known by his pen-name of Christopher North, wrote "The Isle of Palms, and Other Poems; The City of the Plague, and Other Poems; many tales, "Lights and Shadows of Scottish Life," "The Trials of Margaret Lindsay," and "The Foresters;" and the celebrated papers in "Blackwood," under the titles of "Noctes Ambrosianæ," and "The Recreations of Christopher North." 8. Thomas De Quincey (1785-1859) first won notice by his "Confessions of an English Opium-Eater," published in "The London Magazine," in 1821; and during the remainder of his life he wrote frequently for the magazines, reviews, and encyclopædias, his essays being remarkable for erudition, and for wealth of thought, fancy, humor, and style. 9. The brothers James Smith (1775-1839) and Horace Smith (1779 or 1780-1849) are best known for their burlesque imitations of popular authors, published, in 1812, under the title of "Rejected Addresses." 10. Lord Jeffrey (1773-1850) joined with Sydney Smith, Horner, Brougham, and others, in founding "The Edinburgh Review;" and his many essays therein published are admirable examples of acute literary criticism and of felicitous style. His associate, Lord Brougham (1779-1868), was a man of rugged genius and of boundless energy, and, during a long and busy career as lawyer and politician, contributed many essays 66 It was in the same periodical to "The Edinburgh Review." that Lord Macaulay (1800-1859) published in 1825 his essay on Milton," followed by that long series of essays that have given to him his brilliant reputation in this department of letters. 11. John Foster (1770-1843), a writer of great ingenuity and power, published essays "On Decision of Character," “ On the Evils of Popular Ignorance," and many other subjects. 12. Thomas Hood (1798–1845) wrote "Whims and Oddities," the "Comic Annual," "Whimsicalities," and so forth, besides some small poems now everywhere famous either for pathos or for humor. 13. Douglas Jerrold (1803-1857) wrote many brilliant plays and novels, and was specially renowned for his wit. He began his career as a compositor in a London printing-office, and ended it as an editor of "Lloyd's Weekly Newspaper." 14. A name of supreme authority and attraction, as essayist, satirist, biographer, and historian, is that of Thomas Carlyle (1795), who for fifty years has been a diligent writer, and, since the publication of his "Sartor Resartus," a most influential Besides that book, his most memorable writings are "The French Revolution,' "Past and Present,' "The Life of John Sterling," and "History of Friedrich the Second, called Frederick the Great." one. 15. The greatest historians in England during the first half of the nineteenth century were Henry Hart Milman (17911868), who wrote "The History of the Jews," "The History of Christianity," and "History of Latin Christianity;" James Mill (1773-1836), who wrote "The History of British India; William Mitford (1744-1827), and Connop Thirlwall (1797-1875), each of whom wrote a "History of Greece; John Lingard (1771-1851), who wrote "A History of England; " Patrick Fraser Tytler (1791-1849), who wrote "The History of Scotland;" Henry Hallam (1777-1859), who wrote "View of the State of Europe during the Middle Ages," "The Constitutional History of England," and "Introduction to the Literature of Europe in the Fifteenth, Sixteenth, and Seventeenth Centuries;" George Grote (1794-1871), who wrote "History of Greece; Thomas Arnold (17951842), who wrote "The History of Rome;" Earl Stanhope (1805-1875), who wrote a "History of the War of Succession in Spain," and a "History of England; " Sir William Napier (1785-1860), who wrote a "History of the War in the Peninsula; "Sharon Turner (1768–1847), who wrote "The History of England;" and finally, highest in artistic skill and in popular renown, Lord Macaulay, who wrote "The History of England." 16. Among English biographers for this period, probably the greatest is John Gibson Lockhart (1794-1854), who wrote "Memoirs of the Life of Sir Walter Scott, Bart." Another very eminent biographer is William Roscoe (1753-1831), who wrote Lives of "Lorenzo de' Medici," and "Leo the Tenth." A noble specimen of biography is "Shakespeare and His Times," by Nathan Drake (1766-1836). CHAPTER XX. FIRST HALF OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY: SCHOLARS, PHILOSOPHERS, THEOLOGIANS, AND MEN OF SCIENCE. 1. Scholars: Richard Porson; Isaac Disraeli; Thomas F. Dibdin; George L. Craik ; John Payne Collier.-2. Philosophers: Dugald Stewart; Thomas Brown; Sir James Mackintosh; Sir William Hamilton; Richard Whately. — 3. Theologians: Robert Hall; Thomas Chalmers; Augustus William Hare; Julius Charles Hare: Edward B. Pusey; John Keble; John Henry Newman; Thomas Arnold; Freder ick D. Maurice; Frederick W. Robertson.-4. Men of Political Science: Jeremy Bentham; T. R. Malthus; David Ricardo; Nassau W. Senior.-5. Men of Physical Science: Sir William Herschel; Sir Humphry Davy; Michael Faraday; Mary Somerville; Sir Charles Lyell; Hugh Miller. 1. Richard Porson (1759-1808) was an eminent Greek scholar, and edited Euripides and Eschylus. After his death were published his writings under the titles of "Porsoni Adversaria," and, "Tracts and Miscellaneous Criticisms.". Isaac Disraeli (1766-1848) was remarkable for a minute and extensive knowledge of literature and literary men. His principal works are "Curiosities of Literature," "Calamities of Authors," "Quarrels of Authors," and "Amenities of Literature." Thomas Frognall Dibdin (1776-1847) was a champion and example of bibliomania. His most noted works are "Bibliomania; or, Book-Madness;" "A Bibliographical, Antiquarian, and Picturesque Tour in France and Germany," "The Library Companion," and “An Introduction to the Knowledge of rare and valuable editions of the Greek and Latin Classics." George Lillie Craik (1799-1866) wrote "The Pursuit of Knowledge under Difficulties," "History of Literature and Learning in England," ""Romance of the Peerage," and "The English of Shakespeare." John Payne Collier (1789) is most noted for his writings upon topics connected with Shakespeare. He has published "History of English Dramatic Poetry," "Memoirs of the Principal Actors in Shakespeare's Plays," "New Facts regarding the Life of Shakespeare,” an edition of "Shakespeare's Works,” and “ A Bibliographical Account of the Rarest Books in the English Language." 2. Dugald Stewart (1753-1828) published "Elements of the Philosophy of the Human Mind," "Philosophical Essays," "Outlines of Moral Philosophy," and "The Philosophy of the Active and Moral Powers of Man." Thomas Brown (1778-1820) published the "Phi |