challenge only to themselves that which the greatest generals and gravest counsellors never durst. For such had rather do than promise the best things.

Controversiales] scriptores. Some controverters in divinity are like swaggerers in a tavern that catch that 5 which stands next them, the candlestick or pots; turn everything into a weapon: oft-times they fight blindfold, and both beat the air. More Andabatarum qui clausis oculis pugnant. The one milks a he-goat, the other holds under a sieve. Their arguments are as fluxive as 10 liquor spilt upon a table, which with your finger you may drain as you will. Such controversies or disputations (carried with more labor than profit) are odious; where most times the truth is lost in the midst or left untouched. And the fruit of their fight is, that they spit one upon 15 another, and are both defiled. These fencers in religion

I like not.
Morbi.

The body hath certain diseases that are with less evil tolerated than removed. As if to cure a leprosy a man should bathe himself with the warm blood of a 20 murdered child, so in the Church some errors may be dissimuled with less inconvenience than can be discovered.

Factantia intempestiva. - Men that talk of their own benefits are not believed to talk of them because they 25 have done them; but to have done them because they might talk of them. That which had been great, if another had reported it of them, vanisheth, and is nothing, if he that did it speak of it. For men, when they cannot destroy the deed, will yet be glad to take advan- 30 tage of the boasting, and lessen it.

Adulatio. — I have seen that poverty makes men do unfit things; but honest men should not do them; they should gain otherwise. Though a man be hungry, he should not play the parasite. That hour wherein I would 35

IO

repent me to be honest, there were ways enow open for me to be rich. But flattery is a fine pick-lock of tender ears; especially of those whom fortune hath borne high upon their wings, that submit their dignity 5 and authority to it, by a soothing of themselves. For, indeed, men could never be taken in that abundance with the springes of others' flattery, if they began not there; if they did but remember how much more profitable the bitterness of truth were, than all the honey distilling from a whorish voice, which is not praise, but poison. But now it is come to that extreme folly, or rather madness, with some, that he that flatters them modestly or sparingly is thought to malign them. If their friend consent not to their vices, though he do not 15 contradict them, he is nevertheless an enemy. When they do all things the worst way, even then they look for praise. Nay, they will hire fellows to flatter them with suits and suppers, and to prostitute their judgments. They have livery-friends, friends of the dish, and of the spit, that wait their turns, as my lord has his feasts and guests.

20

De vita humana. — I have considered our whole life is like a play: wherein every man forgetful of himself, is in travail with expression of another. Nay, we so insist in 25 imitating others, as we cannot when it is necessary return to ourselves; like children, that imitate the vices of stammerers so long, till at last they become such, and make the habit to another nature, as it is never forgotten. De piis et probis. Good men are the stars, the planets 30 of the ages wherein they live and illustrate the times. God did never let them be wanting to the world: as Abel, for an example of innocency, Enoch of purity, Noah of trust in God's mercies, Abraham of faith, and so of the rest. These, sensual men thought mad because 35 they would not be partakers or practisers of their mad

ness.

But they, placed high on the top of all virtue, looked down on the stage of the world and contemned the play of fortune. For though the most be players, some must be spectators.

Mores aulici.—I have discovered that a feigned familiarity in great ones is a note of certain usurpation on the less. For great and popular men feign themselves to be servants to others to make those slaves to them. So the fisher provides bait for the trout, roach, dace, etc., that they may be food to him.

ΤΟ

Impiorum querela.—The complaint of Caligula was most wicked of the condition of his times, when he said they were not famous for any public calamity, as the reign of Augustus was, by the defeat of Varus and the legions; and that of Tiberius, by the falling of the thea- 15 tre at Fidena; whilst his oblivion was eminent through the prosperity of his affairs. As that other voice of his was worthier a headsman than a head when he wished

But he found

A tyrant, how 20

the people of Rome had but one neck. when he fell that they had many hands. great and mighty soever he may seem to cowards and sluggards, is but one creature, one animal.

Nobilium ingenia. — I have marked among the nobility some are so addicted to the service of the prince and commonwealth, as they look not for spoil; such are to 25 be honored and loved. There are others which no obligation will fasten on; and they are of two sorts. The first are such as love their own ease; or, out of vice, of nature, or self-direction, avoid business and care. Yet these the prince may use with safety. The other remove 30 themselves upon craft and design, as the architects say, with a premeditated thought, to their own rather than their prince's profit. Such let the prince take heed of, and not doubt to reckon in the list of his open enemies. Principum varia[tio] Firmissima vero omnium basis 35

jus hæreditarium Principis.

There is a great variation between him that is raised to the sovereignty by the favor of his peers and him that comes to it by the suffrage of the people. The first holds with more difficulty, be5 cause he hath to do with many that think themselves his equals, and raised him for their own greatness and oppression of the rest. The latter hath no upbraiders, but was raised by them that sought to be defended from oppression whose end is both the easier and the honester Io to satisfy. Beside, while he hath the people to friend, who are a multitude, he hath the less fear of the nobility, who are but few. Nor let the common proverb of he that builds on the people builds on the dirt, discredit my opinion for that hath only place where an ambitious and 15 private person, for some popular end, trusts in them against the public justice and magistrate. There they will leave him. But when a prince governs them, so as they have still need of his administration (for that is his art), he shall ever make and hold them faithful.

20

Clementia. A prince should exercise his cruelty not by himself, but by his ministers; so he may save himself and his dignity with his people by sacrificing those when he list, saith the great doctor of state, Machiavell. But I say he puts off man and goes into a beast, that is cruel. 25 No virtue is a prince's own, or becomes him more, than this clemency and no glory is greater than to be able to save with his power. Many punishments, sometimes and in some cases, as much discredit a prince, as many funerals a physician. The state of things is secured by 30 clemency; severity represseth a few, but it irritates more. Haud infima ars in principe, ubi lenitas, ubi severitas plus polleat in commune bonum, callere. The lopping of trees makes the boughs shoot out thicker; and the taking away of some kind of enemies increaseth the number. 35 It is then most gracious in a prince to pardon when

many about him would make him cruel; to think then how much he can save when others tell him how much he can destroy; not to consider what the impotence of others hath demolished, but what his own greatness can sustain. These are a prince's virtues: and they that give 5 him other counsels are but the hangman's factors.

Clementia tutela optima. - He that is cruel to halves (saith the said S[ain]t Nicholas) loseth no less the opportunity of his cruelty than of his benefits: for then to use his cruelty is too late; and to use his favors will be 10 interpreted fear and necessity, and so he loseth the thanks. Still the counsel is cruelty. But princes, by hearkening to cruel counsels, become in time obnoxious to the authors, their flatterers, and ministers; and are brought to that, that when they would, they dare not 15 change them; they must go on and defend cruelty with cruelty; they cannot alter the habit. It is then grown necessary, they must be as ill as those have made them: and in the end they will grow more hateful to themselves than to their subjects. Whereas, on the contrary, the 20 merciful prince is safe in love, not in fear. He needs no emissaries, spies, intelligencers to entrap He fears no libels, no treasons. His people speak what they think, and talk openly what they do in secret. They have nothing in their breasts that they need a cypher for. 25 He is guarded with his own benefits.

true subjects.

Religio. The strength of empire is in religion. What else is the Palladium (with Homer) that kept Troy so long from sacking? Nothing more commends the Sovereign to the subject than it. For he that is religious 30 must be merciful and just necessarily and they are two strong ties upon mankind. Justice is the virtue that innocence rejoiceth in. Yet even that is not always so safe, but it may love to stand in the sight of mercy. For sometimes misfortune is made a crime, and then inno- 35