Jacquin agt. Buisson.

manager, and it shall then continue upon the new basis, without any other modification, up to the time fixed for its expi

ration."

The partner, Jacquin, died in January, 1855, intestate, leaving a widow and three children, of whom the plaintiff is one. These are stated to be his heirs and next of kin.

There has never been any announcement, directly made by the heirs and representatives, of their election to proceed with the partnership en nom collectif, or as general partners. I consider the acts stated in the affidavit of the defendant wholly insufficient to bind them to this extent. They are consistent with the wish, or the supposition of the concern proceeding upon the other basis, viz., en commandite.

The rights and position of the parties are then to be examined upon this footing; and should be considered as affected both by our own law and by the law of France, which, it is assumed, applies to the contract, if any foreign law does so apply.

I. I have examined the leading authorities upon this subject, particularly Wrexham agt. Huddleston, (1 Swanston, 514 n.,) Ex parte Garland, (10 Vesey, 110,) Ex parte Richardson, (3 Mad. Rep. 138;) Barwell agt. Mandeville, (2 Howard's S. C. Rep. 560;) and Davis agt. Collins, (6 Hare, 418.) The following rules may, I think, be deduced from them.

1st. That no representatives of an estate, or parties interested in it, can be bound to become partners with a survivor, so as to make themselves personally responsible, or subject them to the duties of partners, without their consent. No articles of covenant, or direction in a will, can impose this personal obligation upon them. (See also Madgwick agt. Wimple, 6 Beavan, 495, and The Louisiana Bank agt. Kenner, 1 Miller's Louisiana, 384-a leading case.)

The case of Kershaw agt. Mathews, (2 Russell, 62,) shows, that where there is merely a stipulation giving a right of succession, if the party named, or the executors, refuse to come in, the partnership is dissolved.

2d. But the partner may, by articles, or his will, direct the

Jacquin agt. Buisson.

whole of his estate to remain in the firm, and to be liable to the debts incurred in the business carried on subsequent to his death. He must demonstrate such an intention in the most positive and unequivocal manner. Even in such a case, Davis agt. Collins appears to prove, that upon the executor refusing to go on, or to contribute capital as directed, an action for damages for the breach of the obligation imposed upon him, would be the proper remedy; not any interference of a court of equity.

3d. Again, a direction that the capital already in, or a given amount of it, should remain in the firm during a stated period, presents the more common, and the simplest case. The acting partner has then possession of the fund, and the right to use it. He can only be interfered with on grounds which will justify every partner to break up a partnership, before the expiration of the time limited for its continuance.

4th. Now in such a case, Justice STORY, in delivering the opinion of the court in Barwell agt. Mandeville, expressly states, "that third persons, having notice of the death, are bound to inquire how far the agreement or authority to continue it extends, and what funds it binds; that the creditors can resort to that fund or amount alone, and not to the general assets of the testator's estate, although the partner, or executor, or other person carrying on the trade, may be personally responsible for all the debts contracted."

Thus, then, when the stipulation is in favor of a particular party, or of a representative, he may refuse to act upon it, and the firm is dissolved. If there is a covenant, or a testamentary direction for the continuance or investment of capital, it will bind the estate. If the party avail himself of the stipulation, he will become personally bound; but otherwise the estate or fund will alone remain liable.

It follows that, by the general and English law, in a case of this simple character, where a capital is ordered to remain in a firm after a dissolution by death, the great object of a limited partnership is attained. Subsequent creditors can resort only

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to the fund. If no representative agrees to engage in the business, there can be no personal liability.

II. I proceed to consider the French law, as applicable to this contract. I have before observed, that there is not sufficient proof to show an election by the representatives, to become general partners. The relation of the parties is then that prescribed in the alternative clause of the tenth article.

The partnership en commandite of the modern civil law has, as its leading and distinguishing elements, the exemption of the contributors to any personal responsibility for the debts; the subjection solely of the fund contributed by each to such liability; the general unlimited responsibility of the actor, (Le Gerant,) and the omission of any necessity to disclose the names of the contributors, (although the amount is published,) except in case of failure, and then only to reach the amount of their investment. Until this event, no action will lie against them for the engagements of the, actor. The management is left solely to him, and any voluntary interference renders the party a general partner. (Art. 23, Code de Commerce; Pardessus Droit Commercial, vol. 4; Troplong Du Contrat De Societe, Ar. 377, 402, 408.)

ranean.

Such an association, unknown to the English law, appears to have been a favorite commercial combination among the nations of southern Europe during the middle ages. tained," says a French writer, "the navigation of the MediterIt led to the voyages of the mariners of Languedoc, of Provence, and of active Italy. It carried merchants to the east in "the train of the crusaders; and it enabled the Lombards to rear the superb palaces of Florence and Pisa; it came to the aid of capitalists, whether among the nobles or the commons, who were restrained by the canon law from loaning their money upon interest, or who were averse to engaging openly in commerce. Capital, struck with sterility by the prohibitions of the church, found in this association an outlet lawful and profitable." (Troplong, 383.)

This author has reviewed the changes which were effected in France upon the Italian theory of such a partnership, by the

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ordinance of Louis XIV, and mercantile usage. The code of commerce so far recognized these modifications as to require a partnership title (un nom societe) to be taken, and a registration of the sums contributed to be made, although the names need not be disclosed. (Troplong, Art. 402, 406, 408; see also article 234 as to the contents of the registration.)

The rule of the Roman law was, that an engagement binding heirs to continue a partnership was absolutely void. (Inst. Justin: De Socio, § 5.) But this rule was altered, even among those nations with whom the Roman law was the basis of jurisprudence, and is entirely different in France. Such an agreement may legally be made to bind the succession. Tam hæredibus nostris quam nobisme-tipsis cavemus. (Troplong De Societe, Art. 951, 955, 956.) So fully is this doctrine recognized, that the rule seems to be that it prevails even as to minors; certainly it does so when the partnership is en commandite. (Id. 954.)

The objection, that the assent of the parties which is necessary to form a partnership ought to be the rule for its continuance, is answered thus-that the former is an act of the will, the latter a charge upon the heritage. The death of the actor, (Le Gerant,) indeed, produces a dissolution; for, in regard to him, the association is formed with respect to the person, and not to the business.

It is, therefore, plain, that the provision in the articles of partnership now in question, is perfectly lawful by the law of the country where the contract was made, and that under it, the widow and heirs continued partners en commandite.

One circumstance deserves notice before leaving this part of the case. The French law is extremely rigid as to the effect of an interference (immixtion) by a contributor, with the affairs of the company. (Code Com. 27; Troplong, Art. 420, &c.) A question might arise whether the purchase and shipment of goods from France mentioned in the affidavit, was not such an intromission. But the facts are too imperfectly stated to decide this point. The terms and mode of transmission are not

Jacquin agt. Buisson.

disclosed, and the widow, Madame Jacquin, is alone named as making the shipment.

III. I come, then, to a point strongly pressed by the counsel for the plaintiff, and of no little interest.

It is urged that our statute, authorizing and regulating limited partnerships, has created a system which is not merely permissive, but exclusive. That what it does not explicitly sanction, it forbids. And especially that, if the rule of succession in a limited partnership will involve a principle substantially hostile to a principle of the statute, it cannot be allowed.

The statute (1 R. S. 764) in its first section declares, that limited partnerships for the transaction of any mercantile, mechanical, or manufacturing business within this state, may be formed, upon the terms, with the rights and powers, and subject to the conditions and liabilities herein prescribed." By § 4, all the parties are to sign a certificate, which contains, among other things, the names of all the partners, general as well as special, with the amount of capital contributed by the latter.

By § 7, at the time of filing the certificate, an affidavit of one or more of the general partners must be filed, stating the sums specified to have been actually and in good faith paid in cash. No partnership shall be deemed to be formed until the certificate shall have been filed and recorded.

By § 9, the terms of the partnership are to be published for at least six weeks after the registry.

Section 11, provides for a renewal or continuance of such partnership. The certificate and notice are to be made and given as upon the original formation; and every such partnership which shall be otherwise renewed or continued shall be deemed a general partnership.

The 12th section directs, that upon any alteration in the names of the partners, similar formalities are to be gone through as upon the constitution of the partnership.

By the 24th section, no dissolution by the acts of the parties previous to the time specified shall take place, until a notice of such dissolution shall be filed in the clerk's office.