This and That, p. xxxviii. Obs. 17.-Couples for distinguishing, p. xxxviii. Indefinite Article, p. xl. Obs. 18.-Not to be used to denote the whole, p. xli. Cardinals, p. xlii. Obs. 19. When to spell numbers, p. xlii. Obs. 20.-Use of collective words, p. xlii. Ex. XIII.-Correcting expressions of number, p. xlii. Ordinals, p. xlii. Obs. 21.-Position of the th, p. xlii. Obs. 22.-Choice between cardinals and ordinals, p. xliii. POSSESSIVES, p. xliii. Obs. 23.-No objective genitive in English, p. xliii. as a neuter often condemned, p. xliv. Ex. XIV. Possessives changed to phrases, p. xlvi. APPOSITIVES, p. xlvii. Obs. 28. Two sentences made one, p. xlvii. Obs. 30.-Position of Participle, p. xlviii. Ex. XVI.-Changing position of participle, p. xlviii. PREPOSITION PHRASES, p. 1. Obs. 33-Selection of the appropriate one, p. l. Ex. XVII.-Replacing inappropriate prepositions, p. lv. Obs. 34.-Wrong insertions or omissions, p. lv. Ex. XVIII.-Prepositions removed or inserted, p. lv. Ex. XXI.-Rearrangement to avoid suspense, p. lxii. ADVERBIAL PHRASES, p. lxii. CLAUSES. (See Complex Sentences, pages cix-cxii), p. lxii. Ex. XXII.-Completing sentences, p. lxiii. Auxiliaries, p. lxiv. Obs. 40.-Do and did as expletives, p. lxiv. Obs. 41.-Distinction between shall and will, p. lxv. Ex. XXIV.-Corrections in the same, p. lxvi. Ex. XXVII. Meaning of auxiliaries, p. lxxiii. The Indirect Object, p. lxxiv. Obs. 45.-Series of infinitives ambiguous, p. lxxv. Ex. XXVIII. - Ambiguity shown and avoided, p. lxxv. Modifiers of the Predicate, p. lxxvi. Obs. 47.-Care required in inserting adverbs, p. lxxvi. Obs. 49. When emphatic, the adverb follows, p. lxxvii. Obs. 50.-Adverbs before participles, p. lxxvii. Obs. 51.-Modifiers of special words next to them, p. lxxviii. Obs. 52.-NOT connected with part denied, p. lxxviii. Denial of the subject, p. lxxviii. Universal, p. lxxviii. Partial, p. lxxx. Denial of the predicate, p. lxxx. Denial of a modifier, p. lxxxi. Ex. XXX.-Transferring negation, p. lxxxii. Obs. 53.-Double negatives, p. lxxxii. Ex. XXXI.-Correction of negatives, p. lxxxiii. Obs. 54.-Negative sentences made affirmative, p. lxxxiii. Obs. 55.—“Only" placed near word qualified, p. lxxxiv. Ex. XXXIV.--Corrections of as and so, p. lxxxviii. PREPOSITION PHRASES, p. lxxxviii. PARTICIPLE PHRASES, p. lxxxviii. Arrangement of Phrases, p. lxxxix. ABSOLUTE PHRASES, p. lxxxix. PRIORITY, p. lxxxix. Obs. 58.-(1) Time, (2) place, (3) manner, p. lxxxix. Obs. 60.-Scattering not to produce ambiguity, p. xci. Ex. XXXV.-Correction of use of modifiers, p. xci. SECTION SECOND. COMPLEX SENTENCES. A Complex Sentence is one in which a subordinate sentence is used either as the Subject, as the Object, as the Predicate, or as a Modifier. (For convenience, sentences in which one member begins with "if" are in this volume treated as Compound Sentences, though often considered Complex.) Hence, the Subordinate Sentence must be one of three kinds: (1) a Noun Sentence, (2) an Adjective Sentence, or (3) an Adverb Sentence. NOTE.-The Predicate may be made up of a Copula and a Noun Sentence; as, All things are not what they seem. (1) Noun Sentences occupy the place and follow the construction of nouns, and may therefore be either (a) the Subject, (b) the Object, (c) the Indirect Object, or (d) the Predicate of the principal sentence. Though usually introduced by that, they sometimes begin without it. Thus, (a) That a historian should not record trifles, is perfectly true.-MACAULAY. Whatever is, is right. That you have wronged me, doth appear in this. (b) She knew that his heart was darkened with her shadow.— BYRON. I thought ten thousand swords must have leaped from their scabbards, to avenge even a look that threatened her with insult.-BURKE. I perceive you feel the dint of pity. (c) I was taught in my youth that to know how to wait is the secret of success. (d) I am not what I used to be. EXERCISE XXXVI.-Point out the Noun, the Adjective, and the Adverb sentences in the following exercise, and tell how each is used. Example.-She is eight years old, is a noun sentence, used as the object of said. She was eight years old, she said. What you say is true. The dog is where it ought to be. What touches us ourselves shall be last served. Yes! thy proud lords, unpitied land! shall see That man hath yet a soul. That malice, not repentance, brought thee hither, That is what I told you. I fear our purpose is discovered. That they are free, they know. Man cannot cover what God would reveal. That some one had blundered soon became apparent. By my word, the Saxon said, The riddle is already read. You said the enemy would not come down. That they escaped unhurt seems a miracle. I trow they did not part in scorn. EXERCISE XXXVII.-Fill the following blanks by in serting Noun Sentences: Young people too often imagine No one can deny It is easy to prove not being present was. A glance at the map of Europe will show us Time will discover Leaves are to plants. His courage and success illustrate the proverb been called the golden rule. has requires no demonstration. The king could not understand than to ask -. is concluded, we shall know has often been observed - I am more willing to give doth appear in this. When the trial We believe, and. It is right. After the accident, - He the children gathered round their father, and asked complains of our being late, but he did not tell us tried every means, but I cannot discover — Though we have sought him everywhere, we cannot tell I have is a traitor. Obs. 61.—When the noun sentence is (a) a Direct Quotation, or (b) is preceded by an interrogative pronoun, no connecting particle is required. Thus, (a) Buffon used to say, "Genius is patience." "Genius is common sense intensified," is another definition. (b) I know not who you are, or what you want. Obs. 62.-Even when a speech is reported in the third person, it often adds life, and sometimes adds clearness, to omit the that. Thus, "He said he took it ill," or, "He took it ill, he said," is better than "He said that he took it ill." Obs. 63.-Dependent clauses introduced by that must be kept clear from those that are independent. Thus, "He replied that he wished to go, and intended to get ready," may mean, "He replied and he intended," or, "and that he intended." EXERCISE XXXVIII.-Change the following passages from the Direct to the Indirect mode of speech. Example.-I said within myself that I had behaved very ill, but that I had only just set out on my travels, and should learn better manners as I got along. "I have behaved very ill," said I within myself; "but I have only just set out on my travels, and shall learn better manners as I get along." |