are very numerous. Cattle are few and poor. stern and sombre. "Above all other countries in the world," says Dean Stanley, "it is a land The roads being impracticable for wheeled of ruins. In Judea it is hardly an exaggera- vehicles, camels are the principal beasts of tion to say that, while for miles and miles burden. Asses and mules are much used for there is no appearance of present life or habi- riding, and fine Arabian horses are sometimes tation, except the occasional goatherd on the met with. The chief wild animals are bears, hillside or gathering of women at the wells, wild boars, panthers, hyænas, jackals, wolves, there is hardly a hilltop of the many within foxes, and gazelles. Lions, which were found sight which is not covered with the vestiges of here in ancient times, are now extinct. Birds some fortress or city of former ages. The ruins are few in number, though there are many diswe now see are of the most distant ages: Sara- tinct species, among which may be mentioned cenic, crusading, Roman, Grecian, Jewish, ex- the eagle, vulture, osprey, kite, hawk, crow, tending perhaps even to the old Canaanitish owl, cuckoo, kingfisher, woodpecker, woodremains before the arrival of Joshua." (See cock, partridge, quail, stork, heron, pelican, BASHAN.)-Palestine has a mild and steady cli- swan, goose, and duck. Venomous serpents mate, with a rainy season in the latter part of are unknown, and the most noxious animals autumn, winter and a dry and almost rainless are scorpions. Mosquitoes are very common, season constituting the rest of the year. The and bees are extremely plentiful, depositing heat of summer is oppressive in the low lands, their honey in hollow trees and holes in the especially in the deep depression of the Jordan rocks. Locusts occasionally appear in vast valley, but not among the hills; and the cold swarms and devour every species of vegetaof winter is not sufficient to freeze the ground, tion.-The present inhabitants of Palestine though snow sometimes falls to the depth of are a mixed race of very varied origin. The a foot at Jerusalem. Though the mountains Mohammedans are the dominant and most nuhave an exceedingly barren appearance, the merous sect, and are composed of a few Turks plains and valleys are remarkably fertile. The who occupy the higher government situations, valley S. of Bethlehem is irrigated and culti- and of the great body of the common people, vated with care, and has a rich and beauti- who are descended from mixed Arab, Greek, ful appearance. The hill country of the south and ancient Syrian ancestors, the last element is dryer and less productive than that of the greatly preponderating. They are noble-looknorth. In ancient times even the mountains ing, graceful, and courteous, but illiterate, were cultivated by means of terraces; but in fanatical, and indolent. The Christians are consequence of wars and the depopulation of almost entirely of Syrian race, descendants of the country, the terraces have been neglected those who occupied the country when it was and broken down, and the soil of the mountains conquered by the Saracens. They belong swept by rains and torrents into the valleys. mostly to the Greek church, of which there On some of the hills, however, the terraces is a patriarch at Jerusalem, who has ecclesihave been rebuilt, and planted with olives, astical jurisdiction over the whole of Syria. figs, and the vine; but the greater part are Under him are eight bishops, whose sees are either bare or covered with a rough growth of Nazareth, Acre, Lydda, Gaza, Sebaste, Nablus, stunted oak. There are now no forests, and Philadelphia, and Petra. There are also a most of the trees of the country are small. few Maronites and Roman Catholics in the The olive, fig, and pomegranate are largely large towns, and in Jerusalem about 200 Arcultivated, and are the most common trees. menians under a patriarch of their own faith. Besides these are the terebinth or turpentine The Jews, mostly from Spain, with a few tree, the oak, sycamore, mulberry, pine, pis- from Poland and Germany, are about 10,000 tachio, laurel, cypress, myrtle, almond, apri- in number, and live almost exclusively in the cot, walnut, apple, pear, orange, and lemon. towns of Jerusalem, Hebron, Tiberias, and The number of shrubs and wild flowers is very Safet. The population is less than one tenth great, and always attracts the attention of of what it was in ancient times.-Palestine travellers; and there is such a prevalence of was first known as Canaan. But this name anemones, wild tulips, poppies, and other red was confined to the country between the Mediflowers, as to give a scarlet color to the land-terranean and the Jordan, the principal region scape. Palestine has always been famous for its grapes, which are remarkable alike for size and flavor. The chief agricultural productions are wheat, barley, maize, and rye. Rice is grown on the marshy borders of the Jordan and some of the lakes. Peas, beans, and potatoes are cultivated, and also tobacco, cotton, and sugar cane. The agriculture is of a rude and negligent character; the fields are seldom fenced, the few divisions being by dilapidated stone walls, or by irregular hedges of the prickly pear. More attention is paid to pastoral pursuits, and flocks of sheep and goats E. of that river being called the land of Gilead. Palestine was subsequently called the land of promise, the land of Israel, Judah, Judea, and the Holy Land. The term Judea, though in later periods of Jewish history frequently applied to the whole country, belonged, strictly speaking, only to the southern portion of it. In the earliest times in which Palestine or Canaan becomes known to us, it was divided among various tribes, whom the Jews called collectively Canaanites. The precise locality of these nations is not in every case distinctly known. The Kenites, the Kenizzites, the Kad monites, and a part of the Amorites lived E. of the Jordan; while W. of that river dwelt the Hittites, the Perizzites, the Jebusites, and most of the Amorites, in the hill country of the south; the Canaanites proper, in the middle; the Girgashites, along the E. border of the lake of Gennesaret; and the Hivites, mostly in the north among the mountains of Lebanon. The southern part of the coast was occupied by the Philistines and the northern by the Phoenicians. After the conquest of Canaan by the Israelites under Moses and Joshua, the land was distributed among the tribes. Judah, Simeon, Benjamin, and Dan occupied the south; Ephraim, half of Manasseh, and Issachar, the middle; and Zebulon, Naphtali, and Asher, the north. Reuben, Gad, and the other half of Manasseh were settled beyond the Jordan. After the division into two kingdoms by the secession of the ten tribes (about 975 B. C.), the boundary line between them was the northern limit of the tribe of Benjamin. In the time of Christ Palestine was subject to the Romans, and the country W. of the Jordan was divided into the provinces of Galilee, Samaria, and Judea. Galilee was that part of Palestine N. of the plain of Esdraelon, and was divided into lower or southern and upper or northern Galilee. Samaria occupied nearly the middle of Palestine. Judea as a province corresponded to the N. and W. parts of the ancient kingdom of Judah; but the S. E. portion formed a part of the territory of Iduma. On the other side of the Jordan the country was called Pera, and was divided into eight districts, viz.: 1, Peræa in a limited sense, which was the southernmost district, extending from the river or brook Arnon to the river Jabbok; 2, Gilead, N. of the Jabbok; 3, Decapolis, or the district of ten cities, which, as nearly as can be ascertained, were Scythopolis or Bethshan (which however was on the W. side of the Jordan), Hippos, Gadara, Pella, Philadelphia or Rabbah, Dion, Canatha, Galasa or Gerasa, Raphana, and perhaps Damascus; 4, Gaulonitis, extending N. E. of the upper Jordan and of the lake of Gennesaret; 5, Batanea, E. and S. E. of Gaulonitis; 6, Auranitis, with Ituræa, N. E. of Batanea, now known as the desert of Hauran; 7, Trachonitis, N. of Auranitis; 8, Abilene, in the extreme north, among the mountains of Anti-Libanus.-The earlier part of the history of Palestine is treated in the article HEBREWS. The country remained subject to the Roman and Byzantine emperors for more than six centuries after Christ. The Jews, after frequent rebellions, in one of which, A. D. 70, Jerusalem was destroyed by Titus, were mostly driven from the country and scattered as slaves or exiles over the world. With the spread of Christianity, Palestine became the resort of vast numbers of pilgrims, and Jerusalem was made the seat of a patriarch. The emperor Constantine and his mother Helena erected throughout the land costly memorials of Christian faith, marking with churches, chapels, or altars every spot supposed to have been the scene of the acts of the Saviour. In 614 the Persians under Chosroes II. invaded Palestine, and, assisted by the Jews to the number of 26,000, captured Jerusalem. It was regained by Heraclius, but was conquered by the Mohammedan Arabs in 637. For the next two centuries the country was the scene of civil war between the rival factions of the Ommiyade, the Abbasside, and the Fatimite caliphs. From the middle of the 8th century it was a province of the Abbasside caliphs of Bagdad till 969, when it fell under the power of the Fatimite rulers of Egypt. In 1076-7 it was conquered by the Seljuk Turks, but in 1096 it was regained by the Egyptian sultans, in whose possession it was when invaded by the crusaders in the following year. The crusaders made Godfrey of Bouillon ruler of Jerusalem, and he and his successors reigned in Palestine till Jerusalem was retaken by Sultan Saladin in 1187, and the Christian kingdom overthrown. Two years afterward another crusade was undertaken under Philip, king of France, Richard I. of England,' and the emperor Frederick Barbarossa of Germany. It did not regain Jerusalem, but partially restored the Christian rule upon the coast. Another crusade in 1216, chiefly of Hungarians and Germans, met with little more success. Still another, undertaken by the emperor Frederick II. in 1228, resulted in the recovery of Jerusalem, and the Christian dominion was reestablished over a considerable extent of territory; but after various vicissitudes of fortune, and in spite of repeated succors from Europe, it finally yielded to the arms of the Egyptian Mamelukes in 1291. The sultans of Egypt held it till 1517, when it was conquered by the Turks, in whose possession it has remained till the present time, with the exception of a brief occupation in 1839-41 by the forces of the rebellious pasha of Egypt, Mehemet Ali.-Much attention has been given in recent times to the careful exploration of Palestine, with important results in the identification of places named in Scripture. This began with the work of Dr. Edward Robinson, the results of which were published in his "Biblical Researches" (3 vols. 8vo, Boston, 1841) and "Later Researches" (1856). Among the most recent explorations have been those of the British society organized in 1865 under the name of the "Palestine Exploration Fund,” the reports of which appear in the work of Captains Wilson and Warren, entitled "The Recovery of Jerusalem" (8vo, London, 1871), and in quarterly statements issued since that work. Among the results of the English explorations have been the trigonometrical survey of a great part of Samaria and Judea, the discovery of some remarkable Greek inscriptions of Christian origin within the Haram enclosure at Jerusalem, and the identification of a great number of Biblical and classical sites, among which are the rock Etam, Alexandrium, Chozeba, Maarath, the cliff of Ziz, Hareth, by Pope Julius III., to whom he had dedi- Ziph, Maon, the hill of Hachilah, the Levitical city of Debir, Eebatana (a Roman city on Mt. Carmel), Archelais, Sycaminum, Eshtaol, Seneh (the scene of Jonathan's victory and the site of the Philistine camp), the rock Oreb, the wine press of Zeeb, the altar of Ed, the high place of Gibeon, the city of Nob, and the cave of Adullam. Among the latest identifications is Bethabara, the scene of the baptizing by John, which Lieut. C. E. Conder in 1875 fixed at the ford known as Makhadet Abara, holding that | it is a different place from the Bethabara of the book of Judges. The American "Palestine Exploration Society," organized in 1871, sent out expeditions in 1872 under command of Lieut. Edgar L. Steever, jr., and in 1874 under Prof. H. M. Paine. This society has left the region about Jerusalem to the British organization already in the field, and has undertaken to survey the region E. of the Jor-ly of masses, psalms, motets, and madrigals, dan. It has published the results of its work in three "Statements," issued in 1871, 1873, and 1875. The report of 1875 states that Mt. Pisgah has been identified with the S. W. summit of a triple mountain called by the Arabs Jebel Siaghah, about 10 m. E. of the N. end of the Dead sea. (See PISGAH.)—Among the most important works on Palestine, besides those already named, are those of Kitto, "Palestine" (London, 1841); Munk, Palestine: description géographique, historique et archéologique (Paris, 1845; German ed. by M. A. Levy, Breslau, 1871); Lynch, "Official Report of the Expedi- PALEY. I. William, an English theologian, born tion to the Dead Sea" (8vo, Philadelphia, 1849); in Peterborough in July, 1743, died May 25, Churchill, "Mount Lebanon" (4 vols. 8vo, 1805. He graduated at Christ's college, CamLondon, 1853-'62); Stanley, "Sinai and Pales- bridge, as senior wrangler, in 1763, and after tine" (8vo, 1855); Prime, "Tent Life in the teaching for three years returned to his college Holy Land" (12mo, New York, 1857); Porter, as fellow, became a tutor, and lectured on moral "Handbook for Travellers in Syria and Pales- philosophy and divinity. In 1775 he became tine" (2 vols., London, 1858; 2d ed., 1868); rector of Musgrove in Westmoreland, and shortThomson, "The Land and the Book" (2 vols. ly after married. After other preferments, he 8vo, New York, 1859); Tristram, "Topogra- was made in 1782 archdeacon of Carlisle. In phy of the Holy Land" (8vo, 1872); and Rit- 1785 appeared his "Principles of Moral and ter, Die Erdkunde, vols. xiv.-xvii., translated Political Economy," the copyright of which into English under the title of "Comparative brought him £1,000. He published "Horæ PauGeography of Palestine and the Sinaitic Pen-line" in 1790, and "Reasons for Contentment" insula" (4 vols. 8vo, Edinburgh, 1866). PALESTRINA (anc. Præneste), a town of Italy, in the province and 23 m. E. S. E. of Rome; pop. about 6,000. It is built almost entirely on the site of the ancient temple of Fortune, which after its restoration by Sulla occupied the whole lower slope of the hill, more than 2,000 ft. high, with a citadel on the summit, which was replaced by a medieval castle. The only notable buildings are the deserted Barberini palace and the church of San Rosario, with tombs of the Barberini and Colonna families, the latter preponderating here during the middle ages. (See PRÆNESTE.) PALESTRINA, Giovanni Pietro Aloisio da, an Italian composer, born in Palestrina in 1524, died in Rome, Feb. 2, 1594. In 1551, having gained some distinction as a composer, he was admitted among the singers of the pontifical chapel, and a few years later was made chapelmaster is grave and learned. A Stabat Mater, and specimens of his masses, motets, and madrigals, have been published by A. E. Choron, but the greater part of his works are to be found only in the large libraries of Europe. Some of his masses and motets are still employed in the service of the Roman Catholic church, and three of his motets adapted to versions of the Psalms are in use in the English cathedral service.-See Baini, Memorie della vita e delle opere di Palestrina (2 vols. 4to, Rome, 1828; German, Leipsic, 1834). in 1791. In 1794 appeared his "View of the Evidences of Christianity," and three additional preferments were immediately conferred on him, one of them worth £1,000 per annum. His political sentiments prevented his preferment to a bishopric. In 1802 he published his "Natural Theology." His ethical theory denies the existence of a moral sense or any original moral constitution of human nature, and makes the expectation of future reward or punishment the only motive of virtuous action. Utility is the ground of obligation, but it must be determined with reference to remote as well as direct efforts, to eternity as well as time. Applying this principle to politics, he makes the "will of God as collected from expediency" the ground of civil obedience. If an illegitimate government has become peaceably established so that it advances the good of the subjects, public utility requires that it should PÁLFFY, Albert, a Hungarian author, born in Grosswardein in 1813. He studied law, but devoted himself to literature at Pesth, and after the revolution of March, 1848, founded the ultra-radical journal Marczius tizenötödike ("The 15th of March"), which promoted the patriotic excitement. He received an office from the revolutionary authorities, but denounced them as too conservative, and was imprisoned for a time in 1849. He afterward lived abroad till 1861, when he returned to Pesth. He has published several novels. be obeyed; but if a legitimate government is injurious to the public welfare, it should be overthrown. He affirms that the "divine right of kings is on the same footing with the divine right of constables," namely, the law of the land. "The final view," he says, "of all natural politics is to produce the greatest amount of happiness." Expediency prevails even in his view of religious establishments, no one form of which, he contends, is a part of Christianity. The authority of the church is founded on its utility. His greatest work is his "Natural Theology," designed to demonstrate the existence and perfections of God from the evidences of design in the adaptations of nature. The proof is entirely a posteriori, no appeal being made to man's moral instincts or a priori ideas. An annotated edition by Lord Brougham and Sir Charles Bell was published in 1836 (2 vols. 8vo), to which were added by the former in 1839 "Dissertations on Subjects connected with Natural Theology" (2 vols.), and a "Discourse of Natural Theology." A complete edition of his works was edited by his son, the Rev. Edmund Paley (4 vols., London, 1838). The best biography is that by Meadley (1839). II. Frederick Apthorp, an English author, grandson of the preceding, born at Easingwold, near York, in 1816. He graduated at St. John's college, Cambridge, in 1838, continuing his residence till 1846, when he became a Roman Catholic. He is now (1875) classical examiner in the university of London. He has published several architectural and ecclesiological works, the most important of which are a "Manual of Gothic Mouldings" (8vo, London, 1845), and "A Manual of Gothic Architecture" (1846). He has edited with notes Eschylus, Euripides, Hesiod, Ovid's Fasti, Propertius, Theocritus, Homer's Iliad, and other works, and has translated into English the plays of Eschylus (1864) and the odes of Pindar (1869). PALFREY, John Gorham, an American author, born in Boston, May 2, 1796. He graduated at Harvard college in 1815, studied theology, and in June, 1818, was ordained minister of the Congregational church in Brattle square, Boston. From 1831 to 1839 he was professor of sacred literature in Harvard university, and from 1835 to 1842 was editor of the "North American Review." In 1842 he delivered before the Lowell institute in Boston a course of lectures on the "Evidences of Christianity," which were afterward published (2 vols., 1843). This was followed by "Lectures on the Jewish Scriptures and Antiquities" (4 vols., 1838–'52). He had previously published "Harmony of the Gospels" (1831), "Sermons" (1834), and "Academical Lectures" (1838), besides occasional sermons, &c. In 1842-3 he was a member of the Massachusetts legislature, and from 1844 for several years secretary of state of Massachusetts. In 1846 he wrote a series of newspaper articles on "The Progress of the Slave Power," which were collected into a volume. He was elected to congress as a whig in 1846; but having in December, 1847, refused on antislavery grounds to vote for Robert C. Winthrop as speaker, he was defeated at the next election (1848), after an animated contest in which there were 17 ballotings. Meanwhile he had become a leader of the freesoilers, and in 1851 was one of the editors of the "Commonwealth," the chief organ of that party in New England. He was also the unsuccessful candidate of the party for governor of the state. He afterward devoted himself to literature, but from 1861 to 1866 was postmaster at Boston. In 1852 he published a review of Lord Mahon's PÁLFFY, a Hungarian family founded by Count Conrad of Altenburg, ambassador of the emperor Conrad II. in Hungary, in the 11th century, whose descendants formed in the following century the houses of Konth and Hédervár. Paul II. of the former branch assumed the name Pálffy (son of Paul), to which his descendant Paul III. added that of Erdöd, the family name of his wife. Nicholas II., grandson of the latter (1550-1600), gave celebrity to the family by his prowess against the Turks; and his son Stephen II. was made a count in 1634. Subsequently there were other branches of the house, and the representative of the elder branch, Joseph Francis (17641827), a descendant of Nicholas II., was made a prince in 1807. The most distinguished soldier among the younger branch was Count John IV. (1659-1751), who restored peace in Hungary in 1711 by the treaty of Szatmár, and was appointed governor general there by Maria Theresa in 1741. The family is still prominent in Hungary. 66 History of England," and in 1854 "Remarks on the proposed Constitutional Amendments," and "The Relation between Judaism and Christianity." The first volume of his " History of New England" was published in 1858, the second in 1860, and the third in 1865, bringing it down to 1688.-His daughter, SARAH HAMMOND, under the nom de plume of E. Foxton, has published "Prémices," a volume of poems (1855), "Herman" (1866), and "Agnes Wentworth" (1869). PALGRAVE. I. Sir Francis, an English author, born in London in July, 1788, died at Hampstead, July 6, 1861. He belonged to a Jewish family named Cohen, which name he exchanged for that of Palgrave, the maiden name of his wife's mother. He studied law, and was man knowl field of missionary enterprise into the unexplored countries of central Arabia, he submitted his project to the general of the society and the propaganda, who gave it their approbation, while the French government, as the protector of the Syrian missions, furnished the necessary funds. He set out from Maan on the western verge of the Sherarat desert June 16, 1862, travelled under the disguise of a physician through the territories subject to the Wahabees, escaped from their capital, Riyad, with great risk to his life, Nov. 24, and arrived at Katif, in Hasa, Dec. 22. After having suffered shipwreck on the coast of Oman, he returned to Europe through Bagdad and Aleppo. He left the society of Jesus in 1864, and published "Personal Narrative of a Year's Journey through Central and Eastern Arabia" (2 vols., London, 1865), receiving for it the gold medal of the French geographical society. In July, 1865, Palgrave was sent to the East on a special mission for the release of the English and other prisoners held by the Abyssinian monarch Theodore. He remained in Egypt till June, 1866, when he returned to England, and was appointed consul at Sukhum-Kalé July 23, and at Trebizond May 20, 1867. He is at present (1875) consul at St. Thomas, West Indies. In 1872 he published "Essays on Eastern Questions" and "Hermann Agha," and in 1875 "Alkamah's Cave, a Story of Nejd." aging clerk in a law office till 1822, when he was employed by the commissioners of records. He had edited a collection of AngloNorman chansons in 1818, but first became known as the editor of the "Parliamentary Writs," published by the commissioners of public records (4 vols. fol., 1827-'34). He was admitted to the bar at the Inner Temple in 1827. In 1831 he published a pamphlet on "Conciliatory Reform," and a History of England: the Anglo-Saxon Period," in Murray's "Family Library." About the same time he was elected fellow of the royal society and of the society of antiquaries. In 1832 he was knighted "for his general services and his attention to constitutional and parliamentary literature." His "Rise and Progress of the English Commonwealth" (2 vols. 4to, 1832) is devoted to the Anglo-Saxon polity and manners, and is especially valuable to the student of English jurisprudence. In 1833 he was appointed by the king one of 20 commissioners to inquire into the existing state of the municipal corporations of England and Wales; but dissenting from the report of the majority of the commission, he presented his own views in a "Protest" (1835). On the reconstruction of the record office in 1838 he was appointed deputy keeper of her majesty's public records, and continued in this office till his death. His other works are: Rotuli Curia Regis (2 vols., 1835); "Calendars and Inventories of the Treasury of the Exchequer" (3 vols., 1836); "Documents illustrating the History of Scotland" | (1837); "Truths and Fictions of the Middle Ages: the Merchant and the Friar" (1837); Essay upon the Authority of the King's Couneil" (1844); and "History of Normandy and England" (4 vols., 1851-'64). He also wrote the first edition of Murray's "Handbook to North Italy," and was for many years a constant contributor to the "Quarterly Review." II. Francis Turner, an English poet, son of the preceding, born in London, Sept. 28, 1824. He completed his education at Oxford, and was successively vice principal of a normal college, assistant in the educational department of the privy council, and private secretary to Earl Granville. His principal works are: "Idyls and Songs" (London, 1854); "Essays on Art" (1866); "A Life of Sir Walter Scott" (1867); "Hymns" (1867; enlarged ed., 1868); and "Lyrical Poems" (1871). III. William Gifford, brother of the preceding, born in Westminster, Jan. 24, 1826. He graduated at Oxford in 1846, and in 1847 was commissioned as second lieutenant in the 8th Bombay native infantry. He left India in 1853, resigned his commission, joined the Roman Catholic church, and became a member of the society of Jesus. After his novitiate he completed his theological studies in the Jesuit seminary at Laval, was ordained priest, and at his own request was sent to the Jesuit mission in Syria, where his intimate knowledge of Arabic gave promise of special usefulness. Wishing to extend the PALIKAO, Charles Guillaume Marie Apollinaire Antoine Cousin-Montauban, count de, a French soldier, born in Paris, June 24, 1796. In early life he served in the French army in Spain, and afterward in Algeria, where he became a general of division in 1855. In 1858-'9 he held various commands in France, and in 1860 distinguished himself as commander in China, in conjunction with the English forces, especially at Pa-li-kia-ho (Sept. 21), whence his title. The spoliation of the Chinese summer palace near Peking caused the legislative body to disallow the annuity of 50,000 francs which had been proposed for him; but it was discovered in 1872 that the emperor had appropriated 600,000 francs from the Chinese indemnity for the benefit of Palikao, without a shadow of authority. In August, 1870, after the first reverses of the French arms, he succeeded Emile Ollivier as prime minister, and acted at the same time as minister of war. ized a large force at Châlons, formed several new army corps, placed Trochu in command of Paris, published fictitious reports of victories, and was held in a great measure responsible for the disaster of Sedan, after which he fled to Belgium. In December, 1871, he published a vindication of his administration. He organ PALI LANGUAGE. See INDIA, RACES AND LANGUAGES OF, vol. ix., p. 216. PALIMPSEST (Gr. παλίμψηστος, from πάλιν, again, and ñv, to rub), a parchment which has been written upon twice or oftener, the prior writing having been erased and the surface prepared for the new by rubbing. The |