The ministry brought forward a bill for the government of India, which excited the fiercest opposition and was defeated in the house of lords. The ministry resigned, and Pitt succeeded as prime minister, being appointed first lord of the treasury and chancellor of the exchequer. He took office surrounded by difficulties of the most formidable kind. Among his colleagues in the house of commons there was not a single orator of note, while the opposition was led by Fox, Burke, Sheridan, and North. His policy, however, was from the outset firm and unflinching. He maintained the contest with haughty resolution from Dec. 17, 1783, to March 8, 1784, notwithstanding he was defeated in 16 divisions. Though the house of commons was hostile, the king and the people gave him the warmest support. In the midst of the struggle the clerkship of the pells, a sinecure place worth £3,000 a year for life, and one that could be held together with a seat in parliament, became vacant. Everybody thought that Pitt, whose whole private income was only £300 a year, would appoint himself; but he gave the office to Col. Barré, who was old and blind. The courage and determination of the young premier at length triumphed. The opposition majority was reduced to one, and parliament was dissolved with the coalition of Fox and North demoralized and practically defeated. The appeal to the country met with an enthusiastic response, 160 of the coalition members losing their seats, and Pitt being returned at the head of the poll for the university of Cambridge. He was now, at the age of 25, the greatest subject that England had seen for many generations. No minister in modern times had ever been so powerful and so popular. In 1784 he secured the passage of a bill establishing a new constitution for the East India company. On March 29, 1786, in a speech of six hours, delivered without notes and without a moment's hesitation, he brought forward a scheme for the redemption of the national debt by means of a sinking fund, and supported it by a vast and elaborate array of figures and arguments. It was agreed to by the house without a single dissentient vote. The same year he negotiated a liberal commercial treaty with France. George III. becoming insane in the autumn of 1788, the opposition, with whom the prince of Wales (afterward George IV.) had affiliated, contended that the prince was as a matter of course entitled to the full powers of the crown. Pitt maintained that it belonged to parliament to determine with what degree of power the regent should be intrusted. The people sided with Pitt, and supported him with enthusiasm during a long and violent contest on the subject; and when that contest was terminated by the king's unexpected recovery, the popularity of the minister was greater than ever. At this time Pitt, who was always strongly opposed to slavery and the slave trade, carried by his eloquence and determination, against

the opposition of some of his own colleagues, a bill to mitigate the horrors of the middle passage. He looked at first with approbation on the French movement for constitutional liberty, but in common with the vast majority of the English nation he was shocked and revolted by the atrocities of the revolutionists. He however labored hard to avert the war with France, but was at length forced by popular pressure and the current of events into hostilities. His military administration was feeble and unskilful. For a long series of years the operations of the English on land were marked only by inefficiency, blunders, and disasters; and on sea for a long while affairs went little better. Pitt had made his elder brother, the earl of Chatham, first lord of the admiralty, a post for which he was totally unfitted; and nothing was done by the navy till Earl Spencer succeeded him, under whose administration two great naval victories were won within a year. Yet in spite of his blunders and failures in foreign expeditions, Pitt's extraordinary genius as a parliamentary leader continued to him the absolute control of the house of commons, and at length the opposition to him there substantially vanished away. In 1799 the largest minority that could be mustered on any question was only 25 votes. Most of the leaders of the opposition had given in their adhesion to the administration, and Fox, the greatest of them all, had withdrawn from the field. In his domestic policy Pitt was vigorous and severe, and effectually repressed the revolutionary spirit in the British islands by a series of high-handed measures and arbitrary enactments which rendered him exceedingly odious to the liberal part of the people. He formed great plans however for the benefit of Ireland, but could only effect the legislative union with Great Britain, his project of Catholic emancipation being defeated by the obstinate prejudices of the king. Finding the monarch immovable on this point, Pitt resigned (March, 1801), and Addington became premier. Pitt at first made no opposition to the new ministry, and for a considerable period lived in retirement, so embarrassed in circumstances, after 18 years of absolute power, as to have serious thoughts of returning to his profession for subsistence. But when in May, 1803, the ambitious designs of Napoleon drove England to break the peace of Amiens, he appeared in parliament and made a great speech in favor of the war. In the following year the weakness of Addington and his colleagues became so apparent that the king was forced to recall Pitt to the head of affairs. He desired to form a cabinet of the first men in the kingdom, but on account of the prejudices of the king, the new government was formed chiefly of the wreck of Addington's administration, with the addition of a few personal friends of the premier, of whom Harrowby, Melville, and Canning were the most eminent. Pitt was soon beset with troubles of fearful

magnitude. He was deprived by various causes of his ablest coadjutors. Harrowby fell sick, and Melville was disgraced and ejected from office for questionable pecuniary transactions. Napoleon was everywhere victorious in spite of the mighty coalitions which the skill of Pitt and the money of England formed against him. Pitt grew ill with anxiety and grief. The surrender of the Austrian army at Ulm gave him a shock from which he never fully recovered, though four days later the news of the victory of Trafalgar for a moment revived his spirits. He finally gave way on hearing of the battle of Austerlitz, and died in a few weeks. He was honored by parliament with a public funeral, and his remains were deposited near those of his father in Westminster abbey.See "Life of William Pitt," by Earl Stanhope (4 vols., London, 1861-'2; 3d ed., 1867).

PITTACUS, one of the seven wise men of Greece, born in Mytilene in Lesbos about 652 B. C., died there in 569. He was the son of a Thracian, Hyrradius, and a Lesbian woman, and is first mentioned as engaged in a conspiracy with the brothers of the poet Alcæus, by which Melanchrus, tyrant of Mytilene, was slain about 612. About this time also he commanded the Mytileneans in a war with the Athenians for the possession of Sigeum in the Troad. Though the Mytileneans were defeated, Pittacus slew Phrynon, the leader of the enemy, an Olympic victor, whom he overcame by entangling him in a net. For his conduct he was offered great rewards, but would take only so much land as he could throw his spear over; this he set apart for religious use, and it was known to a late age as "the Pittacian land." Mytilene was soon after agitated by the conflict between several successive tyrants and the aristocratic party, the latter of which was led by Alcæus and his brother. These were at length worsted and banished, but kept Mytilene in a state of alarm by their efforts to return, so that the inhabitants finally chose Pittacus, who belonged to the democratic party, as a ruler with absolute power, under the title of asymnetes, an office which differed from that of tyrant in being elective. This office Pittacus administered, apparently very wisely, from 589 to 579; but his enemies accused him of tyranny, and the lost poems of Alcæus abounded with bitter invectives against

him.

He enacted, among other laws, that offences committed in a state of intoxication should be visited with double penalties. The maxim, Kaɩpóv yvūɩ (“Know your opportunity"), is attributed to him. He was celebrated as an elegiac poet; but only a few lines of his are extant, preserved by Diogenes Laërtius.

PITTSBURGH, the second city of Pennsylvania in population and importance, county seat of Allegheny co., at the confluence of the Alleghany and Monongahela rivers, which here form the Ohio, 466 m. above Cincinnati, and 250 m. W. by N. of Philadelphia; lat. 40° 26' 34" N., lon. 80° 2' 38" W.; pop. in 1800, 1,565;

ers.

in 1810, 4,768; in 1820, 7,248; in 1830, 12,542; in 1840, 21,115; in 1850, 46,601; in 1860, 49,221; in 1870, 86,076, of whom 2,015 were colored and 27,822 foreigners, including 13,119 natives of Ireland, 8,703 of Germany, 2,838 of England, 1,036 of Wales, and 584 of Scotland. There were 16,182 families and 14,224 dwellings. Of the 29,854 persons 10 years old and upward returned as engaged in occupations, 444 were employed in agriculture, 11,077 in professional and personal services, 5,963 in trade and transportation, and 12,370 in manufactures, including 2,542 iron and steel workThe old city occupied the delta between the Alleghany and Monongahela, to which were annexed in 1872 the boroughs of Allentown, Birmingham, East Birmingham, Monongahela, Mount Washington, Ormsby, Saint Clair, South Pittsburgh, Temperanceville, Union, and West Pittsburgh, on the S. side of the Monongahela, and in 1874 the township of Wilkins, adjoining it on the east. These additions in 1870 had an aggregate population of 35,723, raising the population of the consolidated city in that year to 121,799. The population in 1875 is estimated by local authorities at 140,000, and including Allegheny City on the opposite bank of the Alleghany river and other suburbs within 5 m. of the court house, at 210,000. The land between the rivers rises toward the east to a height of from 400 to 500 ft. above the Ohio. The city is substantially and compactly built, and contains many fine residences, particularly in the E. part. A large number of the principal avenues are graded and paved. Among the public buildings are the court house, a solid stone edifice surmounted by a dome; the custom house, a commodious stone structure, which also accommodates the post office and the United States courts; the municipal hall, costing $750,000, with a massive central tower and granite front; the mercantile library, costing $250,000, containing a reading room and having 15,000 volumes; the Roman Catholic cathedral of St. Paul, an imposing edifice of brick, with two spires and a dome over the choir; St. Peter's and Trinity (Episcopal) churches; the first Baptist church; the first and third Presbyterian churches; the United States arsenal; and several large and substantial public school buildings. Allegheny cemetery is handsomely laid out. The surrounding country abounds in coal and iron. The extent of its iron manufactures has given Pittsburgh the appellation of "iron city," while the heavy clouds of smoke that constantly hang over it, produced by burning bituminous coal in all the dwellings and manufacturing establishments, have caused it to be styled the "smoky city." Seven bridges span the Alleghany river, and five the Monongahela. Horse cars run through the principal streets and to the suburbs. The Pennsylvania, the Allegheny Valley, and the Pittsburgh, Washington, and Baltimore railroads afford direct connection with the east

-The city is divided into 37 wards, and is governed by a mayor, a select council of 74 members (two from each ward), and a common council of 44 members. It has a police force and an efficient fire department. Water works on a magnificent scale are in course of construction, to cost from $4,000,000 to $6,000,000. | The assessed value of property is $172,000,000. The city debt amounts to about $13,000,000, and the real estate owned by the municipality is estimated to be worth about the same sum. The state supreme court for the western district meets here, and two sessions of the United States courts for the western district of Pennsylvania are held here annually. Among the principal charitable institutions are the western Pennsylvania hospital, with a department for the insane at Dixmont, on the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne, and Chicago railroad; the city general hospital, the homoeopathic hospital and dispensary, the Pittsburgh infirmary, the Pittsburgh free dispensary, the mercy hospital, the home for destitute men and young men's home, the Episcopal church home, the home for destitute women, and the Roman Catholic orphan asylum. The city is divided into 36 school districts, and the public schools are under the control of a board of education consisting of one member from each district. There are 53 school houses, and the schools are graded and include a high school. The number of teachers employed during the year ending Sept. 1, 1874, was 383 (56 male and 327 female); number of pupils enrolled, 21,009; average daily attendance, 12,873; value of school property, $1,904,500. The expenditures for the year ending June 1, 1874, amounted to $601,629 19, of which $273,895 08 was for salaries. The Pittsburgh female college (Methodist) is a flourishing institution. The western university of Pennsylvania was founded in 1819. It has a collegiate department, with classical, scientific, and engineering courses, and a preparatory department, with classical and English courses. In 1873-24 the number of instructors was 17; of students, 252, of whom 80 were in the collegiate and 172 in the preparatory department. It has a library of about 2,500 volumes, extensive philo

sophical and chemical apparatus, and a cabinet containing more than 10,000 specimens in geology, conchology, mineralogy, and zoology. Connected with it is an astronomical observatory in Allegheny City. There are two theatres, an opera house, an academy of music, and several public halls. There are 9 daily (3 German), 1 semi-weekly, and 19 weekly (3 German and 1 Welsh) newspapers published. There are 141 churches and chapels, viz.: 4 African Methodist Episcopal, 8 Baptist, 1 Church of God, 1 Congregational, 1 Cumberland Presbyterian, 2 Disciples', 10 Episcopal, 1 Evangelical Association, 1 German Evangelical, 2 Jewish, 9 Lutheran, 6 Methodist, 21 Methodist Episcopal, 1 New Jerusalem, 16 Presbyterian, 5 Reformed, 2 Reformed Presbyterian, 34 Roman Catholic, 1 Unitarian, 11 United Presbyterian, 1 Universalist, 2 Welsh, and 1 Welsh Calvinistic.-The territory in which Pittsburgh is situated was, at the opening of the French and Indian war, claimed by the English under a charter from the crown, strengthened by a treaty with the Iroquois; and the French laid claim on the ground of discovery. In February, 1754, the English began building a stockade at the river junction, but were driven from it in April by a French force under Captain Contrecœur, who proceeded at once to erect a fort, which he called Duquesne, in honor of the governor of Canada. This fort at once became the great centre of all the military operations of the French in this part of the country, and its commanding position rendered its restoration to the English a matter of the first importance. In 1755 Gen. Braddock, at the head of the largest expedition that had ever crossed the Alleghanies, was sent to recapture it. On July 9 he was met and defeated by the French and Indians at a point on the Monongahela 10 m. above the fort. Twelve of the British soldiers taken prisoners on that occasion were burned by the savages. A force of 800 men under Major Grant was cut to pieces in a second attempt to take the fort, Oct. 15, 1858; but a third, by 6,000 men under Gen. Forbes, Nov. 25, 1758, was successful, the French, disheartened by the failure of several attacks on the advancing army, having abandoned and set fire to it on the day preceding. A new and large fort was completed about January, 1759, and was called Fort Pitt, in honor of the British minister. Several expeditions were fitted out against it by the French, but they all failed. In 1764 the first efforts were made toward building a town. In October, 1772, the post was abandoned by the English. A controversy between Pennsylvania and Virginia as to the boundary line was the subject of much negotiation, and gave rise to ill feeling between the two states, Virginia claiming the territory on which the city stands under a charter from James I., and Pennsylvania under a charter from Charles II. A company of Virginians took possession of the fort under an order from the Virginia convention,

Aug. 11, 1775. On Aug. 31, 1779, commission- | ers appointed by the two provinces met in Baltimore, and agreed upon the boundary, which was duly ratified by their respective legislatures. During the excise troubles of 1791-'4, which culminated in the "whiskey insurrection," Pittsburgh was the scene of much violence. It was incorporated as a borough in 1804, and chartered as a city in 1816. In 1845 a conflagration destroyed the entire business quarter, consuming $5,000,000 worth of property.

PITTSBURGH LANDING, Battle of. See SHILOH. PITTSFIELD, the shire town of Berkshire co., Massachusetts, on the Boston and Albany railroad, and at the terminus of the Housatonic and the Pittsfield and North Adams railroads, 130 m. N. N. E. of New York, and 151 m. by rail W. of Boston; pop. in 1860, 8,045; in 1870, 11,112. It is beautifully situated in an elevated valley surrounded by mountains, and is regularly laid out, with houses generally of wood and very neatly built. In the centre of the town is a green, called the park, in which is a handsome monument in memory of the citizens of Pittsfield who fell in the civil war. Around the park are several fine buildings, including the elegant white marble court house, the Congregational church of stone, the building of the Berkshire life insurance company, St. Stephen's Episcopal church, and the building of the Berkshire Athenæum, containing a fine library and collections of local curiosities. On the main street are the handsome marble church of St. Joseph (Roman Catholic) and the fine buildings and grounds of the Maplewood institute for young ladies. The jail is also a fine building. The town is extensively engaged in the manufacture of cotton and woollen goods, paper, silk, machinery, &c. It contains two national banks, with a joint capital of $700,000; a savings bank, with about $2,000,000 deposits; a high school and public schools of inferior grades, with an average attendance of about 2,000 pupils; two weekly newspapers; and nine churches.Pittsfield was incorporated in 1761, and named in honor of William Pitt. It is soon to be organized as a city (1875). The Berkshire medical institution, founded here in 1822, was discontinued in 1869.

PITTSTON, a borough of Luzerne co., Pennsylvania, on the E. bank of the Susquehanna, just below the mouth of the Lackawanna, and on the Lackawanna and Bloomsburg, the Lehigh and Susquehanna, and the Lehigh Valley railroads, 7 m. N. E. of Wilkesbarre, 10 m. S. W. of Scranton, and 105 N. by W. of Philadelphia; pop. in 1870, 6,760; in 1875, about 15,000, including West Pittston and immediate vicinity. It is in the heart of the Wyoming anthracite region, and is the seat of the Pennsylvania coal company's operations, the shipments amounting to from 2,500,000 to 3,000,000 tons a year. It has an important trade, and the abundance and cheapness of coal give it admirable facilities for manufactures. The

principal establishments are a knitting mill, a foundery and machine shop, two planing mills, pottery and terra cotta works, water works, gas works, and extensive stove works. The borough is connected with West Pittston, on the opposite bank, by two fine bridges, and has a street railroad, an opera house, three banks with an aggregate capital of $900,000, good schools, two weekly newspapers, a public library, and 12 churches, embracing nearly all denominations.

PITTSYLVANIA, a S. county of Virginia, bordering on North Carolina, bounded N. by the Staunton, intersected by the Banister through the middle, and drained by the Dan river on the south; area, about 900 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 31,343, of whom 16,084 were colored. It has a diversified surface and fertile soil. The Richmond, Danville, and Piedmont railroad passes through it. The chief productions in 1870 were 125,359 bushels of wheat, 307,657 of Indian corn, 252,787 of oats, 20,332 of Irish and 9,145 of sweet potatoes, and 4,282,511 lbs. of tobacco. There were 2,926 horses, 1,310 mules and asses, 5,031 milch cows, 1,175 working oxen, 6,584 other cattle, 5,664 sheep, and 21,197 swine. Capital, Pittsylvania Court House.

PIURA, an inland city of Peru, capital of the department, province, and district, and on the river of the same name, 523 m. N. W. of Lima; pop. about 15,000. Situated in the midst of a sandy plain, it has pretty good streets, and houses more remarkable for solid construction than architectural symmetry. The climate is very mild and exceedingly dry, Piura being comprised within the rainless zone of the republic. Sulphur, iron, lead, magnesia, lime, and sulphate of soda abound in the province, and petroleum likewise occurs. The cultivated products comprise maize, tobacco, cacao, cotton, and the sugar cane; plantations of the two last of which are fast multiplying in the vicinity of the city, which will be connected by a railway 63 m. in length, to be completed in 1876, with its port, Payta, on the Pacific. The mules of Piura are the best in the republic.-This city, founded by Pizarro in 1531 near its present site, under the name of San Miguel, is the oldest European settlement in Peru.

PIUS, the name of nine popes, of whom the following are the most important. I. Pius I., Saint, born in Aquileia about the year 90, died in Rome in 157. His father's name was Rufinus, and his own surname of Pius was bestowed on him by the Christians of Rome, to whom he ministered from 117 till April 9, 142, when he was chosen to succeed St. Hyginus. During his pontificate, with the aid of Justin Martyr, he combated the errors of Valentinus and Marcion. Some authors attribute to him the first ordinance prescribing that the feast of the resurrection should be held on Sunday. The title of martyr, given him by the Latin church, is considered by some to have been bestowed on account of his unceasing struggles