sonant. Isaac Pitman also, in his later editions, varies from the above consonant table by adopting the signs and y. The ar

and shun, sion (as in vision). In each of these |
pairs the heavy stem is given to the heavy
sound. The simple vowel sounds are written
with a dot or a short dash placed to the con-
sonant signs, distinction between one vowel
and another being secured by writing these
signs to the consonants in three places, namely,
at the beginning, at the middle, and at the end,
and by making them heavy for the long and
light for the short vowels. The four double,
Vowels or diphthongs, the sounds of i in ice,
oi in oil, ow in owl, and ew in new, are usually
represented by small angles, placed in a similar
way to the consonant stems. The following
is the alphabet of phonographic signs:

CONSONANTS.

Explodents.

rangement of the vowels as given in the foregoing scale, namely, ah, à, è, aw, ō, ōō, &c., is the one found in the works of Isaac Pitman and Munson; but Benn Pitman and Graham still adhere to the original arrangement, namely, a, ah, aw, ō, ōō, &c. The three diphthongs authors. Both the Pitmans and Graham write oi, ow, and ew are variously written by different the sounds of w and y, with a following vowel, by means of a small curve placed to the consonant stems in the vowel places, as shown below; the meaning of the signs according to the two vowel scales is indicated by the letters above and below the characters:

Except in regard to the letters w, y, and h, no change has been made in the phonographic consonant signs since the publication of Pitman's second edition in 1840. The old stem sign for h, and the one still given by Benn Pitman and Graham, is; but Isaac Pitman in his later editions adopted the sign (upward) or (downward) for h. H is also sometimes written with a light dot placed before the sign of the vowel which follows it; and in a few instances it is indicated by a tick sign joined to the stem of the succeeding con

A rope,
A rope,

The rule for writing the signs for the vowels when they occur between two consonant stems is as follows: All first-place vowel signs are written to the stem that precedes them; all third-place vowel signs, to the stem that follows them; of second-place vowel signs, those that are long are written to the preceding stem, and those that are short to the following stem. In addition to the simple stems of the alphabet proper, provision is made for still further of compound signs formed from the original abridging the phonographic writing by means simple stems by the addition to them of various hooks, modifications, circles, and loops. In the following table are given all of the hooks and modifications that experience has shown can be safely used by phonographic writers:

It is the practice of all experienced phonogra-
phers to omit generally the signs of the vowels
in writing, it being found that with the aid of
the context no trouble is found in readily read-king
ing the unvocalized consonant outlines or skele-
tons of words. This legibility comes partly
from the fact that, as the vowels form no part
of the outline, their omission does not change
the general appearance of the word. See the
following illustrations:

PHOSPHOR BRONZE, a compound formed by the addition of a small percentage of phosphorus to gun metal (bronze containing from 90 to 91 parts of copper to 9 or 10 of tin), possessing remarkable properties, in some respects like those conferred upon iron by carbon when made into steel. Experiments in maphosphor bronze have been conducted by the Messrs. Montefiore-Levi and Kunzel, near Liége, Belgium. The addition of a little over one half per cent. of phosphorus gives the metal greater fluidity in casting, and greatly increases its strength and elasticity. In trials recently made at the royal academy of industry in Berlin, a bar of phosphor bronze under a constant strain of 10 tons to the square inch resisted 408,230 pulls, while a bar of ordinary bronze broke before the strain of 10 tons to the square inch had been applied. A bar of phosphor bronze under 10 tons strain resisted 862,980 bends, while the best gun metal broke after 102,650 bends. In Austria the following comparative results have been obtained:

me, fall,
the.

my, is, an, The dotted line running across or near some of these characters, and some of the other characters in this article, represents the line or ruling of writing paper. Both the brevity and legibility of phonography are greatly promoted by the use of phrase writing, that is, by joining or embracing two or more words in one outline. The following phrase signs will serve to illustrate this:

When immersed in sea water the best English copper sheets lost during six months over three per cent., while phosphor bronze sheets lost but little more than one per cent. It has been found to be superior to iron or ordinary bronze for the tuyeres of blast furnaces, and the manufacture of phosphor bronze has been commenced in this country.

PHOSPHORESCENCE, the property which some bodies possess of being luminous in the dark without the emission of sensible heat. Physicists generally recognize five kinds, designated as follows: 1, spontaneous phosphorescence; 2, phosphorescence from the effects of heat; 3, from mechanical action; 4, from the action of electricity; 5, by insolation, or exposure to the light of the sun. 1. Spontaneous phosphorescence is seen in certain vegetables and animals. The flowers of certain living plants, especially those of a bright yellow or red color, as the common marigold, sunflower, and oriental poppy, it is said, have been observed to emit flashes of faint light on fine summer evenings a little after sunset. Some plants also give out in the dark a faint continuous light, caused probably by the oxidation of some hydrocarbon which they secrete. The phytolacca decandra (pokeweed) gives out a greenish light in the dark. The milky juice of the cipo de cananum, a Brazilian plant, emits light for sev

has not, as if, as well as, as is, is as, has there, as there is, unless there, cannot, did not, *j* or an, will there, on this. -Phonography is generally employed by reporters in this country and in Great Britain, and is also used by professional men. Since 1871 it has formed one of the regular branches of study in the college of the city of New York. The following is a complete list of phonographic text books published in America, with the dates of their first issue: "The Complete Phonographic Class Book," by S. P. Andrews and A. F. Boyle (1847); “The Phonographic Instructor," by James C. Booth (1850); "The American Manual of Phonography," by Elias Longley (1851); "The Phonographic Teacher," by E. Webster (1852); "The Man-eral hours after being drawn. The rhizomorual of Phonography," by Benn Pitman (1855); "The Handbook of Standard Phonography," by A. J. Graham (1858); and "The Complete Phonographer," by James E. Munson (1866).

pha subterranea, which grows in mines, emits light from its whole surface, and the same phenomenon has been observed in other subterranean plants. More familiar examples of phos

cence of mechanical action, which latter is also often accompanied by electrical effects. 4. If a powerful electric discharge is passed through a lump of sugar, it will shine for several seconds afterward with a beautiful violet light. Many other non-conducting substances may be affected in a similar manner, but the effect never occurs with a good conductor, such as any metal. Bodies may lose the power of becoming phosphorescent by heat or by insolation, but it may be restored by the repeated passage of electric charges through them. M. Alvergniat produces phosphorescence by the action of electricity on chloride or bromide of silicon, in the following manner: A vacuum is made with a mercurial air pump in a glass tube, when the liquid chloride or bromide of silicon is introduced, which fills the space with vapor; the exhaustion is then continued until the pressure is reduced to 12 or 15 millimetres, when the tube is closed by a blowpipe flame. If it be now rubbed with a piece of silk, a bright glimmer will follow the movement of the rubber. The chloride produces a rosecolored light, and the bromide a greenish yellow. A similar phenomenon has often been observed in barometer tubes. 5. Phosphorescence by insolation, or exposure to the light of the sun, has been carefully investigated by A. E. Becquerel. Insolation produces phosphorescence most readily in those substances which are bad conductors of heat. It was first discovered in 1604 in sulphide of barium, but M. Becquerel has found that it may be excited in many other substances, the sulphides of calcium and strontium being those which exhibit it in the highest degree. When well prepared they will remain luminous in the dark for several hours after exposure to the sun's rays. This phosphorescence takes place in vacuo as well as in air or oxygen, and therefore the cause must be attributed to molecular action produced by the rays of light. Other phosphors which are excited by insolation are the diamond, particularly the yellow kind, most specimens of fluor spar, aragonite, calcareous concretions, chalk, apatite, heavy spar, fused nitrate of calcium (Baudoin's phosphorus), dried chloride of calcium, and a number of

phorescence in living organisms are seen in
animals, as the glowworm and the firefly, and
in the myriads of marine radiates, polyps, and
infusoria, which cause the magnificent displays
of phosphorescence that are often seen at sea
by night, especially within the tropics and in
the temperate zones during the summer. Vari-
ous causes have been assigned for the phenom-
ena of animal phosphorescence, and the causes
no doubt vary with different animals. In many
it is produced at a particular period of life,
and in the firefly and glowworm it is regarded
as being produced by an act of the will. M.
Jousset has found that the liquid which exudes
from the crushed eggs of the glowworm is
phosphorescent, and remains so till it dries.
In marine animals, according to the observa-
tions of several naturalists, a subtile luminous
matter is thrown off as a secretion produced
by glands having this special function, and
some assert that it contains epithelial cells in
a state of fatty degeneration, the decomposing
fat being the cause of the phosphorescence.
The light is increased by exposure to pure oxy-
gen gas. MM. Quoy and Gaimard, during a
voyage in the tropics, having placed two ani-
malcules in a glass of water, the whole mass of
the liquid immediately became luminous. The
phosphorescence of decaying fish and other
animal matter, and of wood (fox fire), is due
to a peculiar species of slow combustion by
which vibrations are excited capable of trans-
mitting luminous rays. 2. Many solids become
phosphorescent when thrown upon a heated
surface, and when heated in any manner be-
tween 550° and 750° F. Such are the dia-
mond, especially the yellow variety, certain
specimens of fluor spar, oyster shells, paper,
Indian meal, and numerous well dried organic
substances. The light is entirely different
from that of incandescence, and is generally
of a blue or violet hue, instead of the dull red
of incipient incandescence. When phospho-
rescence is produced by insolation or exposure
to the rays of the sun or any intense source of
light, the effect is generally greatly increased
by raising the temperature of the substance at
the same time. 3. Phosphorescence from me-
chanical action is observed when certain bodies
are struck with a hammer or subjected to fric-dried
tion, or are broken or violently torn asunder.
In many instances the effect is only coexistent
with the cause; in other cases it remains for a
considerable time. Adularia, a variety of or-
thoclase feldspar, if split by being struck with
a hammer, emits at each stroke a light which
often lasts for several minutes, and if ground
in a mortar it will have the appearance in the
dark of being all on fire. Quartz, fluor spar,
rock salt, and sugar, when broken or pounded
in the dark, exhibit phosphorescence. Light
is sometimes emitted by bodies undergoing a
state of change, especially when passing from
an amorphous to a crystalline state, or during
the act of crystallization from solution, and
is probably closely allied to the phosphores-

organic substances, as paper, silk, and cane, and also amber and milk sugar. Canton's phosphorus, prepared by heating sulphur with calcined oyster shells, will after exposure to the sun's rays emit a yellow light sufficient to show the time by a watch; even the light of an argand lamp will cause it to become phosphorescent. The Bolognese phosphorus, which is made by uniting heavy spar with gum tragacanth, gives out after insolation a bright light of more than a day's duration. It was found by M. Becquerel that the different rays of the solar spectrum had not the same power to render the substance phosphorescent. The greatest effect is produced by the violet rays, or even a little beyond, the phosphorescent light emitted by the substance being developed by