Luzon is subject to typhoons, which blow be- | communication with these islands by sailing along the shores of India, and thence crossing the bay of Bengal. Magalhaens was killed on one of the islands. In 1564 Philip II. sent a squadron under Lopez de Leguaspi from Mexico, which first landed at Cebú, and soon subdued it. In 1570 a second fleet sailed from Panay for Luzon, and finally, after repeated engagements with the native chiefs, effected a settlement on the bay of Manila. In the following year the Spanish admiral proclaimed Manila the capital of these possessions for his royal master, after whom they were thenceforward called. With the exception of fruitless attempts on the part of the Dutch and the Chinese during the 16th century to obtain a footing on the islands, which had meanwhile opened a valuable trade with Japan, the Spaniards remained in undisturbed possession till 1762, when the English stormed Manila under Admiral Cornish and Sir William Draper. The city saved itself from plunder by agreeing to pay a ransom of $5,000,000. The smaller islands long suffered severely from the attacks of pirates, who had always infested those seas. In 1851, however, their depredations were checked by a successful naval expedition against the island of Sooloo, the sultan of which was deposed, and a permanent Spanish settlement was established there. The Philippine islands were explored in 1863 by Mr. Semper, and more recently by the German naturalist Dr. Meyer. Many restrictions still hamper commerce, and only four ports are open to foreign shipping: Manila and Saal in Luzon, Zamboanga in Mindanao, and Iloilo in Panay. Its PHILIPPOPOLI (Turk. Filibeh), a town of European Turkey, in the vilayet of Edirneh (Adrianople), about 230 m. W. N. W. of Constantinople, with which and Adrianople it is connected by rail; pop. about 45,000, consisting of Turks, Bulgarians, Greeks, Armenians, Jews, and gypsies. It is situated in the midst of a broad fertile plain on the Maritza (Hebrus), is well built, with paved streets and good bazaars, and has an important commerce. suburbs contain numerous villas, vineyards, and orchards, and the best rice in Turkey is raised in the vicinity. The town is the seat of a Greek archbishop, has a number of churches and mosques, a synagogue, and several schools. The manufactures include silk, cotton, leather, tobacco, and soap. The place was founded by Philip of Macedon, taking the name of Philippopolis, and under the Romans, by whom it was sometimes called Trimontium, from its situation on a hill with three summits, it was an important town and the capital of the province of Thrace in its narrower sense. 1818 the town was almost entirely ruined by an earthquake, but soon recovered and became very flourishing. In PHILIPPOTEAUX, Félix Emmanuel Heuri, a French painter, born in Paris, April 3, 1815. He studied under Léon Cogniet, and in 1833 exhibited his first picture, representing an 66 In 1721 he episode of the American war of independence, | praise from the "Spectator." entitled "The Rock of Ice." Among his sub- brought out two other tragedies, "The Britsequent works are "The Retreat from Moson and "Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester." cow," "The Capture of Ypres," "The Death In 1718, in connection with Dr. Boulter, he of Turenne," Bayard at the Bridge of the commenced "The Freethinker," a serial paGarigliano,' ""Louis XV. visiting the Battle per, which enjoyed great popularity. When Field of Fontenoy" (one of his best), "Gen- Boulter was made primate of Ireland, Philips eral Gourgaud saving Napoleon's Life," "The became his secretary, and was elected to the last Banquet of the Girondists," many relating Irish parliament. In December, 1726, he was to Algerian warfare and life, and various genre made secretary to the Irish chancellor, and pictures. In 1863 he produced pictures of the in August, 1734, registrar of the prerogative battles of "Montebello" and "Diernstein," in court. Some years after the death of his pa1864"The Bride of the Kettledrummer," in tron he returned to London (1748), and pub1865"The Siege of Puebla," and in 1873 epi-lished a collection of his poems. sodes of the Franco-German war. PHILIPPSBURG, a town of Baden, at the confluence of the Salzbach with the Rhine, 15 m. N. of Carlsruhe; pop. about 2,300. It belonged till 1803 to the bishops of Spire, and was an important fortress of the empire, its position always inviting the first attacks of the French. It was fortified at the commencement of the thirty years' war, and in the course of it was taken successively by the Swedes, French, and Germans, and again by the French, to whom the peace of Westphalia secured the right of garrison. It was taken by the duke of Lorraine in 1676, and confirmed to Germany by the treaty of Nimeguen. It fell into the hands of Louis XIV. in 1688, and was restored to the empire by the treaty of Ryswick in 1697. In 1734 the French again captured it, but relinquished it in 1735. They forced it to surrender in 1800, and levelled its fortifications. PHILIPPSON, Ludwig, a Jewish author, born in Dessau, Germany, Dec. 27, 1811. He was a preacher and director of a school at Magdeburg from 1833 to 1840, when he became a rabbi. He founded in 1837 Die allgemeine Zeitung des Judenthums, which he still edits, though blind, and published a translation of the Old Testament, with the text and notes (2d ed., Leipsic, 1859-'62). Among his early works are Benedict Spinoza als Mensch and Wie verloren die Juden das Bürgerrecht im Ost- und Weströmischen Reiche? and among his latest are Sepphoris und Rom (2 vols., Berlin, 1866), Die weltbewegenden Fragen in Politik und Religion (2 vols., Leipsic, 1868-'9), and Die Hochschule für die Wissenschaft des Judenthums (Berlin, 1872). PHILIPS, Ambrose, an English poet, born about 1671, died in London, June 8, 1749. He graduated at Cambridge in 1696, and was one of the authors of the collection of verses published by the university on the death of Queen Mary. He also translated Sappho's "Hymn to Venus." Among his earliest poetical publications are six "Pastorals," printed in Tonson's "Poetical Miscellany " in 1709, the pastorals of Pope appearing in the same volume. The rivalry thus provoked led to a violent warfare between the two authors. In 1712 Philips produced "The Distressed Mother," a tragedy founded on Racine's Andromaque. It was played with great success, and received high In PHILIPS, or Phillips, John, an English poet, born at Bampton, Oxfordshire, Dec. 30, 1676, died Feb. 15, 1708. He was educated at Winchester and at Christ Church, Oxford. 1703 he published a mock-heroic poem entitled The Splendid Shilling," imitating the manner of "Paradise Lost." In 1705 he composed a gratulatory poem on the battle of Blenheim. His principal work, “Cyder," in two books (1706), is an imitation of Virgil's Georgics. 66 PHILISTINES (Heb. Pelishtim), a people which gave to the Holy Land the name of Palestine (from Pelesheth, the name of their own limited territory), though possessing only the portion on the S. coast bounded by the hilly regions of Dan, Ephraim, and Judah, and extending S. W. to the confines of Egypt. Their origin is uncertain, but it is probable that portions of them came from lower Egypt (the "Philistines from Caphtor" of Amos and Caphtorim of Deuteronomy, according to Ebers and others). They were early settled in Palestine, having expelled the Avim, who occupied the same region before them. They are mentioned in the history of Abraham, and from fear of war with them Moses did not lead the Israelites through their country, which was the most direct route. From the time the Israelites passed over into the Holy Land, they were engaged in a perpetual conflict with this warlike people, especially during the time of the later judges, Samson, Eli, and Samuel. Saul, the first Hebrew king, fell in battle against them at Gilboa. David, who had slain their giant warrior Goliath, defeated them in several battles, and to some of his successors they paid tribute; but generally they were independent and carried on war against the Hebrew monarchs. In the time of the Maccabees Philistia was subject to Syria, and subsequently it came under the power of the Romans. The leading Philistine cities, in early times ruled by separate but confederated princes (Heb. seranim), were Gaza, Ashdod or Azotus, Ascalon, Gath, and Ekron, which became rich and powerful in consequence of a large transit and maritime trade, stimulated by superior agricultural resources. The religion of the Philistines resembled that of the Phonicians, their principal deities being the goddess Derceto, who was worshipped at Ascalon, and Dagon, whose chief temples were at Gaza and Ashdod. Derceto was probably identical with Asherah, whose image was a wooden statue or column, improperly rendered grove in the English Bible. Ekron was the principal seat of the worship of Baal-zebub, and to the oracle there Ahaziah, king of Israel, sent when he became sick. They had numerous priests and soothsayers, and in war carried about with them the images of their gods. 66 PHILLIMORE. I. John George, an English jurist, born at Shiplake house, Oxfordshire, in 1809, died there, April 27, 1865. He was for some time a professor in the Middle Temple, London, and in 1852 he was elected to parliament. His principal works are: "Introduction to the Study of Roman Law" (London, 1848); 'History of the Law of Evidence" (1850); 'Principles and Maxims of Jurisprudence' (1856); "Private Law among the Romans from the Pandects" (1863); and "History of England during the Reign of George III." (1863). II. Sir Robert Joseph, an English jurist, brother of the preceding, born in London, Nov. 5, 1810. He graduated at Oxford in 1831, and in 1862 became advocate general in admiralty, in 1867 judge of the high court of admiralty, and in 1871 judge advocate general. He was in parliament from 1853 to 1857. He has published "Study of the Civil and Canon Law (1843); an edition of Lord George Lyttelton's "Memoirs and Correspondence" (1845); "Law of Domicile (1847); "Commentaries on International Law" (4 vols., 1854-61); and "The Ecclesiastical Law of the Church of England" (2 vols., 1873). PHILLIP, John, a Scottish painter, born in Aberdeen in May, 1817, died in London, Feb. 27, 1867. He studied at the royal academy in London, was a portrait painter in Edinburgh, removed to London in 1841, and in 1857 became a member of the royal academy. His works include "The Presbyterian Catechising," "A Scotch Fair," "Baptism in Scotland," "Scotch Washing," "The Spaewife of the Clachan," "A Visit to the Gypsy Camp," "The Spanish Letter Writer," "The Marriage of the Princess Royal," and "The House of Commons." He lived in Spain from 1852 to 1856. PHILLIPS. I. An E. county of Arkansas, separated from Mississippi by the Mississippi river, and intersected in the N. E. by the St. Francis and L'Anguille rivers; area, 725 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 15,372, of whom 10,501 were colored. It has a level surface, swampy in parts, and a fertile soil. The chief productions in 1870 were 3,180 bushels of wheat, 293,849 of Indian corn, and 18,002 bales of cotton. There were 1,267 horses, 1,605 mules and asses, 1,178 milch cows, 2,387 other cattle, and 8,830 swine. It is traversed by the Arkansas Central railroad. Capital, Helena. II. A N. county of Kansas, bordering on Nebraska, and intersected by the N. fork of Solomon river; area, 900 It is not included in the census of 1870. It has a rolling surface, consisting chiefly of fertile prairies. Capital, Phillipsburgh. sq. m. PHILLIPS, Adelaide, an American singer, born in Bristol, Eng., in 1833. She came to America when seven years of age, and has since lived in Boston and its vicinity. Her first professional engagement was at the Boston museum, where she remained for eight years. While a member of the dramatic company of this theatre her voice, a contralto, began to develop under the instruction of Madame Arnault, and in 1852 she was enabled to go to Europe by a subscription headed by Jenny Lind. She studied for a year in London under Garcia, then went to Italy, and in November, 1853, made her début at Brescia. In December, 1855, she sang at the Carcano in Milan in the "Barber of Seville." She appeared at the Boston music hall in concert in October, 1855, and at the New York academy of music in opera in March, 1856. In October, 1861, she was heard at the Italian opera in Paris, and subsequently in Madrid, Liége, Antwerp, and other continental cities. In 1869 she took part in the great Boston peace jubilee. PHILLIPS, Charles, an Irish barrister, born in Sligo in 1787, died in London, Feb. 1, 1859. He was educated at Trinity college, Dublin, was called to the Irish bar in 1811, and to the English bar in 1821, at which time he had acquired a considerable reputation as an effective though florid speaker. For some years he wasregarded as the leading counsel at the Old Bailey. In 1842 he was appointed by Lord Lyndhurst commissioner of bankruptcy in Liverpool, and in 1846 commissioner of the court of insolvent debtors, which office he filled till his death. As an author he is best known by his "Recollections of Curran and some of his Contemporaries" (2 vols. 8vo, 1818), of which several editions have been published, and by a volume of speeches (1817), one of which, in the crim. con. case of Guthrie v. Sterne, had several editions. He also published "An Historical Sketch of Arthur, Duke of Wellington" (1852), "Napoleon III." (1854), and Vacation Thoughts upon Capital Punishments" (1856). PHILLIPS, Georg, a German historian, born in Königsberg, Jan. 6, 1804, died near Salzburg, Sept. 6, 1872. His parents were Protestants of English descent. He was educated at Munich and Berlin, and became a member and an ardent defender of the Roman Catholic church. In 1833 he was appointed professor of civil law at Munich, in 1849 of canon law and legal history at Innspruck, and in 1851 of legal history at Vienna. In 1838 he founded with Görres the Historisch-politische Blätter, an ultramontane organ. He published Grundsätze des gemeinen deutschen Privatrechts (3d ed., 2 vols., Berlin, 1846); Englische Reichs- und Rechtsgeschichte (2 vols., 1827-'8); Deutsche Geschichte (2 vols., 1832–’4); Das Kirchenrecht (7 vols., Ratisbon, 1845-'69); Deutsche Reichsund Rechtsgeschichte (2 vols., Munich, 1845'50; 5th ed., 1875); Lehrbuch des Kirchenrechts (2 vols., 1861-'2; 2d ed., 1871); and Vermischte Schriften (3 vols., Vienna, 1856–60). PHILLIPS. I. John, an American merchant, born in Andover, Mass., Dec. 6, 1719, died in Exeter, N. H., April 21, 1795. He graduated at Harvard college, studied theology, preached for a time, and afterward engaged in mercantile pursuits. He endowed a professorship in Dartmouth college, contributed to Princeton college, and gave to Phillips academy at Andover $31,000, besides a third interest in his estate. He founded Phillips academy at Exeter in 1781, and endowed it with $134,000. II. Samuel, jr., nephew of the preceding, born in North Andover, Mass., Feb. 7, 1751, died in Andover, Feb. 10, 1802. He graduated at Harvard college in 1771, was a member of the provincial congress, and of the constitutional convention of 1779, and state senator for 20 years, being for 15 years president of the senate. He was judge of the court of common pleas, commissioner of the state in Shays's in surrection, and lieutenant governor at the time of his death. He planned and organized Phillips academy at Andover, and secured endowments for it from his father, Samuel Phillips, a member of the governor's council, and from his uncles and cousin, and left $5,000 to the town for educational purposes. He was one of the founders of the American academy of arts and sciences of Boston. PHILLIPS, Wendell, an American orator, born in Boston, Mass., Nov. 29, 1811. His father was John Phillips, the first mayor of Boston. Wendell graduated at Harvard college in 1831, at the law school in 1833, and was admitted to the bar in 1834. In 1836 he became a Garrison abolitionist (see GARRISON, WILLIAM LLOYD), and in 1839 relinquished law practice from unwillingness to observe the oath of fealty to the federal constitution. His first notable speech was made in Faneuil Hall in December, 1837, in a meeting called to consider the murder of the Rev. Elijah P. Lovejoy at Alton, Ill. From that time till 1861 he was a prominent leader and the most popular orator of the abolitionists. He advocated disunion as the only road to abolition until the opening of the civil war, after which he sustained the government for a similar reason. In 1863-'4 he advocated arming, educating, and enfranchising the freedmen, and for the two latter purposes procured the continuance of the anti-slavery society till after the adoption of the 15th amendment in 1869. In 1870 he was the temperance and labor reform candidate for governor of Massachusetts, receiving nearly 20,000 votes. At a meeting in Faneuil Hall in January, 1875, called to denounce the Louisiana policy of President Grant, Mr. Phillips made a powerful speech in favor of that policy. He has long advocated woman suffrage, prohibitory liquor laws, and prison reform, and opposed capital punishment. His financial views were set forth in a speech delivered in Boston in March, 1875. He has delivered numerous popular lectures in most of the northern states, the more notable being those on "The Lost Arts" and "Toussaint PHILLIPS, John, an English geologist, born at Marden, Wiltshire, Dec. 25, 1800, died in Oxford, April 24, 1874. He was the assistant of his uncle William Smith, the "father of English geology," delivered courses of lectures in various places, was professor of geology in King's college, London, and in the university of Dublin, and in 1856 succeeded Dr. Buckland as reader in geology in the university of Ox-l'Ouverture," and funeral eulogies on Theoford. After 1832 he arranged and edited the reports of the British association. He invented a self-discharging electrophorus and a peculiar maximum thermometer, was engaged with Major (now Gen.) Sabine in the magnetic survey of the British islands, and made special researches on the physical aspect of the sun, moon, and Mars. His most important works are: "Illustrations of the Geology of Yorkshire" (2 parts 4to, London, 1829-36); a "Treatise on Geology" (2 vols. 12mo, 1837-'8; 2d ed., in Lardner's "Cabinet Cyclopædia,' 1852); "Palæozoic Fossils of Cornwall, Devon," &c. (8vo, 1841); and “Notices of Rocks and Fossils in the University Museum, Oxford" (8vo, 1863). To meteorology he contributed "Three Years' Observations on Rain." PHILLIPS, Watts, an English dramatist, born about 1828, died in December, 1874. He studied drawing under George Cruikshank and in Paris, where he long resided. He excelled as an artist, but was chiefly known by his plays. His "Joseph Chavigny " was produced in 1856. His most popular subsequent play was "The Dead Heart." His other works include "Camilla's Husband," "The poor Strollers," "The Huguenot Captain," "Maud's Peril," "Lost in London," and "Amos Clarke." | dore Parker and John Brown. There is no complete edition of his speeches; several of them have been published as pamphlets and widely circulated both in the United States and in England. A partial collection has been published in Boston (8vo, 1864, and 12mo, 1869). His other writings are scattered through numerous periodicals and newspapers. PHILO JUDÆUS, a Jewish philosopher of Alexandria, born probably in Egypt a few years before Christ. He was of the priestly family of Aaron, and was sent at the head of an embassy to Caligula, after the massacre of the Jews in Egypt, to defend that people against the calumnies of Apion. He lived and taught at Alexandria, enjoying great personal popularity, and exercising by his writings a wide influence upon the opinions of his Jewish brethren. His son married a daughter of King Agrippa. Philo belonged probably to the sect of the Pharisees, but departed widely from their methods of interpreting the Scriptures, the narratives of which he allegorized in a peculiar way. He was a Platonist, and endeavored to reconcile the philosophy of the Grecian sage with the records of the Hebrew lawgiver. His purpose was to show that the Mosaic revelation contained in germ all that was afterward developed into the various forms into Laconia. Sparta submitted, and was treatof Greek philosophy. In his characteristic ed with great rigor. His severe measures ofdoctrine of the Logos and of the ideal and fered an opportunity to the Romans of again archetypal world, he anticipated the specula- interfering, who compelled the granting of a tions of the Gnostics. The best edition of his general amnesty and the restoration of political works is that of Thomas Mangey (2 vols., Lon-exiles. In 183 Philopomen was elected stratedon, 1742), but additional treatises were dis-gus for the eighth and last time. Messene havcovered by Cardinal Mai (1818), and others ing dissolved its connection with the league, exist in Armenian versions (Venice, 1822). Philopomen collected a detachment of cavalry There is an English translation of Philo by Mr. and hastened forward to reduce it, but was reC. D. Yonge in Bohn's "Ecclesiastical Library" pulsed and thrown from his horse, fell into (4 vols. 12mo).-See Gfrörer, Philo und die the hands of the enemy, and was thrown into alexandrinische Theosophie (1835), and Bruno a dungeon by Dinocrates, the Messenian leadBauer, Philo, Strauss und Renan und das Ur- er, who at night sent an executioner to him christenthum (1874). with a cup of poison. On receiving the news of his death Lycortas at the head of an army immediately entered Messenia and ravaged the country far and wide. Dinocrates slew himself, and his accomplices in poisoning Philopomen were stoned to death. The body of Philopomen was burned, and the ashes were put in an urn and carried to Megalopolis by the historian Polybius, in a solemn procession of the army; and statues to his memory were erected in almost all the cities of the league. PHILOLOGY. See LANGUAGE. PHILOPEMEN, a Greek general, born about 252 B. C., died by poison in Messene in 183. His father, Craugis, belonged to a noble family of Arcadia, and was one of the most prominent men of Megalopolis; but dying early, he left his son to be brought up by his friend Cleander. He first appears prominently in 222, when, Cleomenes III. of Sparta having seized upon Megalopolis by night, Philopomen with a few others made a most determined resistance. PHILOSOPHICAL ANATOMY, a department of In 221, Antigonus Doson coming into the anatomical science, based on data furnished by Peloponnesus to the assistance of the Acha- descriptive and comparative anatomy, embryan league, Philopomen joined his army with ology, and histology. It is also called trans1,000 foot and a detachment of cavalry, and cendental anatomy, as it seeks a fundamental contributed to the victory of Sellasia, where unity in all the forms of nature, and, in the he refused to leave the field, though severely usual restricted signification of the term, aims wounded. He afterward went to Crete and to establish a primary plan or archetype of assisted the city of Lyctus in its war against which all skeletons, at least of the vertebrata, Cnossus. Aratus, the leader of the Achæan are modifications. As early as 1807 Oken made league, died in 213, and Philopomen in 210 three cranial vertebræ, which he calls those of was made commander of the cavalry. In the ear, jaw, and eye, proceeding from behind 209 he accompanied Philip, the successor of forward; the auditory nerves traverse the first, Antigonus Doson, in the expedition against the trifacial the second, and the optic the anElis, and in a battle near the river Larissus de- terior or third; the petrous bone he considers feated the Etolians and Eleans, and slew their a sense capsule of the ear; he recognizes the leader, Demophantus, with his own hand. In vomer as a fourth rudimentary vertebral body, 208 Philopomen became strategus of the Achæ- with the lachrymal bones as laminæ or neuraan confederation. A war broke out between pophyses, and the nasals as spinous processes the Achæans and Machanidas, tyrant of Sparta, or neural spines; the palate bones he regards and in a battle fought at Mantinea he totally as the ribs of the head anchylosed; the squarouted the enemy, himself killing the Spartan mous portion of the temporal bone of mammals king. In 202 Nabis, who had succeeded Ma- and the tympanic of birds represent the scapula chanida, seized upon Messene, and Philopo- and ilium of the head; he recognized the arm, men collected a body of armed men and drove forearm, and hand in different parts of the upthe tyrant back into Laconia, and the following per jaw, and the corresponding bones of the year again defeated him at Scotitas. He sub- posterior limbs in the lower jaw; the clavicles sequently again took part in Cretan conflicts. of the head were the pterygoid bones. In fact, In 194 Nabis invaded Achaia, and besieged the head was to him a repetition of the whole Gythium. To relieve this town Philopomen trunk with all its systems; he even states as a fitted out a fleet, which failed to accomplish its fundamental principle that the whole osseous purpose; but marching against Sparta, although system is only a repetition of a vertebra. he fell into an ambush, he defeated the enemy ter various modifications suggested by other obwith terrible slaughter. Shortly after his return servers or the results of his own researches, in Nabis was murdered by his Ætolian auxiliaries, 1843, in his "Physiophilosophy" (Ray society whereupon Philopomen hastened to Sparta and translation, London, 1847), he pursues his crainduced that city to join the Achæan league. nial homologies still further, always regarding In 189 the party hostile to him gained the su- the head as a repetition of the trunk, a doctrine preme power there, and the connection with strenuously combated by Owen and others. the league was dissolved, 30 of Philopomen's His theory is detailed at length in the work friends being put to death. He now marched just quoted, pp. 318-422. His cranial verte Af |