forced into an interior position, . . . . and the ginia and the northern third of North Caroliarmy proceeded to envelop Petersburg." Lee, na. Here Lee and Johnston had barely 100,000 leaving not quite half his force near Richmond, men against the armies of Grant, Sherman, took the remainder to Petersburg; and his lines and Schofield, and the ample reënforcements gradually grew in extent and strength, encir- on which they could reckon. Lee resolved to cling the city on the east, south, and south west. abandon Petersburg and Richmond, and to The actual siege began on June 19. Grant's unite with Johnston somewhere on the borfirst effort (June 21) was to seize the Weldon ders of Virginia and North Carolina, but waitrailroad. This attempt was committed to the ed for practicable roads and new depots of corps of Wright and that of Hancock, now tem- supplies. On March 24 Grant issued orders porarily commanded by Birney. The effort for a movement to be commenced on the 29th was abandoned after a loss of about 3,000 men. against the extreme confederate right. Lee Simultaneously with this attempt, Wilson with planned an offensive operation which would about 8,000 cavalry tore up the Weldon, South facilitate his own withdrawal; this was to Side, and Danville railroads for many miles, so pierce the lines near the Union right. Early that the confederate army was reduced to sore on March 25 squads of men announcing themstraits for lack of supplies. Late in July a selves as deserters approached the Union lines; part of the Union army had crossed the James this had now become common, and no suspiand intrenched itself at Deep Bottom, where it cions were aroused. These squads suddenly directly threatened Richmond. Grant hoped dashed upon the Union pickets and overpowered to induce Lee to send thither a part of his force them. Then the confederate abatis were thrown at Petersburg. That accomplished, an attack | down, and a column of 5,000 rushed out and upon the latter place was to be commenced by seized Fort Steadman and some works on either the explosion of a mine which had been dug side. The Union batteries from all sides beby Burnside's direction. This mine, extending gan to play upon the fort, which was speedily under a fort which occupied a salient position retaken, and of the 5,000 confederates hardly in the confederate lines, consisted of a gallery 2,000 regained their lines. The entire confed520 ft. long, terminating in lateral branches 40 erate loss this day was about 4,500, that of the ft. in either direction. Directly behind this fort federals 2,034, nearly half of whom were priswas Cemetery hill, which completely command- oners. In pursuance of the order of the 24th, ed Petersburg. Grant ordered the mine to be Sheridan with his cavalry moved by a wide charged with 8,000 lbs. of powder, and if the detour toward the extreme confederate right. confederate works should be destroyed by the The infantry movement began on the mornexplosion, Burnside was to be followed up by ing of the 29th. Including Sheridan's 10,000 other corps. The mine was exploded about day- cavalry, the moving force was about 50,000. break of July 30. The fort was blown up, Stripping his intrenchments so that he left carrying with it its garrison, a South Carolina barely 10,000 men to hold lines ten miles long, regiment of a few hundred men, leaving a craLee collected 15,000 or 20,000 men to oppose ter 200 ft. long, 60 ft. wide, and 30 ft. deep. the enemy. They did not move until nightThe confederates fled from their works on fall, but during the night a furious storm set either hand. The sides of the crater were so in which lasted all the next day, making the rough and steep that it was impossible to mount roads almost impassable. Sheridan and Warthem in military order; a single Union regi- ren, however, worked their way a little onment climbed up and made for Cemetery hill; ward, both heading toward the Five Forks, but not being followed by others, they fell where the confederates had some slight works back into the crater. The confederates began isolated from the main line. The confederates to pour in shell, and planted guns so as to com- reached the Five Forks on the morning of the mand the approach. After four hours of in- 31st, partly by the White Oak road, which they effectual effort the Union forces were with- tried to hold. But Warren had already worked drawn, leaving 1,900 men prisoners to the his way up to this road, and a severe struggle confederates. The entire Union loss in this at- here ensued. After some apparent success tempt was about 4,000; the confederate loss the confederates suddenly fell back and disapappears not to have reached 1,000. Months of peared, hastening to face Sheridan, who had indecisive operations now ensued, Lee stead- pushed a part of his cavalry up to the Five ily foiling Grant's attempts to get possession | Forks, from which he drove the enemy. Lee of the railroads on the south and southwest. moved down the road, regained the Forks, Butler endeavored to cut at Dutch Gap a short- and drove Sheridan back to Dinwiddie Court er approach to Richmond by water, but this House, where a stand was made. Early on the led to no important result. Early in February, morning of April 1 Warren had concentrated his 1865, an unsuccessful attack was made upon the corps within three miles of the Forks. Sheriextreme confederate right by Warren's corps dan, who took command of both cavalry and and that of Hancock, now commanded by Hum- infantry, completed his arrangements late in the phreys. The Union loss was 2,000, that of afternoon, and two hours before sunset Warren the confederates about half as many. At the moved upon the Forks, and forced the enemy opening of spring the confederacy was prac- into their works and then out of them. They tically limited to the southern third of Vir- made an ineffectual stand about a mile distant,

ers.

but were routed and fled in confusion, pursued South Side railroads, 52 m. W. of Petersburg. for miles by Sheridan's cavalry, who had also Lee had ordered a provision train to meet him borne an important part in the action. The at Amelia Court House, but when it reached the two strong divisions upon which Lee had main-place it was met by orders to proceed to Richly counted for the salvation of his army were mond to bring off the persons and archives of annihilated. The Union loss was about 1,000. the government. The train went on without The confederate loss in killed and wounded is unloading, so that when Lee arrived he found unknown, but they lost 5,000 or 6,000 prison- no rations for his famishing troops, and he had To prevent Lee from falling with his to halt and break up his army into foraging whole force upon Sheridan's command, a squads. This unexpected delay proved fatal, heavy bombardment was opened upon Peters- and resulted in the surrender at Appomattox burg, and a general assault was made at day- Court House, April 9. break. The principal resistance was met in one of a chain of strong forts in rear of the lines, in which was a garrison of not more than 250 men. The fort was captured with a loss of 500 men; of the defenders only about 30 escaped. Lee concentrated the remnant of his army, and telegraphed to Richmond that he should abandon Petersburg and the capital that night. He still had about 40,000 men, but they were widely scattered. At 2 o'clock of the morning of April 3 the confederate pickets were still out; but the retreat was begun some hours before, and by 3 o'clock the confederate troops were all safely across the Appomattox, burning the bridge behind them, and blowing up the magazines on the whole line to Richmond. Parke's corps advanced, and were met by the mayor, who formally surrendered the city. At half past 4 the Union flag was raised over the court house. To unite their forces Lee marched N. W. from Petersburg, and Longstreet S. W. from Richmond, coming together at Chesterfield Court House. They then moved westward. Grant pursued by roads parallel to theirs, hoping to intercept them before they should reach Burkesville, at the crossing of the Danville and

PETER'S PENCE, an annual tribute of one penny formerly paid to the pope on the festival of St. Peter. In England, where every family possessed of 30 pennyworth of property of any kind was considered liable to this tribute, it was continued from Saxon times to the reign of Henry VIII. The tribute was collected by the bishops. The term is also applied to any general voluntary collection made for the pope, such as that in 1860; on Jan. 1, 1861, the amount received at Rome from this collection had exceeded $2,000,000. Since the annexation of the Papal States to the kingdom of Italy, voluntary Peter's pence associations have been formed in Great Britain and Ireland, which yield a handsome revenue. Similar associations, under various names, also exist on the continent of Europe and in the British colonies. In the United States a collection is taken up annually in every church and sent to Rome. These offerings now form (1875) the only revenue of the papal court.

PETERWARDEIN (Hung. Pétervárad), a fortress of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy, called "the Hungarian Gibraltar," in the Slavonian portion of the former Military Frontier, on the right bank of the Danube, 170

PETHERICK, John, a British traveller in Africa. In 1845 he went to Egypt, entered the service of Mehemet Ali as mining engineer, and in January, 1847, was sent to Kordofan. He spent several years in the region of the upper Nile, but on the death of Mehemet Ali he resigned his employment and became a merchant at Khartoom, where he was made British consul. In 1859 he went to England, and published "Egypt, the Soudan, and Central Africa, with Explorations from Khartoom on the White Nile to the Regions of the Equator" (London, 1861).

At the foot of the rock is the lower fortress, | tect the colonists in that time of terror. When which contains the town proper. The two Toussaint began his proscription of the whites fortresses hold 10,000 soldiers. Under the and mulattoes, Pétion took up arms to resist Romans it was known as Acumincum. The him, and maintained the conflict, with very present name is derived from Peter the Her- unequal forces, until compelled to seek refuge mit, who is said to have marshalled here his in France. He returned from exile as a colfollowers in the first crusade. Prince Eugene onel in the army sent under Gen. Leclerc to achieved at Peterwardein a decisive victory subject Hayti anew to her former masters; over the Turks, Aug. 5, 1716. The Hungarians but the retaliatory cruelties committed by that held out bravely here in 1848-'9 until after the commander, and the reëstablishment of slasurrender of Görgey and of Arad. very, gave the signal for revolt (1802). Pétion placed himself under the orders of Dessalines, and they once more proclaimed the independence of Hayti (1804). Having succeeded Gen. Clervaux in the government of Port-au-Prince and the command of the mulattoes, Pétion held that post at the time of the assassination of the negro emperor (October, 1806). In the dissolution of the government which ensued, the mulattoes rallied round Pétion, whom they preferred, as one of their own caste, to Christophe, the leader of the blacks. Pétion was elected in 1807 president of the southern and western parts of the island; an office which was afterward conferred upon him in perpetuity, with the right of nominating his successor. Christophe believing himself entitled to undivided authority, the rivals took up arms, and for several years carried on a war in which the advantage seems to have been on the side of Christophe, who on one occasion defeated Pétion in a pitched battle, and pursued him to Port-au-Prince. At length the chieftains agreed, without entering into any formal treaty, to suspend hostilities, and leave each other undisturbed. A strip of waste country, 10 m. wide, was made the neutral boundary. Pétion now applied himself zealously to the improvement of his subjects. With absolute power he preserved the utmost republican simplicity. Property was equitably divided, without respect to distinctions of color; great attention was paid to public instruction; and the general forms of administration were copied from French models. But an insurmountable barrier was the character of the recently emancipated blacks who formed the majority of his subjects. The finances of the country fell into irretrievable disorder; onerous imposts upon commerce were resorted to, and the government was compelled to debase the coinage. The army was a mere rabble. Pétion fell into a state of hypochondria, refused all medicines and nourishment, and, after designating Gen. Boyer as his successor, died of mere inanition and despondency. His body now rests in the cemetery of Père Lachaise, Paris.

PETIGRU, James Louis, an American lawyer, born in Abbeville district, S. C., about 1789, died in Charleston, S. C., March 9, 1863. He graduated at the South Carolina college in 1809, a few years later was admitted to the bar, and practised in the rural districts, and subsequently in Charleston. From 1822 to 1830 he was attorney general of the state. During the nullification troubles of 1830-32 he was one of the leaders of the "union and state rights" party, and on the defeat of his party, from having been one of the most popular men in the state, he became very unpopular. He nevertheless held the respect of the community, and maintained his position as a leader at the bar. Subsequently he was for a brief period district attorney of the United States, at a time when such a position subjected him to public odium. Still later he served in the state legislature, and in 1861 was a commissioner for codifying the laws and statutes of South Carolina. He opposed almost alone the secession movement in South Carolina in 1860, and adhered to his union principles till his death. He was president of the South Carolina historical society, and published a "Semi-Centennial Oration" delivered at the South Carolina college (1855), and an "Address before the South Carolina Historical Society" (1858). His biography has been written by W. J. Grayson (12mo, 1866).

PÉTION (ANNE ALEXANDRE SABÈS), first president of the republic of Hayti, born in Portau-Prince, April 2, 1770, died there, March 29, 1818. His father was Pascal Sabès, a wealthy colonist, and his mother a free mulatto. He studied at the military academy of Paris, served in the French and afterward in the Haytian army, and when the revolution broke out in his native island rendered valuable service to Toussaint and Dessalines as an engineer, and was rapidly advanced. He did much to pro

PETION (or Péthion) DE VILLENEUVE, Jérôme, a French revolutionist, born in Chartres in 1753, died near St. Emilion, Gironde, in June, 1794. He was a lawyer at Chartres, and in 1789 was elected deputy to the states general. In 1790 he was chosen president of the assembly. He was a bitter enemy of the court and of Mirabeau, and was one of the three commissioners who after the flight of the royal