A gift for the benefit of the World's Columbian Exposition to help it out of financial difficulty and to enable it to complete its undertaking, does not fall within the accepted definitions of charitable gifts for the benefit of the public.72 Neither is a devise to keep in repair the graves of the testator's sisters and his own, a charitable use.73 And if the beneficiaries are definitely pointed out or are clearly ascertainable, the charity can not be considered public." § 1123. Examples of Charitable Uses. The doctrine of charitable uses and the validity of charitable trusts in the United States do not owe their origin to the statute of Elizabeth, 43 Eliz., ch. 4, nor does the jurisdiction of courts of equity depend upon that statute. Accordingly, in those states where the statute is not in force, the courts will not confine themselves to the objects enumerated therein.76 And in other jurisdictions where the statute is in force, the courts extend the application of the doctrine of charitable uses to purposes. for Foundlings, 96 U. S. 303, 24 L. Ed. 450; State v. Griffith, 2 Del. Ch. 392; Garrison v. Little, 75 Ill. App. 402; Missouri Historical Soc. v. Academy of Science, 94 Mo. 459, 8 S. W. 346; Harrington v. Pier, 105 Wis. 485, 76 Am. St. Rep. 924, 50 L. R. A. 307, 82 N. W. 345. A contrary rule was laid down in Philadelphia Baptist Assoc. v. Hart, 4 Wheat. (U. S.) 1, 4 L. Ed. 499, but this was overruled in the Girard Will Case. 76 Tappan v. Deblois, 45 Me. 122; Witman v. Lex, 17 Serg. & R. (Pa.) 88, 17 Am. Dec. 644. which, although not set forth therein, are by analogy deemed within the spirit and intendment of the act." So we find a great number of uses that have at various times been held to be charitable, as, for example, "for the advancement of the Christian religion among infidels"; for repairing a church,79 or parsonage; 80 gifts tending to lessen the burdens of government, as for erecting and keeping public buildings and works;81 building and repairing bridges, causeways, ports, and sea-banks, for paving, cleaning and lighting a town;82 for erecting a free grammar school;83 for literary institutions and libraries; for building an organ gallery;85 for educational purposes; for the public improvements of a town;87 84 77 Morice v. Durham, 9 Ves. Jun. 399, 405. 78 Attorney General v. William & Mary's College, 1 Ves. Jun. 243, 245. See §§ 1127, 1128. 79 Attorney General v. Ruper, 2 P. Wms. 125. 80 Legard v. Hodges, 3 Bro. C. C. 531. 81 Jackson v. Phillips, 14 Allen (96 Mass.) 539, 556. See § 1135. 82 Beaumont v. Oliveira, L. R. 4 Ch. App. 309; Hamden v. Rice, 24 Conn. 350; State v. Griffith, 2 Del. Ch. 392; Thomas v. Ellmaker, 1 Pars. Eq. Cas. (Pa.) 98; Coggeshall v. Pelton, 7 Johns. Ch. (N. Y.) 292; Magill v. Brown, Brightly N. P. (Pa.) 347; Cresson's Appeal, 30 Pa. 437; Bethlehem Borough v. Perseverance Fire Co., 81 Pa. St. 445; Humane Fire Co.'s Appeal, 88 Pa. St. 389. See § 1135. 83 Hadley v. Trustees of Hopkins Academy, 14 Pick. (31 Mass.) 240; State v. McGowen, 37 N. C. 9. 84 Humphries v. The Little Sisters, 29 Ohio St. 201, 205; Drury v. Inhabitants of Natick, 10 Allen (92 Mass.) 169; Gerke v. Purcell, 25 Ohio St. 229; Donohugh's Appeal, 86 Pa. St. 306. And see Burd Orphan Asylum v. School District, 90 Pa. St. 21; Miller's Exr. v. Commonwealth, 27 Gratt. (Va.) 110, 90 "to the poor";88 for releasing poor debtors;89 to a parish;90 for the benefit of fugitive slaves;91 for orphans;92 for a hospital;93 for the dissemination of the gospel;94 for the purchase and distribution of religious books and reading;95 for the benefit of ministers of the gospel;9 for the advancement of learning;97 for the diffusion of knowledge among the laboring classes; 98 to promote the moral, intellectual, and physical instruction of a city;99 for the foundation of scholarships and fellowships; for the suppression of the manufacture and sale 88 Attorney General V. Matthews, 2 Lev. 167; Heuser v. Harris, 42 Ill. 425; Howard v. American Peace Soc., 49 Me. 288. 89 Attorney General v. Ironmongers' Co., 2 Myl. & K. 576. 90 Attorney General v. Blizard, 21 Beav. 233; Attorney General v. Old South Soc., 13 Allen (95 Mass.) 474; State v. Gerard, 37 N. C. 210; Shotwell v. Mott, 2 Sand. Ch. (N. Y.) 46. 91 Jackson v. Phillips, 14 Allen (96 Mass.) 539, 571. 92 Vidal v. Girard, 2 How. (U. S.) 128, 11 L. Ed. 205. 93 Attorney General v. Kell, 2 Beav. 575; McDonald v. Massachusetts Gen. Hospital, 120 Mass. 432, 21 Am. Rep. 529. See § 1133. 94 Attorney General v. Wallace's Devisees, 7 B. Mon. (46 Ky.) 611; Hinckley v. Thatcher, 139 Mass. 477, 52 Am. Rep. 719, 1 N. E. 840; Burr's Exrs. v. Smith, 7 Vt. 241, 29 Am. Dec. 154. See § 1127. 95 Attorney General v. Stepney, 10 Ves. Jun. 22; Simpson v. Welcome, 72 Me. 496, 39 Am. Rep. 349; Bliss v. American Bible Society, 2 Allen (84 Mass.) 334; Winslow v. Cummings, 3 Cush. (57 Mass.) 358. 96 Pember V. Inhabitants of Kingston, Toth. 34; Attorney General v. Gladstone, 13 Sim. 7; Cory Universalist Soc. v. Beatty, 28 N. J. Eq. 570. 97 Whicker v. Hume, 1 De Gex, M. & G. 506; Stevens v. Shippen, 28 N. J. Eq. 487; Taylor's Exrs. v. Trustees of Bryn Mawr College, 34 N. J. Eq. 101. 98 Sweeney v. Sampson, 5 Ind. 465. 99 Lowell's Appeal, 22 Pick. (39 Mass.) 215. See § 1135. 1 Attorney General v. Andrew, 3 Ves. Jun. 633; Attorney General v. Bowyer, 3 Ves. Jun. 714; Rex v. Newman, 1 Lev. 284. of intoxicating liquors;2 for the relief of aged females;3 gifts to a college for orphans; for the cause of foreign missions; a gift for "charity," or for "charitable purposes" simply;" for the relief of Indians; for poor relations; for "the worthy poor" of a city "in such manner as a court of chancery may direct";9 "for human beneficence";10 for the poor members of two churches;11 for the relief of the most deserving poor of a city, excepting from the benefit the intemperate, lazy, immoral, and undeserving;12 to be expended for "charitable and deserving objects";13 for "charities and other public purposes" in a parish;1 for the general improvement of a town;15 for the erection of water-works;16 for the "good" 2 Haines v. Allen, 78 Ind. 100, 41 Am. Rep. 555. See § 1136. 3 Gooch v. Association for Relief of Aged Indigent Females, 109 Mass. 558, 567. 4 Vidal v. Girard, 2 How. (U. S.) 128, 11 L. Ed. 205; Miller v. Atkinson, 63 N. C. 537; Miller v. Porter, 53 Pa. St. 292; Clement v. Hyde, 50 Vt. 716, 28 Am. Rep. 522; Paschal v. Acklin, 27 Tex. 173. 5 Bartlet v. King, 12 Mass. 537, 7 Am. Dec. 99; Fairbanks v. Lamson, 99 Mass. 533. See § 1131. 6 Mills v. Farmer, 19 Ves. Jun. 483, cited Legge v. Asgill, Turn. & R. 265, n. Compare: Adye v. Smith, 44 Conn. 60, 26 Am. Rep. 424. 7 Magill v. Brown, Brightly N. P. (Pa.) 347. 8 Brunsden v. Woolridge, Ambl. 507; Swasey v. American Bible Soc., 57 Me. 523, 527; Smith v. Harrington, 4 Allen (86 Mass.) 566. 9 Hunt v. Fowler, 121 III. 269, 12 N. E. 331, 17 N. E. 491. 10 Hinckley's Estate, 58 Cal. 457. 11 Union Methodist Church v. Wilkinson, 36 N. J. Eq. 141. 12 Hesketh v. Murphy, 36 N. J. Eq. 304; s. c., 35 N. J. Eq. 23. See, also, Erskine v. Whitehead, 84 Ind. 357. 13 Stone V. Attorney General, L. R. 28 Ch. Div. 464. 14 Dolan v. Macdermot, L. R. 5 Eq. 60. 15 Howse v. Chapman, 4 Ves. 16 Jones v. Williams, Ambl. 651. of a place;17 for the establishment of a life-boat;18 for a botanical garden for public benefit;19 for the British Museum;20 for humane societies.21 A devise to a corporation organized to enable its incorporators to establish and manage hospitals, schools, asylums, and "other institutions for the relief, education, and care of the poor, the needy, the distressed, the orphans, and the ignorant," is charitable in nature.22 § 1124. The Same Subject. A devise entailed upon a priest and his successors has been held to be in ease of the congregation, and therefore charitable and valid.23 A devise of a house containing a library to an historical society in trust, "to be for the public" on such terms as the society might prescribe, is a valid charity.24 A gift to "aid indigent young men' in fitting themselves for the "evangelical ministry, not void for uncertainty, the words "indigent" and "evangelical" being sufficiently definite.25 Where the words of a will were, "the residue of my estate to be kept in reserve for further consideration in the way of charitable purposes in a liberal way, not to any particular 17 Attorney-General v. Lonsdale, 1 Sim. 105; Attorney-General v. Webster, L. R. 20 Eq. 483. 18 Johnston v. Swann, 3 Madd. 457. See § 1135. 19 Townley v. Bedwell, 6 Ves. Jun. 194; Rotch v. Emerson, 105 Mass. 431, 433. See § 1135. 20 British Museum v. White, 2 Sim. & St. 595. 21 Beaumont v. Oliveira, L. R. 6 Eq. 534. See § 1139. " is 22 Quinn v. Shields, 62 Iowa 129, 135, 49 Am. Rep. 141, 17 N. W. 437. 23 McGirr v. Aaron, 1 Pen. & W. (Pa.) 49, 21 Am. Dec. 361. Sce, also, Brower's Exrs.' Lessee v. Fromm, Addis (Pa.) 362; Trustees of Bishop's Fund v. Eagle Bank, 7 Conn. 476. 24 Jones v. Habersham, 107 U. S. 174, 27 L. Ed. 401, 2 Sup. Ct. 336. 25 Storr's Agricultural School v. Whitney, 54 Conn. 352, 8 Atl. 141. |